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Ultra-thin SiOx (with x ≤ 2) layer plays a key role in Si technology especially for the CMOS foundry processes approaching nm-level. Besides various functions of SiOx by only manipulating x value and thickness, [1-3] it becomes a favourable material as surface protecting layer for Si-molecular beam epitaxy (Si MBE), especially important for the growth on patterned Si substrates after a series of fabrication processes. This is because SiOx can be thermally decomposed to generate an atomically flat surface, without introducing any reducing agent (e.g., H2) to affect the growth.[4] Moreover, recent MBE growth indicates that surface reconstructions with bi-atomic terraces can form by thermally removing an oxide layer, which is critical to supress antiphase boundary defects towards high quality III-V materials monolithic grown on Si.[5] However, there has been insufficient knowledge in preparing a reliable thin SiOx protecting layer for MBE growth so far, and consistent confusions of the concepts have been used in literatures regarding the fabrication methods.In this work, we systematically studied the oxidation and deoxidation mechanisms of ultra-thin SiOx layers fabricated on Si (100) for MBE growth. From several growth approaches, a chemically synthesized SiOx thin layer is developed for reproducible thermal deoxidation in a Si MBE chamber. From transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, the SiOx thickness is ~2 nm with a clear Si/SiOx boundary to stop further oxidation in air (Fig.a), working well as a surface protection layer. An atomically flat surface is realized after thermal deoxidation process, examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The subsequent epitaxial growth is performed with the same MBE by depositing a thin Ge epitaxial layer, as it is not only broadly applied for all group IV integrations but also a good buffer layer for III-V on Si growth. [6,7] The epitaxial layer exhibits a reduced thread dislocation defect density (down to 3×108/cm-2) compared with its counterpart grown on a thermally removed natural oxide layer. In the meantime, a reduced tensile strain from 0.29% to 0.24% were confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy measurements, corresponding to a variation of Ge-Γ1 transition energy from 0.772 to 0.783 eV confirmed by absorption spectroscopy measurements (Fig.b). Our work introduces a SiOx surface protecting layer for high quality MBE growth on Si substrates, opening a way for both all-group IV and III-V on Si integrations.

The isotopic and chemical properties of organic matter (OM) in extraterrestrial samples record a combination of presolar, nebular, parent-body, and terrestrial processes, which can be disentangled by high-spatial resolution studies [e.g., 1]. These studies have the advantage that they also allow for analysis of the petrographic relationship to the matrix and require only minimal chemical treatment. Here we have investigated OM properties within two recent observed falls, Tarda and Winchcombe, by combined “in-situ” techniques. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were studied by NanoSIMS. OM was sectioned by the focused ion beam (FIB) technique (Hitachi Ethos NX5000). Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy (STXM) was performed at the I08 beamline of Diamond Light Source. Low-kV electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the vibrational and core loss regimes was performed with a monochromated, aberration-corrected Nion UltraSTEM 100MC. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of OM aggregates and nanoglobules in Tarda show a range of δ15N values from close-to-terrestrial to ~600‰ with close-to-terrestrial or slightly heavy δ13C values. Single hotspots reach >1000‰ in δ15N and ~80‰ in δ13C, but no negative δ15N values similar to Maribo OM have been detected [2]. STXM analyses at the C K-edge show that OM in Winchcombe is typical for OM in primitive meteorites, with strong absorption at the aromatic C=C (~285 eV) and the ketone/aldehyde (~286.6 eV) bands. The presence of reactive double and triple C-N bonding is a strong indicator that some OM is still pristine. [1] Van Kooten et al. GCA 2018, [2] Vollmer et al. SciRep 2020.

