Search

Intravitreal drug administration is a procedure that has become widespread in modern ophthalmology. However, there is no global consensus on certain aspects of this manipulation, and practitioners feel the need for guidelines. In the Russian Federation, until now, such a document was not available. The expert council on diseases of the retina and optic nerve of All-Russian public organization «Association of Ophthalmologists», with participation of invited specialists, has studied and analyzed the existing foreign guidelines for performing intravitreal injections, as well as the regulatory framework in Russia. As a result, this Protocol was developed and approved for use in the healthcare system of the Russian Federation. The document regulates the requirements for specialists and organizations, the conditions for performing the procedure and the necessary material resources and presents an algorithm for performing intravitreal drug administration, a patient examination check-list for various conditions of the procedure, as well as parameters for evaluating and monitoring the quality of the procedure.Интравитреальное введение лекарственных препаратов — процедура, получившая широкое распространение в современной офтальмологии. Тем не менее, глобальный консенсус по отдельным аспектам выполнения этой манипуляции отсутствует, а практикующие врачи испытывают потребность в руководящих принципах. В Российской Федерации до настоящего времени такой документ отсутствовал. Экспертным советом по заболеваниям сетчатки и зрительного нерва Общероссийской общественной организации «Ассоциация врачей-офтальмологов» при участии группы привлеченных специалистов изучены и проанализированы имеющиеся зарубежные руководящие принципы по выполнению интравитреальных инъекций, а также действующая в России нормативно-правовая база. В результате был разработан и утвержден настоящий Протокол, предназначенный для применения в системе здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Документ регламентирует требования к специалистам и организациям, условия выполнения процедуры и необходимые материальные ресурсы. Представлены алгоритм выполнения интравитреального введения лекарственных препаратов, рекомендуемый перечень обследования пациентов при различных условиях выполнения процедуры, а также параметры оценки и контроля качества выполнения методики.

This article discusses the main directions of cooperation between the Russian Orthodox Church and civil society organizations in 1990-2000-ies. Characterized by basic forms of cooperation churches and public organizations in the spiritual and moral education of children and youth, as well as in coordinating the activities of public organizations and the ROC. Treated prisoners in the 2000s. contracts (agreements) on the interaction between the ROC and public organizations of religious and secular focus on the implementation of joint social projects and programs. Updated key issues and trends in the interaction between the state, the church and society, the mechanisms of interaction between government and NGOs in addressing socially significant problems. The analysis revealed that in the 1990-2000-ies conditions have been created to ensure access of NGOs and church social services to the market. Combined resources of the church and community organizations were used primarily for social support of the poor, especially orphans and children left without parental care, programs that protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of youth, child and youth participation in socially significant events.

Electric and magnetic tuning of phase, frequency, and delay time of electromagnetic-spin waves in thin-film layered multiferroic structure (metal-dielectric gap-ferroelectric material-hexaferrite-dielectric substrate) is numerically simulated. The results are used to demonstrate prospects for application of layered multiferroic hexaferrite-ferroelectric structures in the construction of basically new devices for generation and processing of microwave signals under dual (electric and magnetic) tuning of the working characteristics in the subterahertz frequency range.

A general theory of the spectrum of normal waves propagating in magnetic structures with periodically modulated parameters has been developed. Based on the method of tensorial Green’s functions, spin-wave mode approach, and Floquet-Bloch theorem, a general form of the dispersion relation has been obtained for dipole-exchange spin waves propagating in a one-dimensional magnonic crystal formed by an arbitrary spatially periodic modulation of all magnetic and geometric parameters in the Maxwell’s equations and the Landau-Lifshitz equation. An original method has been proposed for taking into account an arbitrary profile of the modulation of the chosen parameters. The efficiency of the presented theory has been demonstrated using a simple example of the description of an experimental spectrum of a dynamic magnonic crystal.

A theory has been constructed that strictly describes the spectrum of dipole-exchange spin waves in an arbitrarily magnetized anisotropic ferrite waveguide with a rectangular cross section. The theory takes into account the spatial inhomogeneity of the internal magnetic field in the waveguide cross section. The influence of parameters of the ferrite waveguide on the distribution of the internal magnetic field in the waveguide cross section is analyzed. The dispersion characteristics of two waveguide types most widely used in practice are investigated. The dipole-exchange spin wave spectra calculated for a transversely magnetized waveguide are presented and the distributions of the dynamic magnetization in the waveguide cross section for several types of volume and localized spin-wave modes are constructed.

