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The Fifth Generation (5G) and Beyond (B5G) mobile systems employ advanced technologies, such as millimeter Wave (mmWave) and Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs), to meet future networks’ requirements. However, implementing these technologies may pose several challenges to the B5G network. One key challenge is the need for efficient Handover (HO) optimization processes. HO aims to ensure seamless connectivity and uninterrupted services for users while moving from one cell to another within the coverage area. Thus, this study introduces a new, intelligent, and robust self-optimization HO technique designed to work efficiently with the B5G networks. The technique utilizes Machine Learning (ML), particularly leveraging the Regression Tree (RT) model. In this study, the proposed technique is referred to as the ML-based Self-Optimization Handover Technique (ML-SOHOT). The technique is evaluated and validated using different major HO metrics, including Handover Probability (HOP), Handover Failure (HOF), and Handover Ping-Pong (HOPP) across various mobility patterns in B5G, specifically considering an urban environment. The results demonstrate that ML-SOHOT enhanced the HO optimization performance significantly and surpassed the competitive algorithms. Furthermore, ML-SOHOT achieves an average HO performance improvement of up to 96% compared to competitive algorithms from the literature. Consequently, the technique could enhance the overall B5G system performance and user experience.

Intentional learning consists of the ability to learn how to learn, develop critical self-awareness and exercise full accountability for learning. It is highly effective in producing effective learners in a loosely structured learning environment in line with today's student-centric teaching-learning paradigm. Intentional learning equips students with the necessary skills to actively participate in, self-direct, and regulate their learning so they can fulfill their goals. Through this metamorphosis, students develop intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy for learning, laying the groundwork for lifelong learning capability. The foundational framework of intentional learning is: (1) Learner's trust and confidence in their learning capacity; (2) Learner highly engage in one learning and possessed critical awareness of what and how to learn; (3) Learner begins with the learning outcome in mind, realize the efforts required to unlearn, learn and unlearn with high valence; (4) Leaner able to master the learning content and learning objectives; and (5) Leaner able to exercise self-regulation and accountability in learning.

Major international surveys and reports have considerably altered the expectations and outlooks of national policymakers in education over the last three decades. Through a comparative content analysis of bibliographies in policy documents, this article explores the intermediary bodies that facilitate salient interconnections between international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and national policymakers and experts who prepare comprehensive school reforms in three Nordic countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. This article builds on a large Nordic research project that studied the transfer and translation of international policies in a Nordic reform context. It extends the study by examining the role of publishers as intermediary policy brokers that legitimize the usage of OECD knowledge as significant members of instrument constituencies. This study enhances our understanding of the variations in citation patterns across policy documents from three Nordic countries. It also investigates the extent to which differences in instrumental constituencies arise from institutional arrangements and the ideational foundations underpinning reform trajectories. Additionally, it examines the topics addressed by these reforms and the governments’ affiliations with new policy brokers supported by both public and private publishers.

Coping strategies, perceived environmental exposure control and mental distress appear to be important concepts in persons with symptoms associated with environmental factors (SAEF), but their interplay is not well documented. The objective was to investigate (i) use of coping strategies, (ii) prevalence of perceived exposure control, (iii) whether the control is associated with mental distress and SAEF type, and (iv) whether coping strategies are associated with mental distress in SAEF regarding chemicals (SAEF‑C), buildings (SAEF‑B), electromagnetic fields (SAEF‑EMF) and sounds (SAEF‑S) in a general population. Cross‑sectional population‑based data (n = 391) and validated questionnaire instruments were used to assess symptoms of anxiety, depression, burnout and sleep disturbance, applying analysis of covariance and hierarchical regression analysis. The most used problem‑ and emotion‑focused coping strategies were avoiding environments and accepting the situation, respectively. A majority of those with SAEF‑C (71.7%), SAEFF‑EMF (75.9%) and SAEF‑S (64.1%), but not SAEF‑B (36.4%) were able to control the adverse exposure, and low level of control was associated with anxiety, depression, burnout and sleep disturbance in all four SAEF types. Use of the strategies avoidance and eating/drinking/smoking were associated with depression, and reprioritizing with burnout. An implication of the results is that suitable coping strategies and perceived control may be considered as part of treatment of SAEF.

