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A rádio ocultação (RO) começou a ser utilizada para a sondagem da atmosfera de outros planetas a partir da década de 1960. Com o desenvolvimento do Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) e de missões com satélites de baixa órbita (Low Earth Orbit - LEO) surgiu a possibilidade de investigações da atmosfera terrestre com a aplicação da RO-GNSS. Dos satélites transmissores GNSS até os receptores instalados nos satélites LEO, os sinais propagados sofrem diferentes tipos de influência da atmosfera. O sinal transmitido é refratado e, com isso, pode ser coletado pelo receptor embarcado no LEO, apesar da obstrução pela Terra. Essa geometria possibilita o cálculo dos índices de refração, os quais possuem informações da composição da atmosfera terrestre. Entre os perfis obtidos a partir do índice de refração, destacam-se os de temperatura, pressão e densidade de elétrons. No presente trabalho é realizada uma revisão teórica da técnica de RO-GNSS, com o intuito de apresentar a técnica e seu potencial a pesquisadores de diversas áreas que tenham possibilidade de utilizá-la. Primeiramente é apresentado um breve histórico do desenvolvimento da técnica, bem como as principais missões relacionadas ao tema, incluindo a situação de missões atualmente em operação e algumas perspectivas futuras. Além disso, são apresentados os principais elementos envolvidos na geometria da ocultação, bem como os principais conceitos e formulações para a obtenção dos perfis. Por fim, alguns produtos provenientes de missões de RO-GNSS são apresentados e analisados.

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of injuries in bovine carcasses slaughtered in the northwest of São Paulo, through the quantification of the number of these injuries and their location in the main Brazilian commercial courts. Five ranchers were randomly selected, differentiated by the acronyms PEC A (rancher A), PEC B (rancher B), PEC C (rancher C), PEC D (rancher D) and PEC E (rancher E), which totaled 333 evaluated carcasses. The results showed that the majority of the slaughtered animals were of the Nellore breed and females of different age groups. There was a variation in the fasting period and water diet established for the animals, with the PEC C being the shortest period and in the others the variation was 10 to 16 hours. As for the injuries, it was possible to observe that the greater the distance covered, the greater the percentage of injuries in the half carcasses, with the rear quarter being more affected, especially the thigh, followed by the rump. Factors such as age and duration of transport positively influenced the percentage of injuries and even with the intense discussions and quality programs aimed at the application of animal welfare, the bovine half carcasses analyzed in the present study showed a high incidence of injuries.

ABSTRACT The study of natural variation can untap novel alleles with immense value for biotechnological applications. Saccharomyces eubayanus Patagonian isolates exhibit differences in the diauxic shift between glucose and maltose, representing a suitable model to study their natural genetic variation for novel strains for brewing. However, little is known about the genetic variants and chromatin regulators responsible for these differences. Here, we show how genome-wide chromatin accessibility and gene expression differences underlie distinct diauxic shift profiles in S. eubayanus. We identified two strains with a rapid diauxic shift between glucose and maltose (CL467.1 and CBS12357) and one strain with a remarkably low fermentation efficiency and longer lag phase during diauxic shift (QC18). This is associated in the QC18 strain with lower transcriptional activity and chromatin accessibility of specific genes of maltose metabolism and higher expression levels of glucose transporters. These differences are governed by the HAP complex, which differentially regulates gene expression depending on the genetic background. We found in the QC18 strain a contrasting phenotype to those phenotypes described in S. cerevisiae, where hap4Δ, hap5Δ, and cin5Δ knockouts significantly improved the QC18 growth rate in the glucose-maltose shift. The most profound effects were found between CIN5 allelic variants, suggesting that Cin5p could strongly activate a repressor of the diauxic shift in the QC18 strain but not necessarily in the other strains. The differences between strains could originate from the tree host from which the strains were obtained, which might determine the sugar source preference and the brewing potential of the strain. IMPORTANCE The diauxic shift has been studied in budding yeast under laboratory conditions; however, few studies have addressed the diauxic shift between carbon sources under fermentative conditions. Here, we study the transcriptional and chromatin structure differences that explain the natural variation in fermentative capacity and efficiency during diauxic shift of natural isolates of S. eubayanus. Our results show how natural genetic variants in transcription factors impact sugar consumption preferences between strains. These variants have different effects depending on the genetic background, with a contrasting phenotype to those phenotypes previously described in S. cerevisiae. Our study shows how relatively simple genetic/molecular modifications/editing in the lab can facilitate the study of natural variations of microorganisms for the brewing industry.

