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In this research, a facile and cost-effective method of graphene synthesis by the modified carburization process and its applications for supercapacitor electrodes is reported. In this simple approach, carbon was diffused into nickel foam and naturally cooled to obtain carbon precipitation for the in situ growth of graphene by decarburization. Phase-structure and surface-morphology analysis revealed the presence of a highly reduced structure of the graphene layer. Furthermore, the large-intensity D, substantial G, and 2D bands in Raman spectra were attributed to disordered multilayer graphene. The three-electrode systems were used to measure electrochemical efficiency. The electrode sample exhibited enhanced current density of 0.6 A/g, electrode energy of 1.0008 Wh/kg, and power density of 180 W/kg, showing significant electrochemical performance for supercapacitor electrode applications.

Arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by high temperature and low rainfall, leading to degraded agricultural soils of alkaline calcareous nature with low organic matter contents. Less availability of indigenous nutrients and efficacy of applied fertilizers are the major issues of crop production in these soils. Biochar application, in combination with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with the ability to solubilize nutrients, can be an effective strategy for improving soil health and nutrient availability to crops under these conditions. Experiments were planned to evaluate the impact of biochar obtained from different sources in combination with acid-producing, nutrient-solubilizing Bacillus sp. ZM20 on soil biological properties and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) crops under natural conditions. Various biochar treatments, viz. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw biochar, Egyptian acacia (Vachellia nilotica L.) biochar, and farm-yard manure biochar with and without Bacillus sp. ZM20, were used along with control. Soil used for pot and field trials was sandy loam in texture with poor water holding capacity and deficient in nutrients. Results of the pot trial showed that fresh and dry biomass, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield was significantly improved by application of biochar of different sources with and without Bacillus sp. ZM20. Application of biochar along with Bacillus sp. ZM20 also improved soil biological properties, i.e., soil organic matter, microbial biomass carbon, ammonium, and nitrate nitrogen. It was also observed that a combined application of biochar with Bacillus sp. ZM20 was more effective than a separate application of biochar. The results of wheat straw biochar along with Bacillus sp. ZM20 were better as compared to farm-yard manure biochar and Egyptian acacia biochar. Maximum increase (25.77%) in grain yield was observed in the treatment where wheat straw biochar (0.2%) was applied in combination with Bacillus sp. ZM20. In conclusion, combined application of wheat straw biochar (0.2%) inoculated with Bacillus sp. ZM20 was the most effective treatment in improving the biological soil properties, plant growth, yield, and quality of maize crop as compared to all other treatments.

The amalgamation of natural polysaccharides with synthetic polymers often produces fruitful results in the area of drug delivery due to their biodegradable and biocompatible nature. In this study, a series of blend films composed of chitosan (CS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in different compositions were prepared as smart drug delivery matrices. The properties of these polymeric films were then explored. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed an intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CS and PAH. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed improvements in surface morphology as the percentage of PAH in the blend films increased up to 60% (w/w). Water contact angle (WCA) ranged between 97° to 115°, exhibiting the hydrophobic nature of the films. Two films were selected, CTH-1 (90% CS and 10% PAH) and CTH-2 (80% CS and 20% PAH), to test for in vitro cumulative drug release (%) at 37 ± 0.5 °C as a function of time. It was revealed that for simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH 1.2, the cumulative drug release (CDR) for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was around 88% and 85% in 50 min, respectively. Both films converted into gel-like material after 30 min. On the other hand, in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, the maximum CDR for CTH-1 and CTH-2 was 93% in 90 min and 98% in 120 min, respectively. After 120 min, these films became fragments. Sustained drug release was observed in PBS, as compared to SGF, because of the poor stability of the films in the latter. These results demonstrate the excellent potential of blend films in sustained-release drug delivery systems for hydrophilic or unstable drugs.

Artikel ini mengkaji tentang perkembangan historis ta’lik-talak, perjanjian perceraian bersyarat. Perjanjian ini biasanya dibacakan suami di akhir upacara perkawinan. Melalui perjanjian ini, perempuan secara legal memiliki hak untuk mendapatkan cerai dari suaminya. Secara spesifik, artikel ini membahas proses pembentukan dan transformasi ta’lik-talak menjadi tradisi janji dalem pada era kerajaan Islam Jawa. Selain itu, ia juga menganalisis faktor-faktor sosial-politik yang melingkupi pelembagaan janji dalem dalam kebijakan pemerintah kolonial Belanda. Melalui penelusuran dokumen dan telaah literatur, artikel ini menemukan bahwa meskipun bersumber dari aturan fiqh klasik, pengaruh sosial politik dalam penerapan ta’lik-talak tidak dapat dilepaskan. Abstract This article deals with the historical development of ta’lik-talak, an agreement of (conditional) divorce. This agreement is usually recited by a husband after the completion of a marriage ceremony. By this agreement, women have legal authority to obtain a divorce from the husband. This article specifically explores the process of of the formation of the ta’lik-talak and how it was transformed into janji dalem (royal vow) in the age of Islamic kingship in Java. In addition, it also addresses the multiplicity of factors that shaped the institutionalization of janji dalem in the Dutch colonial regulations. Based on documentary analysis, this article finds that despite deriving from fiqh, the practice is not free from from socio-political influences.