An experiment on small-angle polarized-neutron diffraction by a two-dimensional spatially ordered array of nickel nanowires embedded in a porous anodic alumina matrix is discussed. The contributions of nonmagnetic (nuclear) structures and nuclear magnetic interference indicating the correlation between magnetic and nuclear structures are discussed. Magnetic scattering is two orders of magnitude smaller than nuclear scattering and, hence, turns out to be weakly distinguishable. The ordered magnetic composite nanostructure of a sample leads to strong interaction between the neutron wave and the structure itself, which, in turn, implies a twofold (miltiple scattering) nuclear scattering process. Nuclear magnetic interference scattering must be analyzed allowing for twofold scattering conditions, which substantially distorts the intensity distribution of the interference contribution of first-order diffraction peaks.

In this article a feedforward error backpropagation artificial neural network is investigated and the analysis of its illogical behaviour is presented. The problem of illogical behavior arises in various models of artificial neural networks. In the presented work a classifying artificial neural network (CANN) is considered and several learning algorithms were implemented and compared. CANN was designed for automatic differentiaition of cyanobacterial strains during environmental monitoring and some of trained networks demonstrated illogical behavior in further testing. Several original techniques were elaborated for estimation of the quality and accuracy of classification in addition to the traditional ones. Novel visualization methods were suggested for classification and generalization results representation.

Formation of artificial opal films by a vertical deposition method was in situ studied using the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction technique. Monodisperse spherical polymethyl methacrylate particles (200 nm in diameter) were deposited on the polished Si substrate from an aqueous suspension. The ordering of particles on a fixed area of the substrate located in turn in the bulk suspension under the meniscus and in the air was continuously monitored by the X-ray scattering upon moving the meniscus down owing to evaporation of the solvent. The triple air-liquid-solid phase boundary, i.e. the top line of the meniscus, is identified as the most probable location of the crystallization process. The analysis of observed Bragg reflections and the particle form-factor indicates that the obtained artificial opal-like structures are composed of the spheres arranged in a close-packed hexagonal layers parallel to the substrate. The characteristic correlation length along the normal to the substrate of 550 ± 100 nm is obtained from the half full width of Bragg peaks.

As the materials for this project, we used data on the distribution of the larvae of the Asian paddle crab Charybdis japonicus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861); the spider crabs Hyas coarctatus ursinus (=Hyas ursinus) (Rathbun, 1924), Pugettia quadridens (de Haan, 1839), and Pisoides bidentatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1873); the samurai crab Paradorippe granulata (=Dorippe granulata) (de Haan, 1841); the pea crab Pinnixa rathbuni (Sakai, 1934); and the porcelain crab Pachycheles stevensii (Stimpson, 1858) in Minonosok Bay of Pos’eta Bay obtained during 2000–2002 and in 2004. The planktonic samples were collected from the last third of May to September. The greatest density of the larvae was observed in May, mid-June, late June-early July, and late July-early August. The greatest densities of the crab larvae and the decapod larvae ranged from 20.4 to 48.2 and from 88.4 to 245.3 specimens/m3. The schedule of the crab larvae’s occurrence in the plankton is provided for the first time. The distribution of the density showed pronounced patchiness.

Magnetization hysteresis loops of a three-dimensional nanoscale analog of spin ice based on the nickel inverse opal-like structure (IOLS) have been studied at room temperature. The samples are produced by filling nickel into the voids of artificial opal-like films. The spin ice behavior is induced by tetrahedral elements within the IOLS, which have the same arrangement of magnetic moments as a spin ice. The thickness of the films vary from a two-dimensional, i.e., single-layered, antidot array to a three-dimensional, i.e., multilayered, structure. The coercive force, the saturation, and the irreversibility field have been measured in dependence of the thickness of the IOLS for in-plane and out-of-plane applied fields. The irreversibility and saturation fields change abruptly from the antidot array to the three-dimensional IOLS and remain constant upon further increase of the number of layers $n$. The coercive force ${H}_{c}$ seems to increase logarithmically with increasing $n$ as ${H}_{c}={H}_{c0}+\ensuremath{\alpha}ln(n+1)$. The logarithmic law implies the avalanchelike remagnetization of anisotropic structural elements connecting tetrahedral and cubic nodes in the IOLS. We conclude that the ``ice rule'' is the base of mechanism regulating this process.

