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The antioxidant activities and oxidative stability of palm olein frying oil added with threadfin bream (TFB) hydrolysate and Nanox 189 were studied. The DPPH radical scavenging activities and chelating effects of ferrous ion were evaluated and compared with α-tocopherol. Oxidative stability after 30 frying cycles were analysed for the induction period, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide values (PV), total polar compounds (TPC), and viscosity. Palm olein without any antioxidant was used as control. Nanox 189 exhibited a higher percentage on the DPPH scavenging effect and ferrous ion chelating effect than TFB hydrolysate. Frying oil added with Nanox 189 recorded the longest induction period, which was up to 11 hr. while TFB hydrolysate added oil showed an induction period of nine hours. Nanox 189 addition in frying oil yielded the lowest FFA and PV, followed by those added with TFB hydrolysate. The highest readings of TPC were recorded for TFB hydrolysate added oil, which is 13%. Throughout the 30 frying cycles, the addition of TFB hydrolysate recorded a lower percentage increase for viscosity than Nanox 189 with 4.7% compared to the latter, which is 9.6%. Even though the antioxidant activities of TFB hydrolysate was lower than that of Nanox 189, the study suggested some antioxidant potential of TFB hydrolysate based on the DPPH radical scavenging activities and chelating effects of the ferrous ion as well as its ability to slightly improve the oxidative stability of palm olein during the 30 frying cycles.

This study aims to determine the occurrence of helminth endoparasites that infect threadfin bream from Fish Auction Place of Mayangan, Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Helminth endoparasite found in the stomach, intestine (mucosa), and threadfin bream’s liver were third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex type I. The prevalence of Anisakis simplex infected threadfin bream in sizes 10-16 cm was 5.71% and in sizes 17-25 cm was 17.1%. The differences in the prevalence of threadfin bream endoparasites in different sizes did not show a significant difference.

Nemipterus japonicus is one of the fish that caught in Blimbingsari Waters, Banyuwangi. This research aimed to determine the food composition of N. japonicus. Descriptive method was used in this study. Collecting data by survey and observation was taken out on Juli-August 2018. The samples were collected from fisherman at Blimbingsari. Data analysis used Index of Preponderance (IP). The results showed that the main food of the N. japonicus was shrimp (IP 62.55%), the complementary food was crab (IP 26.03%) and squid (IP 5.92%), the supplementary food was brittle star (IP 2.37%) and fish (IP 2.85%). Based on the composition of the food, N. japonicus was a type of carnivorous.

Prosopis cineraria (Ghaf) is not well known as a rich and sustainable source of protein for many people in the world. It emphasis on its broad food and non-food applications, nutritional values and health benefits. This research was carried out to meet the increasing demand of protein, alternative strategies and unconventional sources of protein for human and animal nutrition. This is probably the first research work which provides a comparative study between the protein content of ghaf leaves with different species of fish muscle protein. Fish muscle homogenate was prepared using ice cold distilled water. The muscle homogenate of Euthynnus affinis showed highest protein 137.5 mg/g. The other fishes muscle protein were Carangoides chrysophrys (43.33 mg/g), Lenthrinus lentjan (105 mg/g), Sardinella longiceps (104.17 mg/g), Pomacanthus maculosus (81.67 mg/g), Nemipterus japonicus (111.67 mg/g), Lutjanus ehrenbergi (99.17 mg/g), Gerres oyena (107.5 mg/g), Argyrops spinifer (100.83 mg/g), Terrapin jarboe (82.5 mg/g), Tilapia mossambica (54.72 mg/g). Ghaf tree is a keystone species having multiple beneficial uses from combating desertification and improving soil fertility in arid environments to being an essential food source, as well as a source of fuel, shelter and medicine for both humans and animal species. The Ghaf leaves extracts were tested for protein content analysis. The protein content in Ghaf leaves was found to be 88.61 mg/g. Thus, the research results revealed that Ghaf leaves has almost similar amount of protein as compared to fish muscle protein and can be used as protein supplement for growth and metabolism of body.

A total of 200 threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus was collected from Chennai in the east coast and Kochi in the west coast during January to February 2013 and studied for their morphometric and meristic characters. In total, 21 characters were analyzed out of which 3 characters namely dorsal, ventral and anal fins were not considered since they were unaltered. The findings indicate that 91% of the total variation in the data can be accounted for by three clusters. Small values of 1-R**2 ratio for the three clusters obtained indicate good clustering. The small values of p (≤0.0001) indicate that there are significant differences in the variables of Chennai and Kochi data which are shown through MANOVA. This might depict that the fish of Chennai and Kochi might be of 2 different stocks. Moreover, the study has also aided in identifying the importance of regular monitoring of stock assessment and the biology of commercially important fishes.

