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High Performance Concrete that can overcome cracking is being research till today. Cracking in High Performance Concrete is the result of poor curing method or procedure. Sometime, the structure characteristic itself becomes a problem for proper curing. One of the method to proper curing method is by using internal curing agent. Hydrogel in baby diapers is used for this internal curing agent. It is mix into the concrete during the casting procedure and the percentage amount of the hydrogel is 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%. The concrete with and without hydrogel undergoes slump test, compressive test, split tensile test and water absorption test. The results of the concrete with and without hydrogel are compared. The batch with the maximum compressive strength is the batch with 2.0% of hydrogel while the optimum batch of concrete is the batch with 1.5% of hydrogel.

The understanding of dam structure condition under the static and dynamic should be aware as to fulfils the criteria of safety to the public. Furthermore, it is crucial to understand the parameter of the condition assessment of hydropower dam. Sliding failure, overturning failure, concrete deterioration, concrete distress, internal failure and foundation failure are the parameter induced to damage the dam stability. However, due to some areas on dam structure are difficult to be assessed such as its penstock and spillway, development condition assessment rating on structural condition for hydropower dam based on fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation approach is vital since it is impossible to stop the dam operation as it is needed in generating electricity. The present study aimed is to summarize the collection of various papers that related to dam analysis as to develop the condition assessment rating on structural condition for hydropower dam based on fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation approach.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides numerical approximation to the equations that govern fluid motion. Application of the CFD to analyze a fluid problem requires the following steps. First, the mathematical equations describing the fluid flow are written. These are usually a set of partial differential equations. These equations are then discretized to produce a numerical analogue of the equations. The domain is then divided into small grids or elements. Finally, the initial conditions and the boundary conditions of the specific problem are used to solve these equations. All CFD codes contain three main elements: (1) A pre-processor, which is used to input the problem geometry, generate the grid, and define the flow parameter and the boundary conditions to the code. (2) A flow solver, which is used to solve the governing equations of the flow subject to the conditions provided. There are four different methods used as a flow solver: (i) finite difference method; (ii) finite element method, (iii) finite volume method. (3) A post-processor, which is used to massage the data and show the results in graphical and easy to read format.

This study present of fly ash generation at generated one the power plant in Malaysia. The main purpose of this research to predict the generation of fly ash in future years by a method. This prediction is important so that fly ash generated could be used in a beneficial way. Prediction of fly ash was done by using two types of software which are Neural Network Toolbox, MATLAB and IBM SPSS Statistics 23, Linear Regression. Among these two methods, IBM SPSS Statistics 23, Linear Regression is found to be the most effective way to predict the generation of fly ash in the future by using five year’s best fit linear regression equation compared to Neural Network Toolbox, MATLAB.

Fluid-structure interactions (FSI) occurs when fluid flow causes deformation of the structure and in turn, the deformation changes the boundary conditions of the fluid flow. FSI is considered essential in the design of many engineering systems. The example of application FSI to engineering system is hydraulic structures. Hydraulic structures are purposely created and built to perform controlled, conveyed and contained water. It will be more useful to consumers if it is functioning satisfactorily. In order to study the effect of the FSI on hydraulic structure, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used to analyse the data. The main objective of this paper is to review the studies conducted on FSI within hydraulic structures. The study of FSI on hydraulic structure is devoted to the solution of the equation of fluid flow through the use of computer.Fluid-structure interactions (FSI) occurs when fluid flow causes deformation of the structure and in turn, the deformation changes the boundary conditions of the fluid flow. FSI is considered essential in the design of many engineering systems. The example of application FSI to engineering system is hydraulic structures. Hydraulic structures are purposely created and built to perform controlled, conveyed and contained water. It will be more useful to consumers if it is functioning satisfactorily. In order to study the effect of the FSI on hydraulic structure, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used to analyse the data. The main objective of this paper is to review the studies conducted on FSI within hydraulic structures. The study of FSI on hydraulic structure is devoted to the solution of the equation of fluid flow through the use of computer.

Involvement of important engineering applications in the interaction of free-moving objects with dispersed multi-phase flows are numerous in recent years. However, due to the challenge and complexity, few studies have been reported and modeling approaches remain very limited. This paper reviews the use of discrete particle models (DPMs) for the study of the fluid flow phenomena and elaborates several different types of multiple phases. The efficiency of particle retention and computational time were considered in determining the most appropriate multiphase model. Therefore, the dynamic modeling of multi-scale systems requires a method to solve the problem of structural fluid interaction (FSI) in the particle fluid flow.