The use of technology in education is believed to enhance students' learning experience. Technology such as Augmented Reality (AR) is increasingly used in the classroom through the use of gamification. This study aims to examine students' experience in using a board game with web-based Augmented Reality named REV-OPOLY in their learning. REV-OPOLY's theme is on the emerging technology revolution concepts where in this board game, players can buy, rent and sell technologies through question cards to gain the opportunity to own the technology. AR is implemented into the game as the play pieces and part of the play cards. The respondents are the undergraduate students enrolled in Computer Application in Management course in Universiti Utara Malaysia. In this qualitative study, respondents will be tested through pre-test and post-test to compare the effectiveness and efficacy of REV-OPOLY compared to traditional methods of self-revision. The findings showed that 98.8% of the respondents are interest-ed in using REV-OPOLY in learning and 86.1% of them are satisfied with the structure of the game, mainly the multiplayer aspects of it (95.3%) which enforce interaction and discussion among the players (89.5%) and 93.0% agreed that they can learn better through the game as an informal learning medium. In this study, REV-OPOLY has shown to have received positive feedback from the respondents. Further research is required to assess the students' learning outcomes and experience of REV-OPOLY.

This study explored the implementation of the whole school approach (WSA) on social and emotional guidance (SEG) in rural primary schools in Sarawak, Malaysia. Regular teachers (N = 2,532) in Sarawak responded to an electronic survey. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the socio-emotional guidance model were employed to explore the level of implementing the WSA on SEG among the respondents. Factors affecting the intention to be involved in SEG were also explored. This paper provides insights for policymakers and educational administrators to promote the social and emotional well-being of rural students in a developing country.

Event planning, handled by the event planner, involves organizing and coordinating events. The growing number of event planning companies has created a competitive environment where all strive to be the top choice for event managers. Ranking event planners can be subjective, as it depends on specific event requirements. Therefore, it is a crucial stage in selecting the best event planner since many criteria need to be considered. This study aims to identify event planner contractors and rank the alternatives by applying Consistent Fuzzy Linguistic Preference Relations (CFLPR). CFLPR is chosen because it reduces the number of comparisons, streamlines the process, and prevents inconsistencies, especially with large amounts of data. As hierarchy levels increase, there are more comparisons to make, leading to inconsistent decisions. CFLPR is also used to address the event planner selection issue comprehensively, improving the consistency of Fuzzy AHP and handling fuzzy judgments. This method constructs matrices of fuzzy preference relations using linguistic variables. This study considered 10 criteria to rank 3 alternatives Through CFLPR execution, Persona Fiza Bridal emerges as the top choice, followed by Butik Pengantin Seriheza and Nwahyu Butik Pengantin & Kecantikan. These rankings are based on consistent fuzzy linguistic preference relations, with the highest value assigned the top ranking and the lowest the last. Persona Fiza Bridal is thus recommended as the ideal event planner for Rio Event Management.

The Finite Control Set-Predictive Torque Control (FSC-PTC) is a practical and intuitive method to control an Induction Motor (IM). However, the challenge of this technique is the difficulty of tuning the weighting factor so that it performs optimally at all speeds. Hence, this paper proposes a new method for improving the optimization technique by automatically tuning the weighting factor using a flux controller. The flux controller is represented as a DC gain and designed to be proportional to the absolute value of the predicted stator flux error. This method eliminates the need for complex computation to select the suitable weighting factor while also efficiently regulating flux and torque. The proposed method is experimentally validated on a DS1104 controller board and compared to a constant flux weighting factor method that was tested under speed conditions. The results demonstrate that the new method can further decrease the torque ripple compared to the constant weighting factor while maintaining the flux ripple and harmonic distortion limits.