The non-thermal high pressure (HP) processing was studied on fish sausage to enhance the quality during chilled storage. Pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) sausages, packed in poly amide casing under vacuum were subjected to 400, 500 and 600 MPa pressures (dwell time: 10 min and ramp rate: 300 MPa/min) and compared with heat-set samples for physico-chemical and microbial quality parameters. Pressurized samples formed softer and glossier gels with a slight reduction in water-holding capacity. HP made the texture of sausage softer, cohesive and less chewy and gummier than heat-treated ones. Folding test seen higher acceptance values in samples treated at 500 and 600 MPa, during storage. Maximum log reduction in microbial count was observed in 600 MPa immediately, and significant difference in cooked and pressurized sausages was seen only up to 7th day. This revealed the potential application of HP in replacing conventional heat treatment for sausages preparation with enhanced shelf-life.

A total number 200 different marine fish species represented as 100 Elsarah (Nemipterus japonicus ) and 100 Mias (Pomatomus saltatrix L.) were collected seasonally from Suez and Ismailia provinces respectively . The infested marine fishes revealed no pathognomonic signs.They were investigated for detection of Isopoda parasites. It was revealed that 50% of the examined marine fishes was infested.The detected species were Irona nanodies from Nemipterus japonicus with a prevalence 60% , and Lironeca ovalis from Pomatomus saltatrix L with a prevalence 40%.The histopathological alterations were recorded and discussed.The secondary bacterial invasion was manifested by the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa where it was experimentally infected into Tilapia zillii and reisolated again.

This research work was directed on the study of the proximate chemical composition to compare the effect of the brining constant concentration and different times on the nutritive value of fish. The proximate composition of treated Chirocentrus nudus (protein, fat, ash and energetic value) for 8% salt and 18 h brining was 61.2%, 15.2%, 23.2% and 381.60 kcal/100g respectively. Fat and ash contents in brined fillets of Nemipterus japonicus and Saurida tumbil were found lower and more than C. nudus respectively. As for the proximate composition of C. nudus, it is clearly observed that all the studied parameters are significantly different in fresh and treated samples. Variations appeared in nutrients was due to the interaction of the salting treatment. It is concluded that fish treated C. nudus was best option.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 5 (1): 36-39, June, 2015

Because of its importance as a food source, Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) (Nemipteridae) or Japanese threadfin bream is the best studied of these taxa, and numerous investigations have examined its fisheries, its biology and biochemistry. Despite such intensive work, the taxonomic status of N. japonicus has never been seriously questioned and it is regarded as a common species, widely distributed throughout the Indo-Western Pacific Ocean. In fact, Bloch’s description of the type specimen of N. japonicus has ambiguous collection data and lacks a designation for the type locality, though it is probably Java. In this paper, DNA barcode results based on COI gene support the existence of two geographically separated lineages of the Japanese threadfin bream, both being an Indian Ocean and western Pacific lineage, with 2.7% sequence divergence, and the results indicate a possible existing of some cryptic species. The two lineages also possess a diagnostic difference in their belly color, with specimens in the South China Sea having a silver belly, while those from the Indian Ocean isolate specimen have a yellow coloration. Based upon new collections from the South China Sea, this species from the western Pacific is morphologically redescribed and its details of DNA barcode diversity are shown for the future investigations.

The reproductive biology of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) along the north-east coast of India was studied during 2012-2015 based on samples from the trawl landings at Digha, Paradeep, Visakhapatnam and Kakinada. Adults dominated the landings. Significant contribution by females was observed in most months of the year. Size at first maturity for females was 15.1 cm. Peak spawning season was during August to February and September to March in the northern and southern regions. Maturity and gonado-somatic index (GSI) were found to correlate well with sea surface temperature (SST). Fecundity increased with length and weight and varied from 13,176 to 1,30,798. Ova diameter distribution indicated the species to be a multiple/batch spawner.

The Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus, the most abundant and crucially economic Nemipterus species is widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific. The species has been studied widely for various aspects but genetic studies are scanty. This preliminary study contributes to the species phylogeography through the study of the genetic diversity and historical demography of N. japonicus populations from the Persian Gulf and Indo-West Pacific based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence. Grouping of the data into phylogenetic trees indicated that the Japanese threadfin bream consists of two reciprocally monophyletic phylogroups with 2.3% net sequence divergence which may qualify as cryptic species: clade I, consists of two sub-clades (Ia and Ib) occurs in the Persian Gulf and Western India, and clade II, which is restricted to the South China Sea. Historical and demographic hypotheses were raised to explain the observed phylogeographic pattern and population structure. Among the possible key mechanisms, sea level fluctuations driven by glacial episodes of the second half of the Pleistocene Epoch appear to have played an active role in initiating major phylogeographic separation. Apart from presumptive Pleistocene vicariance, a trend of increasing genetic differences with increasing geographic distance (i.e., isolation-by-distance) and regional differences in breeding season were also proposed as possible alternative scenarios. Since the baseline knowledge on the intraspecific genetic diversity and management and evolutionary significant units is the first step before any action to be taken, the basic findings provided by this research are particularly relevant to conservation efforts, fishery management and stock assessment.

Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) is among the most abundant and commercially important species in Pakistan. From the coast of Pakistan, four demersal trawl surveys in October–November 2009 and May–June, August, October and November in 2010 were carried out. The purpose of this study is to estimate the population dynamics and status of the stock of the N. japonicus from Pakistani waters based on the research trawl surveys from the research area. The data consist of n=784 length-weight pairs and n=7 530 length frequency with the maximum length and weight of 29 cm and 358 g respectively. The length frequency data were analyzed using ELEFAN method in FiSAT computer package. The parameters of length and weight relationship were b=2.778, a=0.032 and R 2=0.973. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were L ∞=30.45 cm, K=0.270 year−1. Based on length-converted catch curve analysis the total mortality (Z) during this study was estimated at 0.960 year−1. The natural mortality coefficient (M) was 0.74 year−1 using Pauly’s equation (the annual average sea surface temperature was 27°C), therefore, the fishing mortality coefficients (F) were 0.22 year−1. The yield per recruit analysis indicated that when t c was 2, F max was estimated at 1.2 and F 0.1 at 1.1. When t c was 1, F max was estimated at 0.95 and F 0.1 at 0.8. Because current age at first capture is about 1 year and F current was 0.22, F current is smaller than F 0.1 and F max, which indicated that the fishery is about in a safe condition. When using Gulland (1971) biological reference point, F opt was equals to M (0.74). The current fishing mortality rate of 0.22 was smaller than the target biological reference point.

During a survey from November 2012 till October 2013 on a marine fish’s species Nemipterus japonicas, a microcotylid monogenean species Lutianicola haifonensis was recorded for the first time from 42 out of 80 (52.5%) examined fish’s species in Red Sea. Nemipterus japonicas were found to be recorded as a new host for both the monogenea and crustacean parasite species. A copepod crustacean, Hatschekia gracilis also recorded for the first time from 16 out of 80 (20%) of N. japonicas fishes. A brief description for Lutianicola haifonensis and Hatschekia gracilis was presented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for L. haifonensis is studied.

Background/Objectives: Histopathological screening of a typical polypoidal stomach and associated organs was performed on Nemipterus japonicus off Visakhapatnam coast. Methods: 1832 specimens were collected from Visakhapatnam coast at a depth of 45m-100m within the period January 2011 to December 2013 were examined for documenting lesions in the stomach. Of the total samples about 18% of fish were identified with typical mucosal polyps which were autopsied and tissues of skin, gill, muscle, stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney and gonads of both normal and diseased fish were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 48 hours and dehydrated in graded alcohols, followed by impregnation in paraffin. The embedded blocks are cut 5 μ thick on a microtome and sections stained with haemotoxylin and eosin, for the examination of pathological changes in the tissues. Findings: These studies revealed macroscopic lesions with a polyp arising from the mucosa of the gastric body leading to herniation of other digestive glands such as liver and pyloric caecum into the lumen of the polypoidal stomach. Histologically, the growth was differentiated as adenomatous polyp with abnormal proliferation of gastric mucosal glands in the stomach with focal erosion and hemorrhage. This evidence suggested chronic gastritis, but the cause of these unusual gastric polyps is unclear. Though earlier microbiological studies revealed the presence of enteric bacteria, with a dominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, virological investigations failed to confirm any oncoviral particles and even aflatoxin analysis gave negative results. Immunological and karyological studies of N. japonicus with mucosal buccal polyps showed mitodepression. Application/Improvements: This is first histopathological report of this kind in N. japonicus and may help as a model for future studies on gastric polyposis in both human and animals.