A self-curing concrete is given to retain water from the atmosphere from air to accomplish cement concrete hydration that is better. It takes care of the issue that the hydration level of cement is brought due down to no improper or no curing. This unsatisfactory is unacceptable properties of concrete. According to the invention, high-performance self-curing agent about 0.1∼5% water of cement weight of the concrete is added to concrete during mixing. The self-curing agent can absorb moistness from the atmosphere and a short time later releases it to concrete. The self-curing concrete suggests that no curing is required for concrete, or even knows any outside gave water is required in the wake of placing. The properties of this self-cured concrete of this advancement are in any event corresponding to and by a far better than those of concrete with common curing. Hydrogel polymer diapers filament fibers based on of sodium alginate were readied utilizing glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Alginate was expelled into a fluid hydrochloric corrosive coagulation shower to shape consistent alginic corrosive gel fibers by means of a wet-turning technique. The alginic corrosive gel fibers were got dehydrated exchanging water with dioxin, cross-connected, and then neutralized for better retentiveness. Methodology of this research are to testing used and new diapers hydrogel polymer to chemical reaction. Testing are conducted such as turbidity, pH, colour, Chemical Oxygen demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Result found show that both result give a chemical properties a small range and have no impact to apply as a potential recycle internal curing agent.

Pollution of water usually causes by anthropogenic influences like human activities and there have many ways to resolve this problem. By point source, illegal polluted water discharges from the industries to the river or by non-point source pollutants that emitted from multiple sources such as runoff of agricultural or urban area. The aquatic ecosystem will strictly affected by the polluted of river water which contained chemical substances. This project is design Floating Water Treatment Device using a zeolite as main absorbtion material to treat the polluted water. Water samples are taking from actual lake. Five physical water quality parameters were used to determine the removal efficiency such as Color, pH, BOD, Turbidity and TSS. The water quality result will be analyzed to determine the percent removal by the zeolite. Result shows using zeolite as absorbent had a potential to remove pollutant with 91% TSS removal.Pollution of water usually causes by anthropogenic influences like human activities and there have many ways to resolve this problem. By point source, illegal polluted water discharges from the industries to the river or by non-point source pollutants that emitted from multiple sources such as runoff of agricultural or urban area. The aquatic ecosystem will strictly affected by the polluted of river water which contained chemical substances. This project is design Floating Water Treatment Device using a zeolite as main absorbtion material to treat the polluted water. Water samples are taking from actual lake. Five physical water quality parameters were used to determine the removal efficiency such as Color, pH, BOD, Turbidity and TSS. The water quality result will be analyzed to determine the percent removal by the zeolite. Result shows using zeolite as absorbent had a potential to remove pollutant with 91% TSS removal.

In the agricultural sector, fertilizer and animal waste are main pollutants to water course. Excessive phosphorus in water bodies may increase the growth of algae and aquatic plant in a pond which leads to eutrophication phenomena. Disposal of alum sludge in landfills can lead to contaminant issues thus, researchers are searching for ways to reduce excessive disposal of waste including alum sludge in landfills. This study provides available options in disposing alum sludge. In this study, continuous column tests were conducted with different initial pH and contact initial phosphate concentrations. The Scanning Electron Microscope indicates that rough alum sludge surface will accelerate the phosphate adsorption rate. This result shows that phosphate removal rate is higher in acidic condition but lower in alkaline condition. In wastewater treatment industries, changing wastewater to pH 4 needs a large amount of chemical additive and suggests that the pH 7 ±0.5 is more suitable in wastewater applications.

The independent Floating Treatment Device (IFWAD) is a small scale water treatment device specifically functions to treat water. The independent term being used due to IFWAD is not dependent to any power source as it receive it powers from solar. Additionally, its floating features enable it to being place anywhere according to the suitability of site condition. Treatment element of this device used absorption and adsorption capacity of the activated carbon to remove pollutants. Removal parameters used are turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and suspended solid. The result shows about 94% removal efficiency for turbidity. TSS result showed about 92% of TSS removal after 48 hours of treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (high range) shows almost 0 for reading after 84 hours of treatment. The pH for water sample not exceed 8 and the temperature remain below 40 C. the color result showed decreasing in number from 1036 pt-co to 7.5pt-co after 48 hours of treatment.The independent Floating Treatment Device (IFWAD) is a small scale water treatment device specifically functions to treat water. The independent term being used due to IFWAD is not dependent to any power source as it receive it powers from solar. Additionally, its floating features enable it to being place anywhere according to the suitability of site condition. Treatment element of this device used absorption and adsorption capacity of the activated carbon to remove pollutants. Removal parameters used are turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and suspended solid. The result shows about 94% removal efficiency for turbidity. TSS result showed about 92% of TSS removal after 48 hours of treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (high range) shows almost 0 for reading after 84 hours of treatment. The pH for water sample not exceed 8 and the temperature remain below 40 C. the color result showed decreasing in number from 1036 pt-co to 7.5pt-co after 48 hours of treatment.