Background: Mammary gland carcinoma is a malignant type of cancer that occurs in mammae tissue. Dimethylbenzene (α) anthracene (DMBA) is a carcinogenic agent that causes mammary cancer by damaging cellular DNA. Flavonoids found in the black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) exhibit anti-carcinogenic effects. Aim: This study evaluated the anticarcinogenic effects of black soybean extract. Methods: The activity of flavonoid compounds in black soybean was determined in silico. Five groups of rats, four in each group, were established, consisting of a negative control, a positive control, and three treatment groups. Treatment included black soybean extract administration (i.e., T1 = 200, T2 = 400, and T3 = 800 mg of black soybean extract/kg body weight for 10 days). The observed parameters included the immunohistochemical analysis of BRCA1 and TNF-α. Results: Based on an in silico study, compounds from black soybeans are non-toxic. Functional annotation analysis revealed that most of the target proteins have a role in biological processes associated with cancer development. An in vivo analysis using an animal mammae cancer model indicated that black soybean extracts inhibited mammae cancer progression by attenuating TNF-α and BRCA1 expression. Conclusion: The most effective dosage of black soybean extract was 200 mg/kg body weight. An increase in BRCA1 and TNF-α expression may be related to the effects of catechin, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, which are present in black soybeans. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(10.000): 2678-2686]

In response to the reform in the Malaysian market that requires all publicly listed companies (PLCs) to have at least one female director on the board, this study examines how female directors’ attributes (FDAs) shape integrated reporting quality (IRQ) and assesses the potential influence of substantial shareholders on the FDA–IRQ nexus. Using all Malaysian PLCs implementing the integrated reporting from 2017 to 2021, our analysis yields four key findings. First, a positive relationship exists between the presence of a Muslim female director and IRQ. Second, female directors with financial expertise and those with higher education positively impact IRQ. Third, the holding of multiple directorships by female directors is negatively linked to IRQ, and the length of their tenure shows no significant effect. Fourth, the relationship between FDAs and IRQ is more pronounced in contexts with a greater ownership concentration. These results remain robust after rigorous analysis and mitigating for potential biases. Our findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers interested in understanding the implications of gender diversity and IRQ in emerging markets.

Objective: To address the lack of research on invasive group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections in Malaysia and Southeast Asia through a comprehensive analysis of GBS isolates obtained from hospitals. Methods: Medical records from patients with GBS infection isolated from the sterile site, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid from 14 July 2019 to 15 December 2020, were reviewed from six major hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia. Inclusion criteria were invasive GBS, sterile sites and non-repeated GBS isolated from the same patients in the same admission. Viable isolates were re-identified for GBS and serotyped. Results: A total of 118 patients were eligible, with a majority of non-pregnant adults (76.3%). Over half of the patients (62.7%) had underlying medical conditions, with diabetes as the most common disease, followed by respiratory disease, renal disease, cardiovascular disease and skin and soft tissue disease. The most common manifestations were sepsis, followed by soft tissue abscess, diabetic foot ulcer, wet gangrene and cellulitis. The overall mortality was 7.6%. The most common serotype was serotype V. Conclusions: Invasive GBS infection among non-pregnant adults showed a rising trend, particularly among diabetic individuals. The study underscores the importance of reducing risk factors and highlights the necessity of developing GBS vaccination as a preventive strategy for both infants and adults.

Background: Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. We sought to investigate the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with electrophysiologically confirmed/ablated AVNRT and its association with transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke as well as mortality during long-term follow-up. Methods: From the Karolinska Ablation Registry, 2855 consecutive patients with a first-time ablation for AVNRT between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed. Results: Patients were 52.1 ± 15.9 years old and 59.3% were women. During follow-up of up to 10 years (median 6.0 years; interquartile range 3.3 to 9.2 years), new onset or recurrence of atrial fibrillation occurred in 317 (11.1%) patients (incidence rate 19 cases per 1000 person-years). Excluding those with history of atrial fibrillation, new onset of atrial fibrillation occurred in 153 (6.1%) patients. In multivariable analysis, history of atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, history of TIA/stroke, and heart failure remained independently associated with new onset or recurrence of atrial fibrillation during follow-up. Death of any cause and TIA/stroke occurred in 141 (4.9%) patients and 107 (3.7%) patients, respectively. In multivariable analysis, occurrence of atrial fibrillation during follow-up remained independently associated with both outcomes. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation according to age at the end of follow-up was high among young patients (