Identification of two genera of family nemipteridae, nemipterus and scolopsis in red sea, carried out usually morphologically only but in this study depend on anatomically. For the first time we discovered the presence of an accessory globiform kidney in Nemipterus japonicus . By complete the study on the other species, which obtained in our region from Red sea of family nemiptredae, Nemipterus japonicas , Nemipterus virgatus , Nemipterus zysron and Nemipterus mesoprion . The results indicated that the presence of an accessory globiform kidney in this four species. On the other hand, in Scolopsis ghanam (genus scolopisidsis), this accessory globiform kidney is not present. Therefore, this accessory globiform kidney is specific for genus nemipterus. Besides the above results, there is a new methods used accessory globiform kidney as index to demonstrate spawning season in male of two common species of genus nemipterus N. japonicus and N. virgatus besides other reproductive items, such as gonadosomatic index. This new index called kidnosomatic index (KSI) and used the following equation to calculate (KSI = accessory globiform kidney /gutted weight X 100). The both indices indicated that the spawning season of N. japonicus extend from June to early September but N. virgatus from September to December.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the principal constituent of a variety of cells especially the brain neurons and retinal cells and plays important role in fetal brain development, development of motor skills, and visual acuity in infants, lipid metabolism, and cognitive support and along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) it plays important role in preventing atherosclerosis, dementia, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and so forth. Being an essential nutrient, it is to be obtained through diet and therefore searching for affordable sources of theseω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is important for consumer guidance and dietary counseling. Fish is an important source of PUFA and has unique advantage that there are many food fish species available and consumers have a wide choice owing to availability and affordability. The Indian subcontinent harbors a rich fish biodiversity which markedly varies in their nutrient composition. Here we report the DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile of 39 important food fishes (including finfishes, shellfishes, and edible molluscs from both marine water and freshwater) from India. The study showed that fishesTenualosa ilisha,Sardinella longiceps,Nemipterus japonicus, andAnabas testudineusare rich sources of DHA and EPA. Promotion of these species as DHA rich species would enhance their utility in public health nutrition.

The utilization of waste from fish processing industry for production of value added products has attracted substantial attention. Tiger-toothed croaker ( Otolithes ruber ) and Pink perch ( Nemipterus japonicus ) are used for surimi production and have the potential of abundant supply of raw skins and bones. In order to evaluate the waste from Tiger-toothed croaker and Pink perch as a source of gelatin, the gelatin was extracted from skin and bones and its rheological and functional properties were examined. The skins of Tiger-toothed croaker and Pink perch yielded 7.56% and 5.57% gelatin, whereas their bones yielded 4.57% and 3.55% respectively indicating skin as an important source for gelatin production. The gel strength of gelatins from the skins and bones of Tiger-toothed croaker (170 g and 140 g respectively) were found higher than Pink perch skin and bone gelatins (150 g and 130 g respectively). Similarly, the viscosity, melting point, emulsifying capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and water holding capacity of gelatin extracted from Tiger-toothed croaker were in general greater than those of the gelatin from Pink perch and the values of skin gelatin were higher compared to bone gelatin in both the species. Hydroxyproline contents in skin and bone of Tiger-toothed croaker were 7.77 and 7.51 mg/g and in Pink perch they were 7.63 and 7.41 mg/g respectively. It can be concluded from the present study that Tiger-toothed croaker skin is a prospective source to produce gelatin in good yield with desirable functional properties comparable to commercially available mammalian gelatins.

Data on 16 Morphometric and Meristic Characters of 489 Nemipterus japonicus were analyzed. The rela- tionship between their length and weight is expressed using the formula W = a.Lb. Observation on minute meristic characters such as Spine Count and Ray Count were obtained for each fish and the observed values were cross verified with details pertaining to fish biology from earlier work as a confirmatory test. It is observed that out of 16 variables the following ten variables namely Snout Length (SL), Pre Pelvic Distance (PPD), Width of Dorsal Fin (WDF), Head Length (HL), Body Depth (BD),Standard Length(STL), Fork Length (FL), Post Dorsal Length(PDL1), Total Length (L), Total Weight(W) had a higher degree of correlation with the total length of the fish in the present study.

Summary In our present investigation, Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans backbone protein were hydrolysed by proteases like trypsin and pepsin, respectively. The protein hydrolysates were purified by different chromatographic methods, and the resulted purified peptides were analysed for their amino acid sequences by electrospray ionisation–MS/MS. The analysis of peptides showed sequences as Gly-His-Met-Ser (451.8 Da) and Leu-Glu-Val-Lys-Pro (596.9 Da) for N. japonicus and E. volitans muscle, respectively. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids contributes more to the antioxidant activities of peptides than other amino acids. Moreover, sequence of amino acids in peptides plays an important role in their antioxidant activities.