Water is an essential resource that sustains life on earth; changes in the natural quality and distribution of water have ecological impacts that can sometimes be devastating. Recently, Malaysia is facing many environmental issues regarding water pollution. The main causes of river pollution are rapid urbanization, arising from the development of residential, commercial, industrial sites, infrastructural facilities and others. The purpose of the study was to predict the water quality of the Connaught Bridge Power Station (CBPS), Klang River. Besides that, affects to the low tide and high tide and. to forecast the pollutant concentrations of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) for existing land use of the catchment area through water quality modeling (by using the MUSIC software). Besides that, to identifying an integrated urban stormwater treatment system (Best Management Practice or BMPs) to achieve optimal performance in improving the water quality of the catchment using the MUSIC software in catchment areas having tropical climates. Result from MUSIC Model such as BOD5 at station 1 can be reduce the concentration from Class IV to become Class III. Whereas, for TSS concentration from Class III to become Class II at the station 1. The model predicted a mean TSS reduction of 0.17%, TP reduction of 0.14%, TN reduction of 0.48% and BOD5 reduction of 0.31% for Station 1 Thus, from the result after purposed BMPs the water quality is safe to use because basically water quality monitoring is important due to threat such as activities are harmful to aquatic organisms and public health.

The amount of alum sludge produced at water treatment plant has become a problem where it is highly costly in order to dispose them. Various research was conducted to find the most suitable and economic alternative to recycle and reused of alum sludge. In this study, alum sludge was retrieved from Waterworks where it was dewatered, dried, grounded and sieved to obtain smallest particle sizes of alum sludge. The synthetic water was prepared at the laboratory in as it was used to imitate the properties of real water contaminated with chromium. This study was conducted to determine the percentage reduction of chromium concentration in synthetic water by using alum sludge as absorbent. The percentage reduction of chromium was observed under the effect of initial concentration of chromium and the height of alum sludge. The result indicates that chromium concentration reduction was the highest at the lowest initial concentration and at the highest height of alum sludge and vice versa.

This project is to design and develop 3D Independent Floating Water Treatment Device using 3D CAD software. The device is designed to treat water for better water qualities and water flows of the lakes. A prototype was manufactured to study the water treatment efficiency of the device. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis was used to capture the efficiency of the Independent Floating Water Treatment Device by simulates and model the water flows, pressure and velocity. According to the results, the maximum velocity magnitude was around 1m3/s. The velocity contour showed the device has high velocity at the pipe outlet. The velocity became lower and lower as the distance is further from the pipe outlet. The result from the velocity measurement was 1.05m/s. The pressure magnitude was in between 1426 Pa to 1429 Pa. The laboratory results based on water parameters proved that the water movement and direction of water flow of the Independent Floating Water Treatment Device enable the efficient pollutant removal. The vector plot, velocity contour, water flow path lines, water flow streamline and pressure contour was successful modeled.

The aim of this paper is to explore the information and analyze the performance of bio ball and spawning brush media in order to compare the findings of the performance of both biomedia by using Monod Model Equation. The integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process uses aeration and biomedia of spawning brush and bio ball which are placed fixed in the reactors 1 and 2 respectively. The duration of the study was conducted in 10 days which consist of two-phase which the first phase is monitoring water quality parameter and apply the Monod equation to obtain the performance of the biomedia as the second phase. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of reactor 2 has a slightly higher average of 61% as compared to reactor 1 with an average of 57.50%. Thus, the COD removal is more consistent in reactor 1 compared to reactor 2. From this results concluded that IFAS system has a good performance in I terms of low loading wastewater sources.

In this paper, the effects of the stacking sequence on the mechanical performance and damage formation of composite laminates subjected to multi-axial quasi-static loading is investigated, considering intra-laminar damage onset. The response of the composite laminate configurations characterized by different stacking sequences subjected to multi-axial quasi-static loading have been studied to predict the influence on the static displacement and damage development. A finite element (FE) model has been used to numerically simulate the response of the composite structure. ABAQUS/EXPLICT FE environment has been considered for the analyses and Hashin’s failure criteria has been adopted using a VUMAT subroutine to model the intra-laminar damage formation in the analyzed composite structure.

One of the challenging topics in Malaysia is flood occurrence, which have important impacts in human life and socioeconomic subjects. Malaysia, periodically, have faced with huge floods since previous years. Kelantan river basin, which located in the northeast of Peninsular Malaysia, is prone to flood events in Malaysia. Kelantan River has been badly affected with flood during recent monsoon season on December 2014 due to heavy monsoons rainfall and climate change issues. In this study, available rainfall and water-level data are analyzed and presented based on the flood event on December 2014. Generally, the flood area affected includes the districts of Kota Bharu, Kuala Krai, Machang, Pasir Mas, Pasir Puteh, Tanah Merah, Gua Musang, and Tumpat at Kelantan State. In the northeast monsoon season, the Kelantan State suffers from two phase of flood. The first phase began on December 14–17, 2014, and the second phase occurred on December 20–24, 2014. A comparison between accumulated rainfall on December and whole year of 2014 at Gagau station shows that contribution of rainfall on December is roughly 50 % of all of 2014. Overview of water-level results at Kelantan watershed shows that all areas are involved with highest record in 2014 in comparison with previous decades except Golok area. Results of water-level ranges show that most of the parts of Kelantan watershed are involved with over danger values for flood in 2014, which Lebir and Kelantan rivers have high increasing. In conclusion, it is suggested that there is a need to have study on flood mitigation and recognition of critical hydrological phenomena for sustainable strategies in Kelantan watershed. Consequently, this research provides primary information as baseline study for upcoming research for water resource management projects.