The dualism between direct and reciprocal space is at the origin of well known relations between basis vectors in the two spaces. It is shown that when a coordinate system corresponding to a non‐primitive unit cell is adopted, this dualism has to be handled with care. In particular, the reciprocal of a non‐primitive unit cell is not a unit cell but a region in reciprocal space that does not represent a unit of repetition by translation. The basis vectors do not correspond to reciprocal‐space cell lengths, contrary to what is stated even in the core CIF dictionary. The corresponding unit cell is a multiple of this region. The broken correspondence between basis vectors and unit cell is at the origin of the integral reflection conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARP inhibitors (PARPi) represent a game-changing treatment for patients with ovarian cancer with tumors deficient for the homologous recombination (HR) pathway treated with platinum (Pt)-based therapy. PARPi exert their cytotoxic effect by both trapping PARP1 on the damaged DNA and by restraining its enzymatic activity (PARylation). How PARP1 is recruited and trapped at the DNA damage sites and how resistance to PARPi could be overcome are still matters of investigation. Here, we described PARP1 as a substrate of the deubiquitinase USP1. At molecular level, USP1 binds PARP1 to remove its K63-linked polyubiquitination and controls PARP1 chromatin trapping and PARylation activity, regulating sensitivity to PARPi. In both Pt/PARPi-sensitive and -resistant cells, USP1/PARP1 combined blockade enhances replicative stress, DNA damage, and cell death. Our work dissected the biological interaction between USP1 and PARP1 and recommended this axis as a promising and powerful therapeutic choice for not only sensitive but also chemoresistant patients with ovarian cancer irrespective of their HR status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) is one of the primary error sources derived from the neutral atmosphere associated with the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) technique. Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) is the smallest part of the ZTD, but the high variability is caused by spatial-temporal variation, making the modelling of this component a challenging task. Although ZWD is considered an error in GNSS positioning, it is also a variable composed mainly of water vapour and can, therefore, be used for atmospheric investigations, and assists in climate studies for precipitation events. In this work, a model was trained to estimate the delay wet component from surface atmospheric parameters. The training data comes from 29 radiosonde stations around Brazil, for a six-year period (2017 to 2022), with data collected at 12 h UTC (Universal Time Coordinated). The model was validated using the holdout technique, with 70% of the data used in training and 30% for validation (cross-validation analysis). The generated model achieved a RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) of approximately 38 mm, with an 81% of determination coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in the interaction with the oocyte and in the temporary postponement of spontaneous meiosis resumption has already been well described. However, its action in pre-implantation developmental-stage embryos is yet to be understood. Thus, our study aimed to detect the presence of the canonical CNP receptor (natriuretic peptide receptor, NPR2) in germinal vesicle (GV)-, metaphase II (MII)-, presumptive zygote (PZ)-, morula (MO)-, and blastocyst (BL)-stage embryos and, later, to observe possible modulations on the embryos when co-cultured with CNP. In Experiment I, we detected and quantified NPR2 on the abovementioned embryo stages. Further, in Experiment II, we intended to test different concentrations (100, 200, or 400 nM of CNP) at different times of inclusion in the in vitro culture (IVC; inclusion from the beginning, i.e., day 1, or from day 5). In Experiment III, 400 nM of CNP was used on day 1 (D1) in the IVC, which was not demonstrated to be embryotoxic, and it showed potentially promising results in the blastocyst production rate when compared to the control. Thus, we analyzed the embryonic development rates of bovine embryos (D7) and hatching kinetics (D7, D8, and D9). Subsequently, morula and blastocyst were collected and evaluated for transcript abundance of their competence and quality (apoptosis, oxidative stress, proliferation, and differentiation) and lipid metabolism. Differences with probabilities less than p < 0.05, and/or fold change (FC) > 1.5, were considered significant. We demonstrate the presence of NPR2 until the blastocyst development stage, when there was a significant decrease in membrane receptors. There was no statistical difference in the production rate after co-culture with 400 nM CNP. However, when we evaluated the abundance of morula transcripts, there was an upregulated transcription in ADCY6 (p = 0.057) and downregulated transcripts in BMP15 (p = 0.013), ACAT1 (p = 0.040), and CASP3 (p = 0.082). In addition, there was a total of 12 transcriptions in morula that presented variation FC > 1.5. In blastocysts, the treatment with CNP induced upregulation in BID, CASP3, SOX2, and HSPA5 transcripts and downregulation in BDNF, NLRP5, ELOVL1, ELOVL4, IGFBP4, and FDX1 transcripts (FC > 1.5). Thus, our study identified and quantified the presence of NPR2 in bovine pre-implantation embryos. Furthermore, 400 nM of CNP in IVC, a concentration not previously described in the literature, modulated some transcripts related to embryonic metabolism, and this was not embryotoxic morphologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two species of the microbiotheriid marsupial genus Dromiciops (Dromiciops bozinovici: "Panchos's monito del monte" and Dromiciops gliroides: "monito del monte") exhibit a marked latitudinal genetic differentiation. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether this differentiation results from neutral processes or can be explained, to some extent, by local adaptation to different environmental conditions. Here, we used an SNP panel gathered by Rad‐seq and searched for footprints of local adaptation (putative loci under selection) by exploring genetic associations with environmental variables in the two species of Dromiciops in Chilean and Argentinean populations. We applied three methods for detecting outlier SNPs and two genotype–environment associations approaches to quantify associations between allelic frequencies and environmental variables. Both species display strong genetic structure. D. bozinovici exhibited three distinct genetic groups, marking the first report of such structuring in this species using SNPs. In contrast, D. gliroides displayed four genetic clusters, consistent with previous studies. Both species exhibited an association of their genetic structure with environmental variables. D. bozinovici exhibited significant associations of allelic frequencies with elevation, precipitation during the warmest periods, and seasonality in the thermal regime. For D. gliroides, genetic variation appeared to be associated with more variables than D. bozinovici, including precipitation and temperature‐related variables, isothermality, and elevation. All the outlier SNPs were mapped to the D. gliroides reference genome to explore if they fell within functionally known genes. These results represent a necessary first step toward identifying the genome regions that harbor genes associated with climate adaptations in Dromiciops. Notably, we identified genes involved in various functions, including carbohydrate synthesis (ALG8), muscle and neuronal regulation (MEF2D), and stress responses (PTGES3). Ultimately, this study contributes valuable insights that can inform targeted conservation strategies aimed at preserving the genetic diversity of Dromiciops in the face of environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Políticas públicas que atendam a população de doenças raras no Brasil são cada vez mais discutidas, seja para acesso aos medicamentos, para atenção multidisciplinar, alternativas terapêuticas ou representatividade. Apesar de o Ministério da Saúde ter publicado em 2014 a Portaria nº 199, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras, aprovando as Diretrizes para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), essa população segue desamparada frente às peculiaridades de seus tratamentos. Neste cenário, associações de pacientes passaram a buscar espaços de representação política, provocando cada vez mais iniciativas legislativas no Congresso Nacional com vistas a alternativas para os milhões de brasileiros que vivem ou convivem com doenças raras. Por meio de uma pesquisa documental qualitativa, o artigo considera todos os projetos apresentados até agosto de 2020 com foco neste tema, identificando os principais parlamentares que atuam nele, as características biográficas comuns entre eles, em qual etapa do ciclo de políticas públicas o tema está no Congresso Nacional e, com isso, pretende identificar um possível caminho para a consolidação de uma política. Observou-se que a atuação em doenças raras independe de alinhamento político partidário, sendo uma pauta compartilhada por grupos antagônicos, mas que enfrenta o desafio de apenas 18 parlamentares terem sidos os responsáveis por 50% de todas as matérias legislativas já apresentadas sobre isso. Além disso, observou-se também que os parlamentares preferem impulsionar o debate e dar visibilidade ao tema do que investir em novas tentativas de mudanças legais e regulatória.