The focus of the study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of hydrolyzed muscle protein of Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans. The trypsin protein hydrolysates of both fish showed maximum free radical scavenging potential and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Furthermore, it was purified by chromatographic methods followed by the lipid peroxidation inhibition; free radical scavenging assay was performed before and after purification. The purified peptide fractions of N. japonicus and E. volitans exhibited higher activity against polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) peroxidation which was similar to natural antioxidants like α-tocopherol. Free radical scavenging potencies were measured by electron spin resonance technique (ESR). The purified peptide of E. volitans quenched free radicals (DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide) slightly more than N. japonicus. The amino acid composition of both fish protein hydrolysates showed variations in their ratio. The purified peptides were tested for cell cytotox...

Trophic interactions in commercially exploited demersal finfishes in the southeastern Arabian Sea of India were studied to understand trophic organization with emphasis on ontogenic diet shifts within the marine food web. In total, the contents of 4716 stomachs were examined from which 78 prey items were identified. Crustaceans and fishes were the major prey groups to most of the fishes. Based on cluster analysis of predator feeding similarities and ontogenic diet shift within each predator, four major trophic guilds and many sub-guilds were identified. The first guild ‘detritus feeders’ included all size groups of Cynoglossus macrostomus , Pampus argenteus , Leiognathus bindus and Priacanthus hamrur . Guild two, named ‘Shrimp feeders’, was the largest guild identified and included all size groups of Rhynchobatus djiddensis and Nemipterus mesoprion , medium and large Nemipterus japonicus , P. hamrur and Grammoplites suppositus , small and medium Otolithes cuvieri and small Lactarius lactarius . Guild three, named ‘crab and squilla feeders’, consisted of few predators. The fourth trophic guild, ‘piscivores’, was mainly made up of larger size groups of all predators and all size groups of Pseudorhombus arsius and Carcharhinus limbatus . The mean diet breadth and mean trophic level showed strong correlation with ontogenic diet shift. The mean trophic level varied from 2.2 ± 0.1 in large L. bindus to 4.6 ± 0.2 in large Epinephelus diacanthus and the diet breadth from 1.4 ± 0.3 in medium P. argenteus to 8.3 ± 0.2 in medium N. japonicus . Overall, the present study showed that predators in the ecosystem have a strong feeding preference for the sergestid shrimp Acetes indicus , penaeid shrimps, epibenthic crabs and detritus.

Problem statement: Heavy metals constitute one of the most hazardous substances that could be accumulated in biota. Fish populations exploited by man often live in coastal area environments that contain high levels of heavy metals, coming from human activities such as industrial and agricultural wastes. A problem to deal when using fishes as biomonitors of heavy metals is the relationship existing between metal concentration and several intrinsic factors of the fish such as organism size, genetic composition and age of fish. Approach: Concentration of Zn, Cu and Pb were determined in eight commercially valuable fish species, Selaroides leptolepis, Euthynnus affinis, Parastromateus niger, Lutjanius malabaricus, Epinephelus sexfasciatus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Nemipterus japonicus and Megalaspis cordyla from Pahang coastal water. The concentration was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study focuses on the level of Zn, Cu and Pb in order to assess the environmental pollution by using fishes as an indicator. Results: Concentrations of the heavy metals in examined fish species ranged as follow: Zn 19.27 µg g-1 dry weight; Cu 2.88 µg g-1 dry weight and Pb 0.26 µg g-1 dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of Zn, Cu and Pb were found to follow the order: stomach > muscle > gills. Significant correlations were found between fish weight and heavy metals concentration in the fish organs. Conclusion: The estimated values of all metals in muscles of fish in this study were below the established values. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fish from Pahang coastal water are comparatively clean and do not constitute a risk for human health.

Surimi powder and different dryoprotectants (control, sucrose, sorbitol, lactitol, maltodextrin, trehalose, polydextrose and palatinit) were produced, and the physicochemical properties were measured. The control failed to form a gel, whereas the treated samples exhibited high gel formation (1.00-2.67%). All treated samples showed improved water holding capacity (up to ±267%) relative to the control. The addition of dryoprotectant also improved the emulsifying and foaming properties compared to the control. Ca 2+ - ATPase activity, sulfhydryl content and gel electrophoresis results suggested that the protein in the control sample was denatured during the drying process whereas the addition of dryoprotectant successfully prevented protein denaturation. Thus, the addition of dryoprotectant particularly polydextrose can successfully maintain the physicochemical properties of threadfin bream surimi powder better than sucrose.

A total of 30 specimens (73–95 mm standard length) of Nemipterus randalli were collected along the Lebanon coast. This species, a Lessepsian migrant previously misidentified as Nemipterus japonicus, appears to be well established in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean Sea. The small size and immature status of the specimens of N. randalli collected from the Lebanon coast indicate recent successful recruitment.