This work studied the formation of molecular nitrogen by the microbial population of immobilized activated sludge of the domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that employ the technology developed by ZAO ECOS Company. The technology includes physicochemical water pretreatment and treated water recycling. A hard flexible fibrous brush carrier is used for the immobilization of microorganisms. The presence of both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and functioning of the methanogenic microbial community was shown in the biofilms developing on the carrier fibers and in suspended sludge. The high efficiency of nitrogen removal at a low C/N ratio was established to be due to the conjugated nitrification, denitrification, and anammox processes, whose functioning was demonstrated by laboratory cultivation methods and by studying the processes in batch and continuous reactors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes (FISH) revealed bacteria belonging to the order Planctomycetales, particularly their anammox group. This work is the first evidence of the important role of the anammox process in the combined system of physicochemical and biological treatment of weak wastewater (BCDEAMOX).

Magnetic properties of spatially ordered arrays of interacting nanofilaments have been studied by means of smallangle diffraction of polarized neutrons. Several diffr action maxima or rings that correspond to the scat� tering of the highly ordered structure of pores/filaments with hexagonal packing have been observed in neu� tron scattering intensity maps. The interference (nuclearmagnetic) and pure magnetic contributions to the scattering have been analyzed during the magnetic reversal of the nanofilament array in a field applied per� pendicular to the nanofilament axis. The average magnetization and the interference contribution propor� tional to it increase with the field and are saturated at H = H S. The magnetic reversal process occurs almost without hysteresis. The intensity of the magnetic contribution has hysteresis behavior in the magnetic reversal process for both the positive and negative fields that form the field dependence of the intensity in a butterfly shape. It has been shown that this dependence is due to the magnetostatic interaction between the filaments in the field range of H ≤ HS. A theory for describing the magnetic properties of the arrays of interacting ferro� magnetic nanofilaments in the magnetic field has been proposed.

Aim. To study the specific clinical features in patients with coronary heart disease, CHD (stable effort angina, SEA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in order to improve early diagnostics of this combined pathology. Material and methods. The study was a retrospective analysis of 958 medical histories. Co-existing COPD was registered in 251 patients (26,3 %). Therefore, Group I included 251 patients with SEA and COPD (26,3 %), while Group II included 707 SEA patients without COPD (73,7 %). Results. In Group I, there were more men than women, by 5,7 % (ррConclusion. Among chronic CHD patients hospitalized to the cardiology unit, co-existing COPD was registered in 26,3 %. The combination with COPD aggravated the clinical course of CHD. The study results support the use of lung function assessment in smoking CHD patients, to diagnose co-existing COPD.

The results obtained using simple models of combined heat and mass transfer in nonisothermal vapor or gas absorption by aqueous solutions are generalized. The models take into account specific properties of two-phase binary systems used in absorbers of thermotransformers (heat pumps and refrigerators). Some authors have already cited certain of the results, including criterial dependences obtained via exact solutions, in reference books and monographs. This paper represents a wider spectrum of problems. The Russian, more detailed version of the article, was published as a book.

Aim. To define the safety, informative value, and performance conditions of exercise echocardiography (EchoCG) in patients with stable angina (SA) concurrent with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Subjects and methods. Forty patients aged 45 to 66 years (mean age 54.8 ± 4.9 years) with Functional Class (FC) II-III SA concurrent with COPD and 40 patients aged 46 to 65 years (mean 56.6 ± 4.9 years) with FC II-III SA without COPD were examined. All the patients underwent exercise EchoCG during the chosen therapy. Results. Exercise EchoCG is safe in patients with SA with COPD. To enhance the informative value of this test and to achieve the ischemic threshold in patients of this category require the use of adequate bronchodilator therapy. In this case, the informative value of the technique is 75%. Conclusion. Exercise EchoCG in patients with SA concurrent with COPD may serve as a reliable tool in determining exercise endurance during antianginal, bronchodilator therapy and in assessing its adequacy.