Masteroppgaven omhandler kommunal planlegging og drift av ski- og snøscooterløyper. Hvor det blir satt søkelys på de offentlige tillatelsene som må ligge til grunn, og samtykke fra grunneier i henhold til reservasjonsretten mot motorferdsel i utmark. Om det i den sammenheng blir brukt ekspropriasjon eller inngrepsløyve etter friluftsloven § 35 dersom det ikke oppnås minnelig samtykke med grunneier. Hvordan fellesgoden skiløyper blir finansiert, tross den frie ferdselen etter allemannsretten. Ut ifra de overnevnte utfordringene ble følgende problemstilling utformet: I hvilken grad er kommunen pådriver for organisering og drift av ski- og snøscooterløyper? Det ble gjort et utvalg med kommuner fra hele landet ut ifra ulike faktorer som løyper knyttet til hytte-, boligbebyggelse, skog, fjell, eiendomsstruktur osv. Datainnsamlingen i oppgaven bygger på intervjuer med saksbehandlere på feltet i kommunene. Resultatet av studien viser at det generelt er gode holdninger blant grunneiere for fremføring av skiløyper over egen eiendom. Det dukker opp enkelttilfeller rundt om som nekter, hvor det ofte vil være mulig å legge om løypene. Av kommunene i oppgaven er det en som har forsøkt ekspropriasjon etter plan og bygningsloven § 16-2 og en kommune som har fattet vedtak etter friluftsloven § 35. Av de 19 kommunene i studien er 17 av de inne med midler til drift. Hvor stor del av driftsmidlene avhenger om det er andre aktører som har interesse av et godt skiløypetilbud i kommunen. Utbyggingsavtaler blir til en viss grad brukt for å finansiere fellestiltak og opparbeidelse av løyper gjennom infrastrukturfond, og en varierende praksis av privatrettslige avtaler som hefter årlige løypebidrag på hyttetomter. Snøscooterløyper er utfordrende å anlegge med tanke på mer restriktive grunneiere og arealer som tjener friluftsliv eller krever spesielt vern hvor løypene ikke kan anlegges. Oppsigelsestiden for grunneiere er typisk opp mot et år. Det medfører at det potensielt kan bli en tids- og kostnadskrevende prosess for kommunen uten at det fører til et varig tilbud. The master's thesis deals with the role of the local authority in organizing and operation of ski and snowmobile trails. Where it will be focus on the public permits and appointments with landowners for motor traffic and preparation of the trails. If it’s used any sort of expropriation where landowners are against the trails, and how the ski trails are financed when it’s not allowed to take payment for using the trails according to the right of public access. The study has a selection of municipalities from all over Norway where there are stable winters, with different factors for trails linked to cities, cabin areas, mountains, forests and property structure. The data collection in the study is based on interviews with officials in charge of the field in the municipalities. The result shows that landowners are generally positive to ski trails over their own property, but there are individual cases where landowners deny these trails. Only one of the municipalities has tried expropriation and one for intervention for motor traffic. Often it is possible to move the trails to other areas. Of the 19 municipalities in the study, 17 of them are active with fixed assets for the ski trails. How much of the total cost depends on if there are other actors that have interests in good ski trails in the municipality. Public development agreements are to a certain extent used for financing the preparation of trails so that they can be of free use. Private law agreements are in some areas used to commit buyers of cabins to pay yearly trail fee. Snowmobile trails are challenging to organize with more restrictive landowners and areas that serve outdoor life or require special protection where the trails can not be built. The notice period for landowners is typically up to one year. Which means that it can potentially be a time-consuming and costly process for the municipality without leading to a lasting offer. M-EIE

A pretest/post-test procedure for measuring information gain from discourse was investigated together with several other aspects of discourse processing. The main purpose was to determine the effect of a pretest on discourse learning as measured by post-test performance. The study also investigated (1) serial position effects in learning from discourse, (2) learning of factual versus relational information, and (3) information chunking of discourse material. Four hundred fifth-graders were used as subjects. The results indicated that (1) the pretest was an essentially neutral event, neither facilitating or depressing post-test performance; (2) almost all learning or retention was on factual as opposed to relational information; (3) negative recency serial position effects were obtained as a function of the order in which the information was presented in the passage, but no serial position effect was obtained as a function of test item order; and (4) no evidence was obtained for information chunking on a supra-sentence level. Tables, figures, and references are included. (Author/AW)

A rationale was developed for researching reading comprehension based on information gain. Previous definitions of comprehension which were reviewed included operational vs. nonoperational and skills vs. processes. Comprehension was viewed as an informational processing event which includes a constellation of cognitive and learning processes. Two arguments for this view were made: (1) Comprehension instruction can best be devised through an analysis of the component processes involved in the extraction and recall of factual and relational information in reading material and (2) instruction to increase comprehension ability can be predicated upon such an analysis. Information gain was defined as the extraction and recall of new information from a language stimulus and was purposed as a measure of comprehension. Discussion focused on types of information, information gain, stimulus and response variables which may affect information processing, and student variables. Discussion of theoretical issues underlying information processes included long-term and short-term memory, proactive and retroactive inhibition, and units of information processing. An extensive bibliography is included. (WB)

