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Hemothorax is a common occurrence after blunt or penetrating injury to the chest. Posterior intercostal vessel hemorrhage as a cause of major intrathoracic bleeding is an infrequent source of massive bleeding. Selective angiography with trans-catheter embolization may provide a minimally invasive and efficient method of controlling bleeding refractory to surgical treatment., Presentation of Case: A 19 year-old male sustained a gunshot wound to his left chest with massive hemothorax and refractory hemorrhage. He was emergently taken to the operating room for thoracotomy and was found to have uncontrollable bleeding from the chest due to left posterior intercostal artery transection. The bleeding persisted despite multiple attempts with sutures, clips and various hemostatic agents. Thoracic aortography was undertaken and revealed active bleeding from the left 7th posterior intercostal artery, which was coil-embolized. The patient's hemodynamic status significantly improved and he was transferred to the intensive care unit., Discussion: Posterior intercostal bleeding is a rare cause of massive hemothorax. Bleeding from these arteries may be difficult to control due to limited exposure in that area. Transcatheter-based arterial embolization is a reliable and feasible option for arresting hemorrhage following failed attempts at hemorrhage control from thoracotomy., Conclusion: Massive hemothorax from intercostal arterial bleeding is a rare complication after penetrating chest injury (Aoki et al., 2003). Selective, catheter-based embolization is a useful therapeutic option for hemorrhage control and can be expeditiously employed if a hybrid operating room is available., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Poor graft survival limits the use of primary dopaminergic neurons for neural repair in Parkinson's disease. Injectable hydrogels have the potential to significantly improve the outcome of such reparative approaches by providing a physical matrix for cell encapsulation which can be further enriched with pro-survival factors. Therefore, this study sought to determine the survival and efficacy of primary dopaminergic grafts after intra-striatal delivery in a glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-loaded collagen hydrogel in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. After intra-striatal transplantation into the lesioned striatum, the GDNF-enriched collagen hydrogel significantly improved the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the graft (5-fold), increased their capacity for striatal re-innervation (3-fold), and enhanced their functional efficacy. Additional studies suggested that this was due to the hydrogel's ability to retain GDNF in the microenvironment of the graft, and to protect the transplanted cells from the host immune response. In conclusion, the encapsulation of dopaminergic neurons in a GDNF-loaded hydrogel dramatically increased their survival and function, providing further evidence of the potential of biomaterials for neural transplantation and brain repair in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

One of the reasons proposed for the paucity of drug discovery for Parkinson's disease is the lack of relevant animal models of the condition. Parkinson's disease has been modelled extensively using the selective neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). However, as this model bears little etiological resemblance to the human condition, there has been a drive to develop models with improved etiological validity. Two such models are those induced by the pesticide, rotenone, and the inflammagen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, to date, these models have been poorly characterised in terms of their motor profiles and have never been directly compared to the more established models. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterise the behavioural profile of the rotenone and LPS models, and to compare them with the 6-OHDA model. Animals underwent baseline testing on the Stepping, Whisker, Corridor and Cylinder Tests of motor function. They were then grouped for unilateral intra-striatal infusion of 6-OHDA, rotenone or LPS. Motor testing continued for ten weeks after which the rats were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of nigrostriatal integrity. We found that, although all neurotoxins induced a similar level of nigrostriatal neurodegeneration, neither the rotenone nor LPS models were associated with amphetamine-induced rotation, and they were associated with significantly less pronounced and stable impairments in the spontaneous tasks than the 6-OHDA model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates key differences in the pattern of motor dysfunction induced by Parkinsonian neurotoxins which should be taken into consideration when selecting the most appropriate model for Parkinson's disease preclinical studies., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study investigated whether a battery of tests designed to measure different levels of emotional intelligence could differentiate adolescent sex offenders from a non-offender control group. Fifteen male adolescent sex offenders ranging in age from 14 to 17 years were recruited through Health and Community Services (VIC, Australia) and 49 non-offender males, matched for age, completed the battery. The battery comprised the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), Davis' Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32), the Revised Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Openness to Feelings facet of the NEO PI-R. Discriminant analyses using all five tests showed that 89.9 per cent of the sample were correctly allocated their respective groups. Overall the sex offenders were higher on aggression and attention to feelings, less clear about their feelings and less capable to repair unpleasant moods and prolong positive ones. It was concluded that these findings could be the focus of treatment approaches for adolescent sex offenders., (Copyright 2001 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.)