This study examines the reference societies of Norway and Sweden embedded in their education policy documents. We examined 4,260 bibliographic references in 19 white papers and green papers prepared for the 2016/2020 renewal of the Knowledge Promotion Reform in Norway and the 2015/2018 Knowledge Achievement Reform in Sweden. In addition, we interviewed 10 policy experts who participated in the preparation of the analyzed policy documents. The results show that the reference societies overall reflect the existing knowledge production and dissemination mechanisms in education policy; however, they significantly differed between Norway and Sweden regarding whether and to what extent they reference knowledge produced in other Nordic countries. Specifically, while Norway drew extensively on knowledge from its neighbors, particularly Sweden, Sweden seldom referenced knowledge produced in other Nordic countries. Policy actors identified similarity, relevance, accessibility, reform contexts, and institutional arrangements as reasons for (not) referencing neighbors. This study calls for further consideration of the political, social, and cultural embeddedness of the 'socio-logic' to understand implicit reference societies.

This study investigates the impact of principals' instructional leadership practices on secondary school teachers' effectiveness in the North Central Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria. To answer the research question of the study, the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) and the Virgilio Teacher Behaviour Inventory (VTBI) were administered to 389 teachers in 18 public secondary schools. The results indicate that instructional leadership, in terms of defining school mission; managing instructional programs; and developing a positive school learning climate, are significantly and positively associated with teachers' effectiveness. Therefore, stakeholders in the education sector can make informed decisions and interventions to enhance teachers' effectiveness through the principals for desirable learning outcomes. Similarly, school principals should focus more on instructional leadership practices that relate to teaching and learning in order to improve teachers' effectiveness. This study adds to the existing knowledge on factors that determine teachers' effectiveness in Africa, in particular, in Nigeria.

The aim of this article is to explore the interrelationships between a national government and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in terms of the power and legitimization of education reforms, here based on the reciprocal dependence of the two actors. Although the current case study only analyses the shifting relationships between Sweden and the OECD, the assumption is that the case is quite representative of the ambiguities of power in the relationships between the OECD and its smaller member countries and the Nordic countries in particular. To explore the relationship between the Swedish national government and OECD, we make use of discursive institutionalism as a general framework. For a closer understanding of the standpoints of the OECD and Sweden on different matters and at different times, two explanation logics are used. The discourses we found characterizing the different kinds of relationships over time are a discourse of opposition, a discourse of mentorship and a discourse of subordination. We argue that there are both ideational and institutional reasons affecting the conditions for cooperation on educational policy. Although institutional reasons strengthen the maintenance of the cooperation, ideational reasons both challenge and develop the nature of the collaboration between the OECD and Sweden.

Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIGES) is a rare immunodeficiency characterized by high levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the setting of various clinical features such as cutaneous candidiasis, asthma, recurrent rashes, and fungal infections. This case describes a 70-year-old male with cachexia and dyspnea found to have a cavitary lesion and aspergilloma, with remarkably high IgE and positive 1,3-β-D-glucan and Aspergillus testing. Herein, we describe the aforementioned case, review the available literature, and hypothesize the connection between invasive fungal infections and HIGES. We hope this discussion helps highlight the importance of a broad differential in chronic dyspnea, including infectious etiologies, and allows for a better understanding of immunologic labs in the setting of fungal infections.

Introduction Emulating the vast inclusion of advanced technology in everyday practice, the medical world is no exception to its implementation, in particular, virtual reality (VR). Initially, its introduction as a therapy was accompanied by high aspirations and expectations for its growth and potential. Motivation is said to be the most associated benefit; although it is imperative to note that there exists a paucity of research that specifically quantifies its tangible impact on cerebral palsy (CP). There has yet to be a systematic review of the instruments used to precisely measure motivation and examine its association with the benefits of VR for children with cerebral palsy.Methods and analysis This review will evaluate comparative studies that used VR therapy as part of interventions for children with CP. Qualitative studies, single-case studies, systematic reviews, literature reviews and guideline audits will be excluded. This review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The methodological protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The following electronic databases will be used to access related studies published between January 2012 and December 2023: MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane. The Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies checklist will be employed to develop database search strategies.Ethics and dissemination This review does not require ethical approval as it uses secondary data. The findings will be published in a scientific journal. We intend to contribute to the expansion of knowledge concerning the motivational implications of VR on children with CP.PROSPERO registration number International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identification number CRD42023401079).