The present study revealed that the biochemical constituent with respect to different maturity stages of Nemipterus japonicus fish is associated with reproductive cycle, storage and utilization of reserves. Gonadosomatic index N. Japonicus recorded high values (3.5 and 0.51) in May and low values (0.4 and 0.25) in February for female and male, respectively. The maturity stages was classified into 5 maturity stages as follow, 1) immature stage, 2) maturing stage, 3) mature stage, 4) ripe stage and 5) spent stage. The spawning season of N. japonicus extend from May to September. The biochemical composition in muscle, liver and gonad in both sexes are found higher in early stages of maturity and decreases during gonad maturation. The muscle had more fat and crude protein content during the immature stage. Early stages of maturation, hence offer greater food value in these species. With the advancement of maturity, a drop in the fat and soluble crude protein was observed, whereas a linear relationship with moisture was noted from immature to mature stage. The composition of muscle always demonstrated an inverse relationship with hepatic and gonadal composition. Highest crude protein percentage was in stage IV (72.0 ± 2.22) in ovary. The total crude lipid percentage of the ovary showed a gradual increase from Stage I (5.1 ± 0.47) to Stage IV (21.8 ±1.02).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Nemipterus virgatus has been sequenced. The mitochondrial genome is 16 992 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and one control region. The gene order and composition of N. virgatus mitochondrial genome was similar to that of most other vertebrates. The overall nucleotides base composition of the light strand is A (27.89%), G (26.61%), C (16.45%), T (29.05%). With the exception of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and eight tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. The tRNA-Ser2 gene lacked DHC arm and could not fold into a typical clover-leaf secondary structure. Seen from the phylogenetic tree, N. virgatus, Nemipterus japonicus, and Nemipterus bathybius from the same genus clustered into one branch.

Fish is the staple viand for Filipinos. Unsurprisingly, fish processing becomes a livelihood in the Philippines. Lead, cadmium and chromium contamination in fish may result to adverse health effects. This study aimed to determine such heavy metals in processed fish (dried and smoked) in both head and meat sold in the markets of Metro Manila, Philippines. The levels were compared with each other. The levels of heavy metals obtained were also compared with standard limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. The samples were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. All processed fish smoked and dried fish samples contained lead, cadmium and chromium. Smoked Bisugo (Nemipterus japonicus) head had lead that went beyond the allowed limit. All dried fish samples contained cadmium beyond the acceptable limit. Smoked Galunggong (Decapterus macrosoma) meat went beyond the acceptable cadmium limit. Chromium in all samples went beyond the acceptable limit. Using Student’s t-test, the levels of lead and cadmium (head, meat) in processed fish showed statistically insignificant difference similar to chromium in smoked but not for dried fish. Hence, all processed fish samples contain lead, cadmium and chromium. The species and body parts with heavy metals beyond the acceptable limits vary. Keywords - Environmental toxicology, acid digestion, fl ame atomic absorption spectroscopy, lead, cadmium, chromium, experimental design, Philippines

This paper reports the length-weight relationships and morphological characters of three fishes namely, Polydactylus sextarius , Nemipterus japonicus and Pampus argenteus , collected from the Fiery Cross Reef (9 o 37’ N, 112 o 58’ E) of South China Sea during November 2013. The length-weight relationships of the studied fishes can be expressed as W Po = 1.17 L 1.46 for P. sextarius, W Ne = 0.07 L 2.73 for N. japonicus and W Pa = 0.04 L 3.05 for P. argenteus . Growth of P. argenteus was found to be positive ( b > 3) and N. japonicus ( b = 2.73) was negative allometric. Body length of P. sextarius varied from 100.36 to 119.43 mm , and the wet weight ranged from 10.04 to 45.42 g. Body length of N. japonicus varied from 88.37 to 159.54 mm, wet weight ranged from 22.42 to 128.39 g. Body length of P. argenteus varied from 75.13 to 92.07 mm, and wet weight ranged from 20.58 to 42.27 g. The study provides first biological reference in these species in Fiery Cross Reef, South China Sea. In addition, the results of the present study will offer fundamental information for resource assessment as well as for taking up further aquaculture practices of these three species.