The relationship between cloze and multiple-choice tests as measures of reading comprehension at two grade levels, fifth and eighth, was investigated. The reading passages used in the testing were at difficulty levels either 2 years below, 2 years above, or at the subjects' grade level. The final subject sampling included 708 students from each grade. Each of the 35 fifth-grade classes and 32 eighth-grade classes were randomly assigned to either cloze or multiple-choice tests. The California Achievement Test was given to all subjects before the study began. Independent variables considered were the type of test, the grade level, and the passage difficulty. An overall analysis of results showed the cloze test to be sensitive to grade levels but less sensitive to change in passage difficulty. The two tests overlapped in measuring some parts of comprehension, but the multiple-choice tests measured more. It was concluded that caution should be used when applying cloze test scores as measures of comprehension until detailed analyses show what the cloze procedure is measuring and the grade and difficulty ranges for which it is appropriate. References are included. (NH)

Human-nature connectedness is regarded as an important factor in relation to both pro-environmental behaviour and general well-being. However, within environmental psychology and nature education, digital media technologies are often regarded as direct causes of declining nature connectedness. On the basis of the assumption that media technologies are created to minimize distances of various kinds, the question of whether media technologies may as well be used to foster nature connectedness is being engaged. To that effect, different examples of the use of media technologies for (re)connecting humanswith the rest of nature are discussed.

The dimethyltyrosine–tetrahydroisoquinoline (Dmt-Tiq) scaffold was originally developed in the production of selective delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonists. Installation of a 7-benzyl pendant on...

This chapter asserts that there is a need to reintegrate play into life as a whole instead of regarding it mainly as a fixture of childhood. Play is particularly absent from discourses related to later life, not the least within research where play is rarely discussed in relation to older adults, unless it is envisioned as a way to make physical or mental training more attractive. It is argued that the paradigm of chronologisation with its insistence on fixed life phases, each defined by their own central tasks and challenges, has played a major role in coupling play closely with childhood and, in effect, severing it from the rest of life. On the basis of a broad conception of play as aesthetic process and mood practice, the chapter discusses the ways in which the reincorporation of play into later life may be fruitful for the individual older adult as well as for society at large.

Ferroelectric domain walls are quasi-2D systems that show great promise for the development of nonvolatile memory, memristor technology, and electronic components with ultrasmall feature size. Electric fields, for example, can change the domain wall orientation relative to the spontaneous polarization and switch between resistive and conductive states, controlling the electrical current. Being embedded in a 3D material, however, the domain walls are not perfectly flat and can form networks, which leads to complex physical structures. In this work, the importance of the nanoscale structure for the emergent transport properties is demonstrated, studying electronic conduction in the 3D network of neutral and charged domain walls in ErMnO3 . By combining tomographic microscopy techniques and finite element modeling, the contribution of domain walls within the bulk is clarified and the significance of curvature effects for the local conduction is shown down to the nanoscale. The findings provide insights into the propagation of electrical currents in domain wall networks, reveal additional degrees of freedom for their control, and provide quantitative guidelines for the design of domain-wall-based technology., The authors acknowledge NTNU for support through the Enabling Nanotechnologies: Nano program. The Research Council of Norway is acknowledged for the support to the Norwegian Micro- and Nano-Fabrication Facility, NorFab, project number 245963/F50. Z.Y. and E.B. were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences, and Engineering Division under Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231 within the Quantum Materials program-KC2202. D.M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 863691) and further thanks NTNU for support through the Onsager Fellowship Program and NTNU Stjerneprogrammet. T.J.M. and B.D.H. are grateful for support from NSF DMR:MRI:1726862 to develop T-AFM. K.S. acknowledges the support of the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 724529) and Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad through Grant Nos. MAT2016-77100-C2-2-P and SEV-2015-0496., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).

Focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to reversibly switch improper ferroelectric domains in the hexagonal manganite ErMnO3. Surface charging is achieved by local ion (positive charging) and electron (positive and negative charging) irradiation, which allows controlled polarization switching without the need for electrical contacts. Polarization cycling reveals that the domain walls tend to return to the equilibrium configuration obtained in the as-grown state. The response of sub-surface domains is studied by FIB cross-sectioning, enabling imaging in the direction perpendicular to the applied electric field. The results clarify how the polarization reversal in hexagonal manganites progresses at the level of domains, resolving both domain wall movements and the nucleation and growth of new domains. Our FIB-SEM based switching approach is applicable to all ferroelectrics where a sufficiently large electric field can be built up via surface charging, facilitating contact-free high-resolution studies of the domain and domain wall response to electric fields in 3D. All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