The analysis of the data obtained during the plankton surveys in Possyet Bay (Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan) in 2000–2001 is presented. The larvae of eight crab species were registered in the plankton: the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815), the snow (opilio) crab Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1780), the Arctic lyre crab Hyas coarctatus ursinus (Leach, 1815), the kelp crab Pugettia quadridens (de Haan, 1839), the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus (Tilesius, 1815), the Japanese swimming crab Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861), the pea crab Pinnixa rathbuni (Sakai, 1934), and the porcelain crab Pachycheles stevensii (Stimpson, 1858). These species belonged to six families: Lithodidae, Atelecyclidae, Majidae, Portunidae, Porcellanidae, and Pinnotheridae. The role of the variability of some of the hydrological factors in the meroplankton larvae development was studied. In May, the crab larvae were found mostly in the open part of the bay. In June, they were transported by the current to the northern part of the bay. In July, they spread uniformly in all the bay areas; however, patchiness was observed. The maximal population density of the crab larvae was registered for July and varied from 6.8 to 23.3 ind. m−3. The crab larvae appeared in the plankton in 2000 and 2001 earlier than for the average season.

The distribution of the scattering intensity in the reciprocal space for natural and artificial opals has been reconstructed from a set of small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. The resulting three-dimensional intensity maps are used to analyze the defect structure of opals. The structure of artificial opals can be satisfactorily described in the Wilson probability model with the prevalence of layers in the fcc environment. The diffraction patterns observed for a natural opal confirm the presence of sufficiently long unequally occupied fcc domains.

Structural and magnetic properties of two-dimensional spatially ordered system of ferromagnetic nickel nanowires embedded into Al 2 O 3 matrix have been studied using polarized small-angle neutron scattering. The small-angle diffraction pattern exhibits many diffraction peaks, which corresponds to the scattering from highly correlated hexagonal structure of pores and magnetic nanowires. Magnetic contribution to the scattering has complex behavior and cannot be explained without taking into account stray fields located between magnetized nanowires.

Some peculiarities of heat and mass transfer processes in units of lithium bromide thermotransformers as applied to the problem of development of new-generation refrigerating machines and thermal pumps are presented.

The article deals witch the development of scientific foundations for automatically module technologies of the flexible automatic assembling production. A complex model of process of flexible automatic module assembling has been created. This complex makes it possible to reveal the regularities of its passage as a set of all kinds of connections. The flexibility in such systems is provided at construction, technological, algorithmic levels being estimated by the adjustment coefficient.

The magnetic and structural properties of two-dimensional spatially ordered systems of ferromagnetic nickel nanowires embedded into an Al2O3 matrix have been studied using polarized small-angle neutron scattering (polarized SANS). We measured the total (nuclear and magnetic) scattering I(q) as a polarization-independent scattering, the field-dependent scattering as IH(q) = I(q, H) − I(q, 0), where H is the magnetic field, and the nuclear-magnetic interference as a polarization-dependent (P) scattering ΔI(q, P). A typical scattering pattern is composed of the diffuse small-angle scattering and the Bragg peak. It is shown that the introduction of Ni into the matrix does not change the position of the Bragg peak but results in an increase of the scattering intensity both in the small-angle region and at the Bragg positions. An external magnetic field was applied perpendicular or parallel to the long dimension of the nanowires in order to reveal the anisotropic properties of the magnetic system. It is shown that, firstly, the magnetic-field-dependent scattering IH(q) provides new and principally different information as compared with the interference term ΔI(q). Secondly, two contributions to the interference term ΔI(q) (ascribed to the diffuse scattering and to the diffraction peaks) have different signs indicating different origins of the scattering objects. Thirdly, polarized SANS gives a detailed picture of the magnetization process, which could not be obtained by methods of standard magnetometry.