Abstract Background The prevalence and burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions are growing around the world, and low back pain (LBP) is the most significant of the five defined MSK disorders in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. LBP has been the leading cause of non-fatal health loss for the last three decades. The objective of this study is to describe the current status and trends of the burden due to LBP in Brazil based on information drawn from the GBD 2017 study. Methods We estimated prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) for LBP by Brazilian federative units, sex, age group, and age-standardized between 1990 and 2017 and conducted a decomposition analysis of changes in age- and sex-specific YLD rates attributable to total population growth and population ageing for the purpose of understanding the drivers of changes in LBP YLDs rates in Brazil. Furthermore, we analyzed the changes in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rankings for this disease over the period. Results The results show high prevalence and burden of LBP in Brazil. LBP prevalence increased 26.83% (95% UI 23.08 to 30.41) from 1990 to 2017. This MSK condition represents the most important cause of YLDs in Brazil, where the increase in burden is mainly related to increase in population size and ageing. The LBP age-standardized YLDs rate are similar among Brazilian federative units. LBP ranks in the top three causes of DALYs in Brazil, even though it does not contribute to mortality. Conclusions Findings from this study show LBP to be the most important cause of YLDs and the 3rd leading cause of DALYs in Brazil. The Brazilian population is ageing, and the country has been experiencing a rapid epidemiological transition, which generates an increasing number of people who need chronic care. In this scenario, more attention should be paid to the burden of non-fatal health conditions.