This study is concerning phosphorus distribution in Putrajaya Wetland. Phosphorus is one of the important component in nutrients for living things be it aquatic or non ? aquatic organisms. Total phosphorus (TP) results will give some information on the trophic status of surface water in water bodies. The focus of this study is to determine the total phosphorus concentration in Putrajaya Wetland which is in the inlet of the wetland then outlet of the wetland (Central Wetland Lake). The water sample is taken from Putrajaya Wetland and the test was conducted in the laboratory. The result from this study shows the results for total phosphorus according to month, sampling station and cells. Lowest total phosphate at the Central Wetland compare with all the wetland arms cells.

Saline water intrusion is a serious threat to the groundwater as many part of the world utilize groundwater as their main source of fresh water supply. The usage of high salinity level of water as drinking water can lead to a very serious health hazard towards human. Saline water intrusion is a process by which induced flow of seawater into freshwater aquifer along the coastal area. It might happen due to human action and/ or by natural event. The climate change and rise up of sea level may speed up the saline water intrusion process. The conventional method for distinguishing and checking saltwater interference to groundwater along the coast aquifers is to gather and test the groundwater from series of observation wells (borehole) with an end goal to give the important information about the hydrochemistry data to conclude whether the water in the well are safe to consume or not. An integrated approach of field and laboratory electrical resistivity investigation is proposed for indicating the contact region between saline and fresh groundwater. It was found that correlation for both soilbox produced almost identical curvilinear trends for 2% increment of seawater tested using sand sample. This project contributes towards predicting the saline water intrusion to the groundwater by non-destructive test that can replaced the conventional method of groundwater monitoring using series of boreholes in the coastal area

The gross pollutant wet load of Sungai Sering catchment, a tributary of Sungai Klang was evaluated. The catchment represents an urban catchment with rapid growth rate due to urbanization process. Urbanization frequently relates to drop of stormwater quality due to many factors such as uncontrolled pollution and improper waste disposal. The study aims to improve the understanding on the wet load trapped in 10 Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs) in the study area. The amount of wet load analysed based on data collected in the duration from August to December 2015. There is a linear relationship between the amount of gross pollutant wet load and rainfall depth.

The purpose of this project is to carry out assessment on the effectiveness and performance of Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs) stormwater quality control in the urban areas. The study aims to provide a management and planning tool for effective management of the gross pollutants in the urban areas specifically in River of Life (ROL) project. ROL project is a Malaysian Government initiative under the Economic Transformation Program. One of the program in the greater Klang Valley is to transform Klang River into a vibrant and livable waterfront by the year 2020. The main river in ROL catchment is Sungai Klang (upper catchment), with main tributaries Sungai Gombak, Sungai Batu, Sungai Jinjang, Sungai Keroh, Sungai Bunus, Sungai Ampang and Sungai Kerayong. This paper objective is to study the gross pollutant wet load at Sungai Kerayong 1 and Sungai Kerayong 2 which is located at the downstream location of the ROL project. The result shows that Sungai Kerayong 2 produced higher gross pollutant wet load (8025.33 kg/ha/yr) than Sungai Kerayong 1 (4695.12 kg/ha/yr). This could be due to high contributions amounts of gross pollutant traps from residential area, the degree of develop area, and also the location of the river itself related to climate and rainfall.

Efforts have been made by the government agency to install the Gross Pollutant Trap (GPT) to protect of entering the gross pollutants from direct discharge into the river. Few studies have been performed in related to GPT and there is a need to do research on the performance of GPTs in Malaysia. The performance of GPTs is strongly dependent on installed location. Moreover, contribution of landuse has also potential to evaluate the GPTs performance. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the wet load that has been trapped inside GPTs. In this study, Installation of GPTs are performed based continuous deflective separation (CDS) and downstream defender (DD). Kemensah River is chosen as a case study and GPTs are installed at drainage systems due to analysis the impact of GPTs on reduction of solid waste from discharge to the Kemensah River. The result shows that the GPTs can reduce the gross pollutants before entering the river system in optimum way. Consequently, the area of catchment, dense residential area and rainy season have important role on increasing the gross pollutant.