In the present study we report synthesis and investigation of the magnetic iron nanowire arrays in the mesoporous silica thin films. The films were deposited on SiC/Si(100) substrate by spin-coating technique, enabling one to obtain all mesopores parallel to the substrate surface and aligned radially by centrifugal force. Very high level of local alignment (90% on 2 cm2) of the pores was proved by small angle X-ray scattering and neutron reflectivity. Magnetic iron nanowires were synthesized in the mesoporous silica channels by intercalation of a hydrophobic iron compound into a hydrophobic part of the silica–surfactant composite followed by decomposition of the complex and additional crystallization of iron in hydrogen flow. Nanocomposites were studied by TEM, ED, SAXS, BET, BJH and neutron reflectometry. It was found that an ordered structure preserves after the chemical modification, while iron nanowires uniformly fill porous structure, making this system highly promising for high-density data recording media.

The structure of inverse opal crystals based on nickel was probed on the mesoscopic and atomic levels by a set of complementary techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron microradian and wide-angle diffraction. The microradian diffraction revealed the mesoscopic-scale face-centered-cubic (fcc) ordering of spherical voids in the inverse opal-like structure with unit cell dimension of 750±10nm. The diffuse scattering data were used to map defects in the fcc structure as a function of the number of layers in the Ni inverse opal-like structure. The average lateral size of mesoscopic domains is found to be independent of the number of layers. 3D reconstruction of the reciprocal space for the inverse opal crystals with different thickness provided an indirect study of original opal templates in a depth-resolved way. The microstructure and thermal response of the framework of the porous inverse opal crystal was examined using wide-angle powder x-ray diffraction. This artificial porous structure is built from nickel crystallites possessing stacking faults and dislocations peculiar for the nickel thin films.

Polarized neutron reflectometry is used to investigate SiO2(Co) granular films (70 at% of Co nanoparticles in SiO2 matrix) deposited on Si and GaAs substrates. The aim of the study is to compare magnetization depth profiles in two systems: in SiO2(Co)/GaAs heterostructure which shows at room temperature giant injection magnetoresistance (IMR) with the system SiO2(Co)/Si which reveals almost no IMR effect. We found that at room temperature and at the same value of external magnetic field mean magnetization in the SiO2(Co)/GaAs sample is much higher than in the case of SiO2(Co)/Si. We also demonstrate that magnetic scattering length density, and hence, magnetization profile strongly depends on the substrate. We show that SiO2(Co)/Si heterostructure is ferromagnetically ordered within the temperature range between 120 and 460 K what could explain a weak IMR.

Polarized small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique is used to study spatially ordered one-dimensional (ID) magnetic nanowires. In our experiments a typical q-dependence consists of the diffuse small-angle scattering and the Bragg peak corresponding to the scattering on the regular structure of the porous matrix. We measured the total (nuclear and magnetic) scattering and the nuclear–magnetic interference as a polarization-dependent part of the scattering. The field- and temperature-dependent scattering intensity is extracted as I{H,T}(q)=I(q, H, T)−I(q, 0, TR). It is shown that the magnetic scattering I{H,T}(q), obtained from the polarization-independent part, brings new and principally different information as compared to the interference term ΔI(q). We present Co embedded into mesoporous aluminosilicate matrices (MAS) as an example of investigations of the spatially ordered one-dimensional magnetic nanosystems.

The evolution of the magnetic structure for an inverse opal-like structure under an applied magnetic field is studied by small-angle neutron scattering. The samples were produced by filling the voids of an artificial opal film with Co. It is shown that the local configuration of magnetization is inhomogeneous over the basic element of the inverse opal-like lattice structure (IOLS) but follows its periodicity. Applying the “ice-rule” concept to the structure, we describe the local magnetization of this ferromagnetic three-dimensional lattice. We have developed a model of the remagnetization process predicting the occurrence of an unusual perpendicular component of the magnetization in the IOLS which is defined only by the direction and strength of the applied magnetic field.

Investigations of microwave properties of Ni-based inverse ferromagnetic opal-like film with the [111] axis of the fcc structure along the normal direction to the film have been carried out in the 2--18 GHz frequency band. We observed multiple spin wave resonances for the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the film, i.e., along the [111] axis of this artificial crystal. For the field applied in the film plane, a broad band of microwave absorption is observed, which does not contain a fine structure. The field ranges of the responses observed are quite different for these two magnetization directions. This suggests a collective magnetic ground state or shape anisotropy and collective microwave dynamics for this foam-like material. This result is in agreement with SQUID measurements of hysteresis loops for the material. Two different models for this collective behavior are suggested that satisfactorily explain the major experimental results.