Frequent hospital visits for hand rehabilitation exercises, such as strengthening and opposition exercises, present significant challenges, especially for patients in remote areas. This paper addresses this problem by developing a Rehabilitation Internet-of-Things (RIOT) system that utilizes MediaPipe with its pre-trained Deep Learning (DL) to deliver real-time feedback during hand rehabilitation exercises alongside Web Assembly (WASM) for efficient processing. The system's objective is to provide precise, real-time tracking of hand movements, enabling patients to perform exercises at home by maintaining an optimal distance between the camera and hand placement, ensuring ideal room lighting conditions across IoT devices such as mobile phones' front cameras and webcams, while healthcare professionals remotely monitor their progress. The methodology involves the integration of MediaPipe for detecting hand landmarks and adaptive sensitivity algorithms to ensure reliable recognition across different environments, such as varying lighting and hand positions. Future work could incorporate additional deep-learning models like CNNs and RNNs to enhance gesture classification accuracy. Several limitations, including latency and distance sensitivity, are addressed in this system with edge computing alongside adaptive algorithms. The key contributions of this research are as follows: First, developing a real-time and cost-effective solution for remote stroke rehabilitation. Second, accuracy is improved by integrating MediaPipe with deep learning techniques. Lastly, latency issues and accuracy challenges at extended distances are alleviated by employing innovative calibration methods and adaptive adjustments. Initial trials demonstrate promising results, though further testing is required under real-world conditions to validate the system's effectiveness fully. ABSTRAK: Perjalanan yang kerap ke hospital untuk latihan pemulihan tangan, seperti latihan rawatan fisioterapi telah memberikan cabaran yang besar bagi pesakit yang tinggal di pedalaman. Sistem Pemulihan Internet Benda (RIOT) menggunakan MediaPipe bersama Deep Learning (DL) yang telah dilatih untuk memberikan maklum balas masa nyata semasa latihan pemulihan tangan, serta Web Assembly (WASM) untuk pemprosesan yang cekap, sebagai penyelesaian. Tujuan sistem ini adalah untuk menyediakan penjejakan pergerakan tangan yang tepat dalam masa nyata, yang mampu dijalankan latihan di rumah dengan pemantauan pegawai perubatan untuk meneliti kemajuan mereka dari jarak jauh. Metodologi melibatkan penyatuan MediaPipe untuk mengesan titik penting pada tangan dan algoritma kepekaan suaian untuk memastikan pengiktirafan yang boleh dipercayai dalam pelbagai persekitaran, seperti pencahayaan dan kedudukan tangan. Lonjakan bagi kajian in adalah dapat menggabungkan model DL seperti CNNs dan RNNs untuk meningkatkan ketepatan dan penyusunan isyarat. Sistem ini juga dapat mengurangkan masalah masa pendam dan perubahab jara dengan melaksanakan edge computing dan penyesuaian algoritma. Sumbangan utama kajian ini termasuklah sistem masa nyata yang kos efektif untuk pemulihan strok jarak jauh, peningkatan ketepatan melalui gabungan MediaPipe dan model DL, dan pengurangan masalah masa pendam dan ketepatan jarak yang lebih jauh melalui tentuukur dan suaian algoritma. Percubaan awal telah menunjukkan hasil yang bagus. Walau bagaimanapun, ujian lanjut masih perlu dibuat dalam dunia sebenar untuk menjamin keberkesanan sistem secara keseluruhan.