Summary The effect of the number of water washing cycles on the proximate composition, physicochemical and functional properties of proteins from threadfin bream meat was studied. Contents of proteins, fat, ash and non-protein nitrogen showed a significant (P

Summary The spawning periods, sex ratio and length at first maturity were determined for six commercially important finfish species collected from Oman's industrial trawl fishery. During 1 year of monthly sampling, biological data were collected on 5586 fish. ancova was used to compare the length–weight relationships between sexes. There were sex-specific differences in length-weight relationships for three of the six species examined. One serranid, Epinephelus diacanthus, and a sparid, Pagellus affinis, had sex ratios significantly different from the expected ratio of 1 : 1. Size–frequency data revealed more male fish in the larger size classes for E. diacanthus, P. affinis and Nemipterus japonicus. Data on the development of female gonads and Gonado-somatic Index (GSI) revealed that the six species spawned at different times of the year. With the exception of female E. diacanthus, all fish had low GSI values during the onset of the summer monsoon period in June. The proportion of immature vs mature fish in the sample differed among species. For two species, Lethrinus nebulosus and Cheimerius nufar, more than 40% of the fish sampled (both sexes) were immature. Approximately 33% female and 41% male P. affinis were also immature. Management options such as temporal and area closures are discussed in light of the large number of immature fish caught by the fishery.

A specimen of the Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus was recorded for the first time from the Mediterranean Sea. The presence of this Indo-Pacific fish in the Mediterranean is evidently due to migration from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal.

Threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) spray-dried hydro-lysate was prepared using Alcalase at predetermined optimum hydrolysis conditions consisting of pH 8.5, 60°C, 2% enzyme, and 2 h hydrolysis. The hydrolysate was evaluated for its preferred concentration in rice porridge. Its acceptability was compared with sauces and enzyme-treated rice and vegetable hydrolysate. The preferred concentration in rice porridge was found to be 3% (w/v) and bitterness increased with concentration of hydrolysate. Threadfin bream hydrolysate was preferred as much as soy sauce; however, it received a lower score for taste compared to fish sauce. In terms of color, threadfin bream hydrolysate received significantly (p < 0.05) lower score than Flavorzyme and Alcalase treated rice hydrolysate and Vegetable hydrolysate. Low preference to the hydrolysate could probably be due to its greenish yellow color in which the common color for flavorants are brownish. For overall acceptability, no significant difference was obser...

The hydrolysis of Threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) by Alcalase was optimum at 60C, pH 8.5, 120 min using an enzyme substrate (ES) ratio of 2%. With these hydrolysis conditions, 20% hydrolysis was achieved and 70% nitrogen was recovered. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed more degradation with 1, 3 and 4% ES. Two percent ES produced mixtures of protein bands with a wider range of molecular weights, thus it was chosen as the optimum hydrolysis ES ratio.

An investigation lasting 36 weeks was carried out on the frozen storage ( - 20C) behavior of surimi prepared from the fish pink perch ( Nemipterus japonicus ). Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), trimethylamine (TMA), peroxide value (PV) and total plate count (TPC) values of surimi increased gradually from 3.5 ± 0.1 to 5.60 ± 0.17 mg%, 0 to 2.8 ± 0.2 mg%, 0 to 0.8 ± 0.3 meq/kg and 5.25 ¥ 10 4 to 9.58 ¥ 10 4 cfu/g, respectively, during frozen storage but were within the acceptable limit. Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), free alpha-amino nitrogen and surimi whiteness increased from 13.63 ± 0.09 to 22.35 ± 0.2 mg%, 0 to 8.55 ± 0.02 mg% and 61.83 to 63.48 degrees, respectively, with the passage of time. Moisture, crude protein, total nitrogen (TN), pH and gel strength of surimi decreased from 78.50 ± 0.14 to 76.55 ± 0.02%, 17.72 ± 0.18 to 14.57 ± 0.01%, 2.84 ± 0.02 to 2.14 ± 0.02%, 7.20 ± 0.1 to 6.05 ± 0.09, and 237 to 97.43 g ¥ cm, respectively, during frozen storage. The surimi was acceptable at the end of the 36 week storage period.

The chemical and taste characteristics of threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) hydrolysate produced by Alcalase hydrolysis of the fish muscle (pH 8.5, 60 °C, 120 min, enzyme/substrate ratio 20 g kg−1) were studied. Umami, bitter and fishy were the dominant tastes. The bitter amino acids methionine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine and tyrosine comprised 317 mg g−1 of the total amino acids present. The umaminess could be due to the presence of high contents of glutamic acid and inosine 5′-monophosphate. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the peptides in the hydrolysate had molecular weights ranging between 7.2 and 64 kDa. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

