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Neuroinflammatory response is the immune response mechanism of the innate immune system of the central nervous system. Both primary and secondary injury can activate neuroinflammatory response. Among them, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a key role in the inflammatory response of the central system. Inflammasome is a type of pattern recognition receptor, a cytoplasmic polyprotein complex composed of members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family and members of the pyrin and HIN domain (PYHIN) family, which can be affected by a variety of pathogen-related molecular patterns or damage-related molecular patterns are activated. As one of the research hotspots in the field of medical research in recent years, there are increasing researches on immune function abnormalities in the onset of neurological diseases such as depression, AD, ischemic brain injury and cerebral infarction, the NLRP3 inflammasome causes the activated caspase-1 to cleave pre-interleukin-1β and pre-interleukin-18 into mature interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, in turn, a large number of inflammatory factors are produced, which participate in the occurrence and development of the above-mentioned diseases. Targeted inhibition of the activation of inflammasomes can reduce the inflammatory response, promote the survival of nerve cells, and achieve neuroprotective effects. This article reviews NLRP3 inflammasome’s role in neurological diseases and related regulatory mechanisms, which providing references for future research in this field.

Background: Exercise training has been extensively studied in heart failure (HF) and psychological disorders, which has been shown to worsen each other. However, our understanding of how exercise simultaneously protect heart and brain of HF patients is still in its infancy. The purpose of this study was to take advantage of big data techniques to explore hotspots and frontiers of mechanisms that protect the heart and brain simultaneously through exercise training.Methods: We studied the scientific publications on related research between January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2020 from the WoS Core Collection. Research hotspots were assessed through open-source software, CiteSpace, Pajek, and VOSviewer. Big data analysis and visualization were carried out using R, Cytoscape and Origin.Results: From 2003 to 2020, the study on HF, depression, and exercise simultaneously was the lowest of all research sequences (two-way ANOVAs, p < 0.0001). Its linear regression coefficient r was 0.7641. The result of hotspot analysis of related keyword-driven research showed that inflammation and stress (including oxidative stress) were the common mechanisms. Through the further analyses, we noted that inflammation, stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, cell death, and the mechanisms related to mitochondrial biogenesis/homeostasis, could be regarded as the primary mechanism targets to study the simultaneous intervention of exercise on the heart and brain of HF patients with depression.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the potential mechanism targets by which exercise interferes with both the heart and brain for HF patients with depression. We hope that they can boost the attention of other researchers and clinicians, and open up new avenues for designing more novel potential drugs to block heart-brain axis vicious circle.

About 0.4 s after the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detected a transient gravitational-wave (GW) signal GW150914, the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) also found a weak electromagnetic transient (GBM transient 150914). Time and location coincidences favor a possible association between GW150904 and GBM transient 150914. Under this possible association, we adopt Fermi's electromagnetic (EM) localization and derive constraints on possible violations of the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) from the observations of two events. Our calculations are based on four comparisons: (1) The first is the comparison of the initial GWs detected at the two LIGO sites. From the different polarizations of these initial GWs, we obtain a limit on any difference in the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) parameter Δγ≲10−10. (2) The second is a comparison of GWs and possible EM waves. Using a traditional super-Eddington accretion model for GBM transient 150914, we again obtain an upper limit Δγ≲10−10. Compared with previous results for photons and neutrinos, our limits are five orders of magnitude stronger than those from PeV neutrinos in blazar flares, and seven orders stronger than those from MeV neutrinos in SN1987A. (3) The third is a comparison of GWs with different frequencies in the range [35 Hz, 250 Hz]. (4) The fourth is a comparison of EM waves with different energies in the range [1 keV, 10 MeV]. These last two comparisons lead to an even stronger limit, Δγ≲10−8. Our results highlight the potential of multi-messenger signals exploiting different emission channels to strengthen existing tests of the WEP.

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The efficacy, tolerability and safety of calcipotriol solution and betamethasone 17-valerate solution were compared in a multicentre, prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Four hundred and seventy-four patients with scalp psoriasis were recruited from six European countries and Canada. Following a 2-week washout period, either calcipotriol solution (50 μg/ml) or betamethasone 17-valerate solution (1 mg/ml) was applied twice daily for 4 weeks. After this time, patients who required no further active treatment were observed for relapse. Retreatment with caicipotriol was offered to those patients who relapsed, and who were originally in the calcipotriol-treated group. The two treatment groups were well matched at baseline. At the end of treatment, the proportion of patients who had "cleared" or 'markedly improved' was statistically significantly greater in the betamethasone group (75%) than in the calcipotriol group (58%) (P < 0.001) (95% confidence interval of difference 25.3 → 8.6). The decrease in total sign score (sum of scores for erythema. thickness and scaliness) at the end of treatment was also statistically significantly greater in the betamethasone group (61 %) than the calcipotriol group (45%) (P < 0.001) (95% confidence interval of difference 9.7 → 23.1). Adverse events were reported by 87 patients in the calcipotriol group, and 31 patients in the betamethasone group: the most common was lesional or perilesional irritation, which occurred significantly more frequently with calcipotriol (26%) than with betamethasone (8%) (P < 0.001). Fifteen patients (6%) in the calcipotriol group and four (1%) in the betamethasone group withdrew from the study because of adverse events or unacceptable treatment response (P = 0.017). There was no statistically significant change in serum total calcium in either treatment group. There was no significant difference in the rate of relapse between the two treatment groups. In the 69 calcipotriol-treated patients who relapsed, re-treatment with calcipotriol was effective and well tolerated. Calcipotriol solution was effective in treating mild to moderate scalp psoriasis. However, betamethasone solution was significantly more effective, and was associated with statistically significantly less local irritation on the scalp and face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of the tar component to the efficacy of the Ingram regimen in the treatment of psoriasis was assessed in it patients with symmetrical lesions on the upper extremities. One arm was immersed in an oil emulsion bath and the other in a coal tar bath. Whole body ultraviolet irradiation followed, and dithranol paste was applied to all lesions. Healing was assessed clinically at weekly intervals, and was found to parallel the normalization of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as determined by evaporimetry, and the dental blood flow as evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Results obtained with coal tar baths were not significantly different from those obtained with oil emulsion. We conclude that coal tar bath additive has no advantage over oil emulsion in the Ingram regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of experience of staphyococcal cross-infection in conventional dermatology wards, various changes in the design and practices of dermatology wards, have been studied. Decentralization of treatment to the patients' rooms in place of a special treatment room in the ward may have reduced the colonization of patients with hospital strains of staphylococci, but did not influence the rate of clinically manifest infections. Strict isolation of disseminators of pathogens and of patients especially prone to infection, significantly reduced the colonization rate with hospital strains of staphylococci. Isolation of patients on systemic steroid or cytostatic treatment, patients with erythroderma, extensive eczemata or extensive bullous dermatoses and heavy disseminators of Staph. aureus or streptococci is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]