Summary The utilization of S. eubayanus has recently become a topic of interest due to the novel organoleptic properties imparted to beer. However, the utilization of S. eubayanus in brewing requires the comprehension of the mechanisms that underlie fermentative differences generated from its natural genetic variability. Here, we evaluated fermentation performance and volatile compound production in ten genetically distinct S. eubayanus strains in a brewing fermentative context. The evaluated strains showed a broad phenotypic spectrum, some of them exhibiting a high fermentation capacity and high levels of volatile esters and/or higher alcohols. Subsequently, we obtained molecular profiles by generating ‘end‐to‐end’ genome assemblies, as well as metabolome and transcriptome profiling of two Patagonian isolates exhibiting significant differences in beer aroma profiles. These strains showed clear differences in concentrations of intracellular metabolites, including amino acids, such as valine, leucine and isoleucine, likely impacting the production of 2‐methylpropanol and 3‐methylbutanol. These differences in the production of volatile compounds are attributed to gene expression variation, where the most profound differentiation is attributed to genes involved in assimilatory sulfate reduction, which in turn validates phenotypic differences in H2S production. This study lays a solid foundation for future research to improve fermentation performance and select strains for new lager styles based on aroma and metabolic profiles.

Abstract The capacity of some yeasts to extract energy from single sugars, generating CO2 and ethanol (=fermentation), even in the presence of oxygen, is known as the Crabtree effect. This phenomenon represents an important adaptation as it allowed the utilization of the ecological niche given by modern fruits, an abundant source of food that emerged in the terrestrial environment in the Cretaceous. However, identifying the evolutionary events that triggered fermentative capacity in Crabtree‐positive species is challenging, as microorganisms do not leave fossil evidence. Thus, key innovations should be inferred based only on traits measured under culture conditions. Here, we reanalyzed data from a common garden experiment where several proxies of fermentative capacity were recorded in Crabtree‐positive and Crabtree‐negative species, representing yeast phylogenetic diversity. In particular, we applied the “lasso‐OU” algorithm which detects points of adaptive shifts, using traits that are proxies of fermentative performance. We tested whether multiple events or a single event explains the actual fermentative capacity of yeasts. According to the lasso‐OU procedure, evolutionary changes in the three proxies of fermentative capacity that we considered (i.e., glycerol production, ethanol yield, and respiratory quotient) are consistent with a single evolutionary episode (a whole‐genomic duplication, WGD), instead of a series of small genomic rearrangements. Thus, the WGD appears as the key event behind the diversification of fermentative yeasts, which by increasing gene dosage, and maximized their capacity of energy extraction for exploiting the new ecological niche provided by single sugars.

Abstract The study of sister species that occur in parapatry around biogeographic transition zones can help understand the evolutionary processes that underlie the changes in species composition across biogeographic transition zones. The South Eastern Pacific (SEP) coast is a highly productive coastal system that exhibits a broad biogeographic transition zone around 30–35°S. Here, we present a comparative genome‐wide analysis of the sister species Scurria viridula and Scurria zebrina, that occur in parapatry and whose poleward and equatorward range edges intersect in the 30–35°S SEP biogeographic transition zone. We sampled 118 specimens sourced from nine sites from Tocopilla (22°S) to Chiloé (41°S) including one site where both species overlap and analyzed over 8000 biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found evidence of hybridization between these species in the contact zone and found significant but contrasting population structures for both species. Our results indicate that the genetic structure in S. viridula, which is currently expanding its range poleward, follows a simple isolation by distance model with no traces of natural selection (no evidence of outlier loci). In contrast, S. zebrina, which has its equatorward range edge at the transition zone, displayed a pronounced genetic break approximately at 32–34°S, along a region of marked environmental heterogeneity in association with a semi‐permanent coastal upwelling regime. For S. zebrina we also found 43 outlier loci associated with this genetic break, with a significant proportion of them clustering in a single linkage group. This marked difference in the presence of outlier loci between species suggests that they could be responding differently to local environmental challenges found at their overlapping geographic range edges, thus providing important new insights about genomic changes around biogeographic transition zones in sister species and the forces that shape genetic diversity in intertidal marine species.