This paper critically reviews the outcomes of internationally-funded interventions aimed at climate change adaptation and vulnerability reduction. It highlights how some interventions inadvertently reinforce, redistribute or create new sources of vulnerability. Four mechanisms drive these maladaptive outcomes: (i) shallow understanding of the vulnerability context; (ii) inequitable stakeholder participation in both design and implementation; (iii) a retrofitting of adaptation into existing development agendas; and (iv) a lack of critical engagement with how ‘adaptation success’ is defined. Emerging literature shows potential avenues for overcoming the current failure of adaptation interventions to reduce vulnerability: first, shifting the terms of engagement between adaptation practitioners and the local populations participating in adaptation interventions; and second, expanding the understanding of ‘local’ vulnerability to encompass global contexts and drivers of vulnerability. An important lesson from past adaptation interventions is that within current adaptation cum development paradigms, inequitable terms of engagement with ‘vulnerable’ populations are reproduced and the multi-scalar processes driving vulnerability remain largely ignored. In particular, instead of designing projects to change the practices of marginalised populations, learning processes within organisations and with marginalised populations must be placed at the centre of adaptation objectives. We pose the question of whether scholarship and practice need to take a post-adaptation turn akin to post-development, by seeking a pluralism of ideas about adaptation while critically interrogating how these ideas form part of the politics of adaptation and potentially the processes (re)producing vulnerability. We caution that unless the politics of framing and of scale are explicitly tackled, transformational interventions risk having even more adverse effects on marginalised populations than current adaptation.

In this paper, we explore the interactions between political, social and environmental changes and forest governance in Kenya, through a study of Mukogodo forest in Laikipia county. Drawing on findings from key informant and group interviews as well as analysis of policy documents, we argue that political reform processes – including devolution and changing land and forest policies – combined with “green militarisation” and socio-environmental changes have profound implications for the politics of forest governance in Mukogodo. The way policy reforms interact with wider political dynamics has important implications for the management of environmental change. We find that competing claims to authority both within and between communities are exacerbated by increasingly weaponised resource management regimes, electoral politics and a territorialisation of resource rights. Contestations and tensions between different social groups ensue as some gain secure access to forest resources while others do not. Claims to decision-making authority over resources or to socio-political positions in general are often made based on ethnicity, gender, age, clan, education levels or other dimensions of social differentiation. The way that groups and organisations portray others as mismanaging the forest – and themselves as solving the problem – also forms part of how authority claims are being made in forest governance. The result is a forest governance regime that exhibits less flexibility and cooperation between social groups living in and around the forest, thus undermining livestock mobility and other practices that are critical for the resilience of pastoral systems in a changing climate.

We previously described the development of potent μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR)-antagonist peptidomimetic ligands as an approach toward effective analgesics with reduced side effects. In this series, a tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) or substituted phenyl is employed to link two key pharmacophore elements, a dimethyltyrosine amino acid and typically an aromatic pendant. Using new and previously reported analogues, we constructed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) matrix that probes the utility of previously reported amine pendants. This matrix reveals that the MOR-agonist/DOR-antagonist properties of these ligands do not change when a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) pendant is used, despite removal of substituents on the core phenyl ring. Based on this observation, we retained the THIQ pendant and replaced the phenyl core with simpler aliphatic chain structures. These simpler analogues proved to be potent MOR-agonists with high variability in their effects at the DOR and the κ-opioid receptor (KOR). These data show that the amine of the THIQ pendant may be a novel pharmacophore element that favors high MOR-efficacy, whereas the aromatic ring of the THIQ pendant may produce high MOR-potency. Combined, the two pharmacophores within the THIQ pendant may be a structurally efficient means of converting opioid peptides and peptidomimetics into potent and efficacious MOR-agonists.

Short-acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists have long been used for the treatment of severe, breakthrough pain. However, selective MOR agonists including fentanyl and morphine derivatives are limited clinically due to high risks of dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression. We recently reported the development of a long-acting, bifunctional MOR agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist analgesic devoid of tolerance or dependence in mice (AAH8, henceforth referred to as 2B). To address the need for short-acting treatments for breakthrough pain, we present a series of novel, short-acting, high-potency MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands with antinociceptive activity in vivo. In this study, we utilized a two-dimensional structure-activity relationship matrix to identify pharmacological trends attributable to combinations of two key pharmacophore elements within the chemotype. This work enhances our ability to modulate efficacy at MOR and DOR, accessing a variety of bifunctional profiles while maintaining high affinity and potency at both receptors.