An ordered mesoporous novel material Ni-SBA-16 has been synthesized by internal pH-adjustment method. The synthesized material has been characterized by small angle XRD (SXRD), wide angle XRD (WXRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), Fourier-transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscope and Nitrogen Adsorption desorption techniques. The characterization results have shown that material possesses highly ordered mesostructure with high surface area (736 m2/g) and large pore diameter (3.8 nm). FTIR and WXRD spectra revealed that nickel was uniformly dispersed on SBA-16 surface. The synthesized material has been used as adsorbent for removal of toxic Brilliant Green dye due to its large surface area and pore size. At optimized conditions, almost 100% of Brilliant Green dye was removed from aqueous solution by Ni-SBA-16. The isotherms analysis indicates that the Langmuir and Hill models provide the best correlation of the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of Ni-SBA-16 for Brilliant Green dye was 322.58 mg/g.

We present a robust algorithm for complex human activity recognition for natural human-robot interaction. The algorithm is based on tracking the position of selected joints in human skeleton. For any given activity, only a few skeleton joints are involved in performing the activity, so a subset of joints contributing the most towards the activity is selected. Our approach of tracking a subset of skeleton joints (instead of tracking the whole skeleton) is computationally efficient and provides better recognition accuracy. We have developed both manual and automatic approaches for the selection of these joints. The position of the selected joints is tracked for the duration of the activity and is used to construct feature vectors for each activity. Once the feature vectors have been constructed, we use a Support Vector Machines (SVM) multiclass classifier for training and testing the algorithm. The algorithm has been tested on a purposely built dataset of depth videos recorded using Kinect camera. The dataset consists of 250 videos of 10 different activities being performed by different users. Experimental results show classification accuracy of 83% when tracking all skeleton joints, 95% when using manual selection of subset joints, and 89% when using automatic selection of subset joints.

Reformasi menuntut pemerintah untuk menyelenggarakan pemerintahan yang lebih baik, transparan dan akuntabel. Merespon hal tersebut pemerintah melaksanakan perubahan tata kelola keuangan dengan penggunaan sistem penganggaran berbasis kinerja, yang dimulai dengan perencanaan strategis dan kinerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimanakah perencanaan belanja bantuan sosial di Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis Perencanaan Anggaran Belanja Bantuan Sosial di Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi serta studi kepustakaan. Analisa data menggunakan analisa data kualitatif dengan model interaktif Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perencanaan belanja bantuan sosial di Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul belum sepenuhnya mewujudkan sebuah perencanaan strategis dan perencanaan kinerja yang mana kegiatan belanja bantuan sosial seharusnya merupakan penjabaran visi dan misi yang ada di dalam RPJPD, RPJMD, yang kemudian dijabarkan menjadi program dan kegiatan di dalam RKPD yang menjadi pedoman dalam menyusun KUA dan PPAS untuk dianggarkan di dalam Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah. Kegiatan yang ada di dalam Belanja Bantuan Sosial merupakan kegiatan yang tidak secara langsung berkaitan dengan program dan kegiatan yang ada di dalam belanja langsung. Karena tidak berkaitan dengan program dan kegiatan yang ada di dalam belanja langsung dan tidak ada kebijakan yang mengaitkannya dengan program dan kegiatan di dalam belanja langsung. Selain itu dalam proses perencanaannya baik di tingkat SKPD maupun di tingkat PPKD tidak menggunakan tolok ukur kinerja yang terdiri dari Standar Pelayanan Minimal (SPM), Analisis Standar Belanja (ASB), Standar Satuan Harga (SSH) dan Indikator Kinerja. Kata kunci: belanja bantuan sosial, perencanaan strategis, anggaran berbasis kinerja, tolok ukur kinerja.

The debate on the notion of identity of the traditional Islam in the Javanese society is often related to pesantren and kyai. These are the sub-cultural entities that have contributed to the shaping and building the identity of the Javanese Muslims. This paper explores the following key issues: (1) In what ways the collective identity of the Javanese Muslims is constructed in such a multicultural society? (2) What are the roles of the pesantren and kyais in such a process. The paper argues that the pesantren communities perceive themselves as the defending power of traditional Islam, the fact that would imply logically that there is a sort of cultural confrontation between the traditionalists and the modernists. The paper will delve into this polarity in the context of the role of pesantren and kyai and how these sub-cultural entities negotiate both with the opposing sub-culture –the modernist that is- and with modernity.