Introdução/Objetivo: Apesar do predomínio do SARS-CoV-2 como etiologia das infecções virais em adultos durante o ano de 2020, outros agentes infecciosos podem fazer parte do diagnóstico diferencial. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência dos patógenos respiratórios em adultos internados em dois hospitais no sul do Brasil durante a pandemia e comparar os desfechos de gravidade na internação entre participantes com diagnóstico de COVID-19 comparado com outros agentes infecciosos. Métodos: Participantes adultos (> 18 anos) hospitalizados com sinais agudos de tosse, febre ou dor de garganta foram recrutados prospectivamente entre maio e novembro de 2020, e seguidos até o final da internação. A técnica de RT-PCR foi utilizada para detecção de SARS-CoV-2 e demais agentes infecciosos. Para SARS-CoV-2 foram coletados swabs oro e nasofaríngeo bilateral tendo como alvos os genes S, N e ORF1ab. Outro swab nasofaríngeo foi coletado para realização de painel respiratório através sondas de expressão gênica que avaliou a presença de: Bordetella pertussis; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; adenovírus; bocavírus; coronavírus tipos HKU1, 229E, NL63 e OC43; vírus influenza A tipos H1 e H3; vírus influenza B; enterovírus; metapneumovírus; vírus parainfluenza tipos 1, 2 e 3; RSV tipos A e B; e rinovírus. Todas as amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Hospital Moinhos de Vento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 156 participantes, sendo a maioria homens (57,1%) com idade mediana de 58 anos. A mediana de dias de sintomas foi 8 dias. O SARS-CoV-2 foi o agente mais prevalente, sendo detectado exclusivamente em 101 (65.0%) de 156 participantes, seguido pela detecção única de rinovírus (4,0%, 6/154). A codetecção desses dois agentes ocorreu em 28 (18,0%) dos 154 participantes. Os demais patógenos (adenovírus, coronavírus HKU1 e enterovírus) foram detectados em 5 participantes. A comparação dos desfechos de gravidade (uso de oxigênio suplementar, ventilação mecânica invasiva e óbito) não apresentou diferença quanto à codetecção versus detecção exclusiva de SARS-CoV-2 (60,7% (17/28) vs 62,4% (63/101), P = 1,00; 21,4% (6/28) vs 15,8% (16/101), P = 0,57; 7,1% (2/28) vs 5,9% (6/101), P = 0,68). Conclusão: O SARS-CoV-2 foi o principal patógeno detectado seguido pelo rinovírus, com uma importante queda na detecção de outros patógenos. A detecção de rinovírus simultânea ao SARS-CoV-2 não foi associada a maior gravidade.

Point-of-care serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 have been used for COVID-19 diagnosis. However, their accuracy over time regarding the onset of symptoms is not fully understood. We aimed to assess the accuracy of a point-of-care lateral flow immunoassay (LFI). Subjects, aged over 18 years, presenting clinical symptoms suggestive of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection were tested once by both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal RT-PCR and LFI. The accuracy of LFI was assessed in periodic intervals of three days in relation to the onset of symptoms. The optimal cut-off point was defined as the number of days required to achieve the best sensitivity and specificity. This cut-off point was also used to compare LFI accuracy according to participants’ status: outpatient or hospitalized. In total, 959 patients were included, 379 (39.52%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with RT-PCR, and 272 (28.36%) tested positive with LFI. LFI best performance was achieved after 10 days of the onset of symptoms, with sensitivity and specificity of 84.9% (95%CI: 79.8-89.1) and 94.4% (95%CI: 91.0-96.8), respectively. Although the specificity was similar (94.6% vs. 88.9%, p = 0.051), the sensitivity was higher in hospitalized patients than in outpatients (91.7% vs. 82.1%, p = 0.032) after 10 days of the onset of symptoms. Best sensitivity of point-of-care LFI was found 10 days after the onset of symptoms which may limit its use in acute care. Specificity remained high regardless of the number of days since the onset of symptoms.