Nicotine is one of the major addictive substances in tobacco plants, which caused a global pandemic. Rapid detection of nicotine is crucial to allow quick identification of harmful substances that will cause significant health risks, especially with the recent rise in electronic cigarettes. Since smoking cessation programs are typically limited to screening, awareness, consultation, medication, and follow-up activities, there is a need for a device to check the nicotine level in former smokers at the end of the programs. However, most of the current nicotine detection is based on chromatography technology, which involves complicated sample pre-treatment and bulky and expensive instruments. Thus, screen-printing technology employing electrochemical detection is a promising solution as it offers a simple and portable setup for nicotine detection. Yet, conventional screen-printed electrodes (SPE) have relatively low sensitivity and need modification to improve the electrode material. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the performance of laser-induced graphene (LIG) as SPE-modified electrodes to detect the presence of nicotine through electrochemical measurements. A finite element simulation was conducted to investigate laser power's effect on the induced graphene's quality. The CO2 laser with 3W laser power, Dots per inch (DPI) of 1200, and a laser speed of 13% was used to fabricate the LIG sensor on a Kapton substrate. Material characterizations such as SEM, EDX, and Raman spectra were performed on the fabricated LIG-SPE to confirm the presence of LIG. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement was done using 0.1M [Fe (CN)6]3-/4- and 0.1M KCL to find the suitable scan rates. At a fixed scan rate of 50 mV/s, the sensor's performance was analyzed using 0.1M of nicotine with 3 different phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) of pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9 at different nicotine concentrations. Nicotine with PBS pH 5 solution was found to be the optimum measured solution, with the value obtained for R² having the highest value of 0.9988 and the lowest LOD of 4.2183 ?M. The proposed electrochemical sensing of nicotine using a laser-induced graphene screen printed electrode can detect nicotine with high linearity at different pH levels of PBS buffer solution. ABSTRAK: Nikotin adalah salah satu bahan ketagihan utama dalam tumbuhan tembakau yang menyebabkan pandemik global. Pengesanan cepat nikotin adalah penting bagi membolehkan pengecaman cepat bahan merbahaya yang menyebabkan risiko kesihatan ketara terutamanya dengan peningkatan rokok elektronik pada masa sekarang. Memandangkan program berhenti merokok biasanya terhad kepada pemeriksaan, kesedaran, perundingan, ubat-ubatan dan aktiviti susulan, terdapat keperluan bagi peranti memeriksa tahap nikotin dalam bekas perokok pada akhir program. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan pengesanan nikotin semasa adalah berdasarkan teknologi kromatografi, di mana melibatkan sampel pra-rawatan rumit, instrumen besar dan mahal. Oleh itu, teknologi percetakan skrin yang menggunakan pengesanan eletrokimia adalah penyelesaian bermakna kerana ia menawarkan persediaan mudah dan mudah alih bagi mengesan nikotin. Namun, skrin-cetakan elektrod konvensional (SPE) mempunyai sensitiviti rendah dan memerlukan pengubahsuaian bagi menambah baik bahan elektrod. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah untuk menyiasat prestasi laser graphen teraruh (LIG) sebagai elektrod SPE yang diubah suai bagi mengesan kehadiran nikotin melalui pengukuran elektrokimia. Simulasi unsur terhingga telah dijalankan bagi melihat kesan kuasa laser ke atas kualiti graphen teraruh. Laser CO? dengan kuasa laser 3W, dot per inci (DPI) sebanyak 1200, dan kelajuan laser sehingga 13% telah digunakan bagi mengfabrikasi pengimbas LIG pada substrat Kapton. Pencirian bahan sperti SEM, EDX, dan spektrum Raman dilakukan pada LIG-SPE yang direka bagi mengesahkan kehadiran LIG. Pengukuran voltametri kitaran (CV) dilakukan menggunakan 0.1M [Fe (CN)6]3-/4- dan 0.1M KCL bagi mencari kadar imbasan yang sesuai. Pada kadar imbasan tetap 50 mV/s, prestasi pengimbas dianalisa menggunakan 0.1M nikotin dengan 3 larutan penimbal fosfat (PBS) berbeza pH 5, pH 7, dan pH 9 pada kepekatan nikotin berbeza. Nikotin dengan larutan PBS pH 5 didapati sebagai larutan optimum, dengan nilai R² tertinggi 0.9988 dan LOD terendah 4.2183 ?M. Kesimpulannya, pengimbas elektrokimia nikotin menggunakan laser elektrod skrin bercetak graphen teraruh dapat mengesan nikotin dengan pemalaran tinggi pada pH larutan penimbal PBS yang berbeza.