Six commercially important species of fish, i.e. mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), sardine (Sardinella fimbriata), emperor bream (Lethrinus miniatus), threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus), trevally (Carangoides armatus) and barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) of the Thoothukkudi coast of Tamil Nadu, India, were examined for changes in histamine and volatile amines (TVB-N and TMA-N) under ambient temperature storage (32±2 °C). Fish were organoleptically acceptable up to 15 h of storage, except emperor bream that spoiled after 12 h of storage. Histamine and volatile amines increased progressively on storage, but the rate of change varied with the species of fish. The TVB-N content of barracuda and emperor bream exceeded the acceptable limit of 35 mg/100 g after 15 h of storage while, in other fishes, their formation was slow. However, the TMA-N contents of all the fishes were above 10 mg/100 g after 15 h of storage. The TMA-N content of fish was found to correlate more closely with the sensory changes than the TVB-N content. With regard to the histamine toxicity, the histamine content was above the USFDA maximum allowable limit of 50 ppm in mackerel after 12 h, and, in sardine and trevally, after 15 h of storage. The histamine content did not show any correlation with the sensory changes or with the content of volatile amines. In trevally, it was noted that the histamine formation was very high and similar to that of mackerel. It is therefore concluded that the mackerel, sardine and trevally could cause histamine toxicity problems before they become organoleptically unacceptable.

Catch rates and sizes of Saurida undosquamis and Nemipterus japonicus were more variable during daytime. But, Pomadasys stridens were more variable in night tows. Catch rates of S. undosquamis and N. japonicus were higher during daytime and of significantly small mean fish size. Inversely, P. stridens had significant higher catch rates and the fish caught were smaller in night tows. Variability of catch rate and size of Penaeus semisulcatus and Penaeus japonicus was higher at night. Daytime catch rates were significantly lower and of smaller mean shrimp size. Penaeus latisulcatus was available only at night.

Based on Nei's genetic distance Nemipterus peronii and Nemipterus japonicus showed a greater affinity to Parascolopsis aspinosa than to the other Nemipterus species studied. Significant differences between the Indian west and east coast samples of N. japonicus were detected. Polymorphic (P

Based on light and scanning electron microscopy, one new species of philometrid nematodes, Philometra damriyasai sp. nov. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea: Philometridae) from the body cavity of Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan, 1908) (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae), and five known species are reported in different marine teleosts from South Bali, Indonesia. The new species can be distinguished from the most closely related P. javensis Moravec, Walter & Juniar, 2012 by the absence of sclerotized denticles on the cuticle of the anterior oesophageal lobes of the mouth and smaller larvae. Philometra nemipteri Luo, 2001 of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791), P. otolithi Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (both from gonads) and Philometroides marinus Moravec & Buron, 2009 from the body cavity of Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) are reported for the first time from Indonesian waters, thus extending their range of distribution into the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Philometra lobotidis Moravec, Walter & Yuniar, 2012 from the body cavity of Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) and P. ocularis Moravec, Ogawa, Suzuki, Miyaki & Donai, 2002 from the eye cavity of Variola louti (Forsskål, 1775) represent new geographical records, and Philometra sp. was recorded for the first time from Cephalopholis sexmaculata (Rüppell, 1830). A total of 14 philometrids have been so far identified from marine fishes in Indonesia.

Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) Material examined. SMF 35048 (7: 8.3���14.4 cm); SMF 35049 (3: 7.6���11.2 cm); KAUMM 98 (7: 8.1���12.9 cm); KAUMM 99 (4: 7.9���12.1 cm); unpreserved material examined by fourth author (504: 8.9���24.2 cm)., Published as part of Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Alpermann, Tilman J., Mal, Ahmad O. & Gabr, Mohamed H., 2014, Survey of demersal fishes from southern Saudi Arabia, with five new records for the Red Sea, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 3852 (4) on page 426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3852.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225360

A new species of bomolochid copepod Nothobomolochus ilhoikimi sp. n., (Cyclopoida), is described based on adult females collected from the gills of hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) (Actinopterygii, Clupeidae) captured in waters off Iraq. The new species differs from its congeners by having the following combination of characters in the adult female: 1) anal somite not spinulate; 2) paragnath blunt and robust; 3) maxilla with slender proximal segment and distal segment with 2 accessory processes terminally; 4) the distal exopodal segment of leg 1 with 3 small spines; and 5) the terminal endopodal segment of leg 4 carrying one long and one short spine. It closely resembles N. triceros (Bassett-Smith, 1898) but prominently differs in above features and also in host specificity. In addition, another bomolochid Orbitacolax hapalogenyos (Yamaguti and Yamasu, 1959) is redescribed based on material collected from Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) (Perciformes, Nemipteridae) captured in waters off Iraq. Two species clusters, the hapalogenyos and the analogus groups are recognized in this genus.