Conclusions To summarize, in this chapter diffraction of light and x-rays on opal-like structures is considered. New methodological approaches to collection, processing, and interpretation of experimental data are presented. In particular, a novel representation of the light diffraction data in the “incident angle–registration angle” (θ, Θ) coordinates is shown to be an effective tool of data analysis. This representation allows one to easily distinguish the reflections originating from 2D diffraction from the ones governed by 3D Bragg diffraction. In addition, structural disorder becomes apparent in the (θ, Θ) representation. It is also demonstrated that the immersion spectroscopy method can be used to selectively switch diffraction reflections. This phenomenon is caused by inhomogeneity of the a-SiO2 particles that form synthetic opals. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that microradian x-ray diffraction is a powerful technique that is able to reveal the dominating structure and the presence of disorder in opallike structures. Short acquisition times, modern 2D detectors, and progress in computing techniques make 3D reconstructions of reciprocal space routinely available. This method provides extremely valuable information on the real structure of mesoscopic materials that cannot be easily obtained by other analytical approaches. K13299_

The potential to control the number of the spin-wave band gaps of a magnonic crystal (MC) by variation of its geometry is investigated by numerical simulations. The magnonic crystal is represented by a micro-sized planar ferromagnetic waveguide with periodically variable width. By choosing a step-like or sinusoidal variation of the width, the magnonic crystal reveals multiple or single band gaps, respectively. This allows for additional degrees of freedom in the design of MC based microwave filters and phase shifters with desired characteristics. The MCs band gaps have been studied in the space and frequency domains exploring the spin-wave spectrum dependence on the probing position inside the magnonic crystal., 8 pages, 3 figures

Inverse photonic nickel-based crystal films formed by electrocrystallization of metal inside the voids of polymer artificial opal have been studied using the microradian X-ray diffraction. Analysis of the diffraction images agrees with an face-centred cubic (FCC) structure with the lattice constant a0 650 10 nm and indicates two types of stacking sequences coexisting in the crystal (twins of ABCABC... and ACBACB... ordering motifs), the ratio between them being 4:5 The transverse structural correlation length Ltran is 2.4 0.1 μm, which corresponds to a sample thickness of 6 layers. The in-plane structural correlation length L long is 3.4 0.2 μm, and the structure mosaic is of order of 10°.

The structural and magnetic properties of nickel inverse opal photonic crystal have been studied by complementary experimental techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle and small-angle diffraction of synchrotron radiation, and polarized neutrons. The sample was fabricated by electrochemical deposition of nickel in voids in a colloidal crystal film made of 450 nm polystyrene microspheres followed by their dissolving in toluene. The microradian small-angle diffraction of synchrotron radiation was used to reveal the opal-like large-scale ordering proving its tendency to the face-centered-cubic fcc structure with the lattice constant of 65010 nm. The wide-angle x-ray powder diffraction has shown that nanosize fcc nickel crystallites, which form an inverse opal framework, have some texture prescribed by principal directions in inverse opal on a macroscale, thus showing that the atomic and macroscopic structures are correlated. The polarized small-angle neutron scattering is used on the extreme limit of its ability to detect the transformation of the magnetic structure under applied field. Different contributions to the neutron scattering have been analyzed: the nonmagnetic nuclear one, the pure magnetic one, and the nuclear-magnetic interference. The latter in the diffraction pattern shows the degree of the spatial correlation between the magnetic and nuclear reflecting planes and gives the pattern behavior of the reversal magnetization process for these planes. The field dependence of pure magnetic contribution shows that the three-dimensional geometrical shape of the structure presumably leads to a complex distribution of the magnetization in the sample.

Ultramicrotomy was used to prepare a cross-section of shell-like amorphous SiO2 spherical particle synthesized by the multistage Stöber method which allowed performing first direct observations of the hierarchical structure of the SiO2 particle by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of primary, secondary and tertiary particles forming the inner structure of SiO2 spheres was established. The use of the small angle scattering of neutrons and synchrotron radiation techniques has enabled to define the size of the primary particles, the fractal parameters of their surface and the bulk density of the SiO2 spheres.