Introdução/Objetivo: Os fatores associados ao risco de hospitalização por COVID19 não são completamente conhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o risco de hospitalização dos participantes ambulatoriais com diagnóstico exclusivo para rinovírus, SARS-CoV-2 e codetecção entre esses dois agentes, durante a pandemia no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Participantes ambulatoriais (> 18 anos) com sinais agudos de tosse, febre ou dor de garganta foram recrutados prospectivamente nas tendas de atendimento do Hospital Moinhos de Vento e Hospital Restinga e Extremo Sul, entre maio e novembro de 2020, e foram acompanhados por 28 dias através de entrevistas telefônicas. Para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2 bem como para o painel respiratório, foi utilizada a técnica de RT-PCR. Para detecção de SARS-CoV-2 foi utilizado kit TaqManTM 2019-nCoV Assay Kit v1 (genes S, N e ORF1ab) a partir de swabs orofaríngeo e nasofaríngeo bilateral. Em coleta de outro swab nasofaríngeo foi realizado painel respiratório para detecção de: Bordetella pertussis; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; adenovírus; bocavírus; coronavírus tipos HKU1, 229E, NL63 e OC43; vírus influenza A tipos H1 e H3; vírus influenza B; enterovírus humano; metapneumovírus humano; vírus parainfluenza tipos 1, 2 e 3; RSV tipos A e B; e rinovírus). Todas as amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Hospital Moinhos de Vento. Resultados: Foram recrutados 609 participantes, com idade mediana de 36 anos, sendo a maioria mulheres (63,2%). 282 (46,4%) participantes tiveram detectado apenas rinovírus, seguido por 234 (38,4%) com SARS-CoV-2 exclusivamente. A codetecção entre estes dois agentes ocorreu em 93 (15,3%) dos 608 participantes. Deste total, 26 (4,3%) participantes necessitaram hospitalização após a busca por atendimento ambulatorial. Participantes com codetecção viral apresentaram maior proporção de hospitalização quando comparados aos participantes com SARS-CoV-2 e rinovírus detectados como agentes únicos (9,7% (9/93) vs 6,8% (16/234) vs 0,4% (1/282), p < 0.001). Entretanto, quando comparadas as proporções de coinfecção com SARS-CoV-2 (como agente único), a diferença não é significativa (9,7% (9/93) vs 6,8% (16/234), p = 0.373). Conclusão: O rinovírus foi o principal patógeno detectado em adultos, e apesar da alta prevalência não foi associado ao aumento na hospitalização, sendo o maior risco atribuído à detecção de SARS-CoV-2 nessa população.

Predictions indicate that birds worldwide will be affected by global warming and extreme climatic events which is especially relevant for passerines because the diurnal habits, small body size, and high mass-adjusted metabolic rates of this group make it particularly susceptible to increases in temperature and aridity. Some bird species respond to conditions that stress osmoregulation by increasing their rates of energy expenditure, nevertheless, the effect of dehydration on metabolic rates in birds has produced contrasting results. It also remains unknown whether hydration state may cause shifts in tissue-specific metabolic rates or modify tissue oxidative status. We used the rufous-collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis), to experimentally test the effect of dehydration on metabolic enzymes in erythrocytes, tissue oxidative status, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and total evaporative water loss. We found a significant increase in mass-adjusted BMR in water restricted (WR) birds compared to control birds (CT). Activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase (COX) in red blood cells (RBCs) was also significantly higher in the WR group relative to the CT group and this activity was positively correlated with mass-adjusted BMR. We found a moderate effect of water restriction on membrane damage of skeletal muscle. In a second set of individuals subjected to the same experimental conditions, lean mass and total water were tightly correlated and decreased by 10 and 12%, respectively, in birds in the WR group relative to the CT group. Decreases in total water and lean mass leads to an increase in mass-adjusted BMR in WR Z. capensis, suggesting that birds may simultaneously increase protein catabolism and production of metabolic water through oxidation. The significant positive relationship between BMR and COX in RBCs is a finding that requires additional research to determine whether erythrocyte metabolism is affected by dehydration per se and or it more generally reflects rates of energy expenditure in birds.