This paper addresses the bylaw on prostitution issued by the Bantul authority in May 2007. It specifically examines the relation between the involvement of religious symbolism, the call for public participation and political interests in the legislation process. The paper argues that, on the one hand, the law relates prostitution to issues of immorality, social illness, and the degradation of women due to economic discrimination or sexual exploitation. The subject of prostitution has been extended, covering not only sex workers and pimps, but everyone committing indecent acts, such as showing a ‘sexy’ performance. On the other hand, this regulation is considered to be ambiguous in determining the standard of public morality and, therefore, puts women in a marginalised position. That the implementation of this law contributes to institutionalising the criminalisation against women is another fact which is believed to diminish the meaning of democracy. The government is blamed as taking too much care with procedural democracy but giving less attention to education and employment opportunities.[Artikel merupakan hasil studi peraturan daerah tentang larangan pelacuran yang dikeluarkan oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Bantul pada Mei 2007. Studi ini menguji keterkaitan antara simbol-simbol keagamaan, partisipasi publik, dan kepentingan politik yang muncul dan menyertai proses legislasi. Penulis berpendapat bahwa pada satu sisi, dalam peraturan tersebut, pelacuran dikaitkan dengan perusakan terhadap nilai agama dan sosial serta penurunan martabat perempuan, terlepas akibat diskriminasi ekonomi atau eksploitasi seksual. Subjek pelacuran ternyata juga diperluas, tidak hanya pekerja seks dan mucikari, tetapi setiap orang yang melakukan perbuatan cabul, seperti berpenampilan seksi. Pada sisi yang lain, ukuran moralitas publik dalam peraturan ini dianggap kurang jelas dan menempatkan perempuan pada posisi yang terpinggirkan. Bahwa penerapan peraturan berimplikasi pada kriminalisasi terhadap perempuan merupakan bukti lain yang dinilai bertentangan dengan substansi demokrasi. Pemerintah dinilai terlalu perhatian pada demokrasi prosedural, tetapi mengabaikan masalah pendidikan dan kesempatan kerja.]

A set of indicators for sustainable development were identified to be employed in developing countries. The selected indicators provided a good understanding of social and engineering outputs of a water resources project. Results of the study revealed that there are significant positive impacts of dam construction but they were not same as the targeted objectives envisaged in the feasibility report of the project. It means that after construction of the dam and irrigation system, development didn?t match with the targeted goals of the project. This study argues the world-wide controversy against construction of dam in arid zone which is ill-founded and based on a few short term, mitigable negative impacts, ignoring many positive long term inputs alleviating chronic poverty in arid regions. The study meticulously looks into the pre dam bio-physical and socio-economic conditions in one of the arid region of Iran under the area commanded by Minab dam. This dam was constructed in Hormozgan province of Iran in 1983 and its irrigation system was completed in 1986 which was followed by progressive expansion of irrigated agriculture which almost doubled in year 2006. Literacy rate has increased from 41% (pre-project) to 74% in 2006. Similarly, significant improvements were observed in health care, sanitation, education, and other disciplines.

In this research work, a low-cost biomass derived from the pulp of Saccharum bengalense (SB) was used as an adsorbent material/biosorbent for the removal of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution. Langmuir, Freundlich Timken, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherms have been applied to further define the mechanism of sorption. From the comparison of different adsorption isotherm models, it was found that biosorption of Co(II) by SB followed Langmuir and Freundlich models. The sorption capacity for cobalt of Saccharum bengalense was ( mg/g) at 323K. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the adsorption of Co(II) onto Saccharum bengalense was evaluated for the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion and Bangham's kinetics models. It was found that the pseudo-second-order mechanism is predominant. Activation parameters evaluated from thermodynamics and kinetic parameters such as free energy change , kJ/mol), enthalpy change , kJ/mol), and entropy change , kJ/mol) revealed the spontaneous, endothermic, and feasible nature of adsorption process. The results of the present investigation suggested that Saccharum bengalense (SB) can be used as an environmentally and economically feasible biosorbent for the removal of Co(II) from aqueous solutions.

In the title compound, C13H16ClNO, the cyclohexyl ring adopts a chair conformation, with puckering parameters Q = 0.576 (3) Å, θ = 0.1 (3) and ϕ = 8 (15)°. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules into one-dimensional chains propagating in [010].

In the title compound, C17H12F2N2OS, the planar thiazole ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.012 Å) makes dihedral angles of 15.08 (9) and 81.81 (6)° with the 4-fluorophenyl and 2-fluorophenyl rings, respectively. The 2-fluorophenyl ring is disordered over two orientations with site-occupancy factors of 0.810 (3) and 0.190 (3). The structure contains intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

This research study aims to analyze the Preparedness and Response to crises in School Education department at secondary level in Punjab, Pakistan. This was done through the experiences and views of District Education Officers (DEOs), Head of Schools and Secondary School Teachers (SST). The purpose of the study was not only to examine preparedness and response to crises but also to help education administration with specific reference to circumstances under which the process of crisis management at school level is going on, within the Pakistani Education system. For collection of data a detailed questionnaire for DEOs, Heads and Teachers was used in nine sampled districts out of 36 (25%) of the Punjab. The study remained with descriptive type of research methodology. To evaluate the crisis Preparation and response of administration, 6 main and 31 sub factors were analyzed through the process of percentage (%), Weighted Mean (WM), and Standard Deviation (SD). After gone through the process of analysis of data and findings of the study it was revealed that at administration and management (DEOs & Head) level the practices of crisis management remained satisfactory. The school administration carries the practices in normal way. No concept of creating awareness among the students about crisis. No proper system of crisis response team, training and other measures were not found, which are very important for safety and security of the students and staff.