Structural and magnetic properties of two-dimensional spatially ordered system of ferromagnetic cobalt nanowires embedded into Al2O3 matrix have been studied using polarized small-angle neutron scattering. The small-angle scattering pattern exhibits many diffraction peaks (up to the third reflection order), which corresponds to the scattering from highly correlated hexagonal structure of pores and magnetic nanowires. A comprehensive analysis of contributions to the scattering intensity, including nonmagnetic (nuclear) contribution, magnetic contribution depending on the magnetic field, and nuclear-magnetic interference indicating the correlation between the magnetic and nuclear structures was carried out. A detailed pattern of the remagnetization of an ordered array of the magnetic nanowires has been obtained. It has been illustrated that polarized neutron scattering provides unique information inaccessible by the standard magnetometry techniques.

1. An investigation has been made, with the aid of heating curves, of the thermal stabilities and dehydration behavior of the solid phases found in the ternary system NaOH - H2O2 - H2O at O0. namely Na2O2 8H2O and Na4O2 2H2O2 4H2O2, and also of the so-called “sodium hydroperoxido” NaOOH or Na2O2 H2O2 which was synthesized by Tafel's method. 2. The compound Na4O2 8H2O is undoultedly a hydrated form of sodium peroxide. This view is confirmed by the occurrence of endothermic dehydration effects, and by the curves for the dehydration of Na4O2 8H4O4 which pass through the stages Na2O2 8H2O, Na2O2 - 2H2O, and Na2O2 - H2O 3. The compound Na2O2 - 2H2O4 - 4H2O is of lower stability. Its heating curve has a very marked exothermic maximum at 60–65 characteristic of pcthydrate compounds. The temperature at which complete decomposition occurs is the same as the decomposition temperature of Na2O2 - 8H2O. 4. The existing data on the properties of the so-called “sodium hydropetoxide” NaOOH support the view that this compound should be regarded as Na2O2 - H2O2.

1. Thermal analysis confirmed that all the three solid phases which were detected in the study of the isotherms of the system Ca(OH)2 -H2O2 -H2O in the temperature range of −21 to 0° are actually individual peroxy compounds of calcium. 2. The octahydrate CaO2 · 8H2O and the dihydrate CaO2 2H2O of calcium peroxide are readily dehydrated and are converted into anhydrous calcium peroxide which is stable up to 300°. 3. The diperhydrate of calcium peroxide CaO2 · 2H2O2, which exists over a wide region in equilibrium with the liquid phase. is unstable in the free state and readily breaks down with formation of CaO2 · 2H2O.

Changes of electrokinetic properties of cell nuclei and the quantity of granules of heterochromatin located near the nuclear envelope in nuclei of human buccal epithelium cells were studied under the influence of electromagnetic fields in vitro. Irradiation of cells was realized by means of a semiconductor generator of millimeter radiation (wavelength 7.1 mm, frequency 42.2 GHz), the Yav-1 apparatus for extremely high frequency therapy. It was shown that irradiation of cells induced a decrease in electric charge of native human buccal epithelium cell nuclei and an increase in chromatin condensation in nuclei. The observed effects depend on irradiation dose and individual peculiarities of donors.

In this work diffraction of light and x-rays (XRD) on opal-like structures (OLS) is considered. New methodological approaches to collection, processing and interpretation of experimental data are presented. The microradian XRD reveals the type and degree of imperfection of opal-like structures. It was shown that the OLS ordered in the twinned face centered cubic (FCC) structures with the lattice constant of 835 ± 10 nm but also with clear tendency to the random hexagonal close-packed (RHCP) structure along the [111] axis. A novel representation of the light diffraction data in the “incident angle — scattered angle” coordinates (θ, Θ) allows one to easily distinguish the reflections originating from 2D diffraction from the ones governed by 3D Bragg diffraction. Structural disorder becomes apparent in the (θ, Θ) representation, as well. In addition, it was demonstrated that the immersion spectroscopy method can be used to selectively switch diffraction reflections. This phenomenon is caused by optical inhomogeneity of the SiO 2 particles that form opal-like crystals.