DNA-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostics require rapid, accurate, and portable platforms for detection of infectious diseases. This can be achieved by incorporating a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) process for DNA amplification into the system. LAMP offers a promising in-situ solution, but maintaining consistent reaction conditions, such as a constant temperature, specifically at 65°C for 35 minutes to complete the LAMP process, remains a critical challenge. Therefore, this work presents the development of a 3D-printed serpentine fluidic channel integrated with a heating element for DNA amplification through the LAMP process. To assess their heating capabilities, heating testing was initially performed on several commercially available heating elements (Heater Cartridge, PTC 140, and PTC 230). PTC 230 heating element was chosen for its rapid heating performance (reaching 65°C in 54.78 seconds). Later, three serpentine fluidic channels of different diameters (1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, and 1.8 mm) were fabricated using a Masked Stereolithography Apparatus (MSLA) 3D printer. The developed portable LAMP device consisting of a fabricated serpentine fluidic channel on a PTC 230 heating element allows the sample to be heated at 65°C for 35 minutes. Sample flow inside each serpentine fluidic channel was measured and compared with the expected flow time of 35 minutes. It was observed that the fluidic channel with a 1.6 mm diameter shows the closest value of 34.33 minutes (percentage deviation of 1.91%) as compared to the other two channels. The optimized fluidic channel design (channel diameter of 1.6 mm) coupled with the rapid heating performance of the PTC 230 element (reaching 65°C in 54.78 seconds) for a portable LAMP device represents a significant step towards developing rapid, accurate, and portable POC diagnostic tools. ABSTRAK: Diagnostik point-of-care (POC) berasaskan DNA memerlukan platform yang pantas, tepat, dan mudah alih untuk mengesan penyakit berjangkit. Ini boleh dicapai dengan menggabungkan proses penguatan isoterma bersandar gelung (LAMP) ke dalam sistem untuk penguatan DNA. LAMP menawarkan penyelesaian in-situ yang menjanjikan, tetapi mengekalkan keadaan reaksi yang konsisten, seperti suhu tetap pada 65°C selama 35 minit untuk menyelesaikan proses LAMP, kekal sebagai cabaran kritikal. Oleh itu, kajian ini membentangkan pembangunan saluran bendalir berlingkar 3D yang dicetak dengan integrasi elemen pemanas untuk penguatan DNA melalui proses LAMP. Untuk menilai keupayaan pemanasannya, ujian pemanasan dijalankan pada beberapa elemen pemanas komersial yang tersedia (Heater Cartridge, PTC 140, dan PTC 230). Elemen pemanas PTC 230 dipilih kerana prestasi pemanasannya yang pantas (mencapai 65°C dalam 54.78 saat). Selepas itu, tiga saluran bendalir berlingkar dengan diameter berbeza (1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, dan 1.8 mm) telah dihasilkan menggunakan pencetak 3D Masked Stereolithography Apparatus (MSLA). Peranti LAMP mudah alih yang dibangunkan, terdiri daripada saluran bendalir berlingkar yang dihasilkan di atas elemen pemanas PTC 230, membolehkan sampel dipanaskan pada suhu 65°C selama 35 minit. Aliran sampel di dalam setiap saluran bendalir berlingkar diukur dan dibandingkan dengan masa aliran yang dijangkakan selama 35 minit. Didapati bahawa saluran bendalir dengan diameter 1.6 mm menunjukkan nilai yang paling hampir iaitu 34.33 minit (peratusan sisihan 1.91%) berbanding dua saluran lain. Reka bentuk saluran bendalir yang dioptimumkan (diameter saluran 1.6 mm) digabungkan dengan prestasi pemanasan pantas elemen PTC 230 (mencapai 65°C dalam 54.78 saat) untuk peranti LAMP mudah alih mewakili langkah signifikan ke arah pembangunan alat diagnostik POC yang pantas, tepat, dan mudah alih.

Pyrethroid pesticides are essential for modern agriculture, helping to control pests and protect crops. However, due to growing concerns about their potential impact on human health and the environment, reliable detection methods are essential to ensure food safety. In this literature review, we explore the techniques used over the past decade to detect pyrethroid residues in agricultural products. Until now, various methods have been developed for detecting pyrethroid pesticides, ranging from conventional analytical approaches to innovative approaches. The conventional analytical approaches include gas, liquid, and supercritical fluid chromatography, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whereas innovative approaches refer to various optical-based and electrochemical-based sensors. For each method, we evaluate its strengths, limitations, and practical applications. Recent innovations are highlighted, focusing on sensitivity, selectivity, and practical applicability. By summarizing the current state of research, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners, providing insights into the evolving technology and strategy for detecting pyrethroid residue.