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Extensive studies have been performed to elucidate the role of brassinosteroids (BRs), an important class of phy-tohormone in plant growth, development, and photomorphogenesis. Different wavelengths of light recognized by photoreceptors play a crucial role in plant development. The role of different photoreceptors in BR signaling has not been analyzed. Here we used photoreceptor single mutants, double mutants and even a quadruple mutant to analyze BR-dependent hypocotyl growth and gene regulation. All the photoreceptor mutants differed from the controls in their response to BR, and hypocotyl elongation as well as BR marker gene regulation were inhibited by application of propiconazole (PCZ), a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. In addition, altered Phytochrome and Cryptochrome expression in brassinosteroid insensitive 1 mutant bri1-5 and brassinazole-resistant 1 dominant mutant bzr1-D indicated that BR negatively regulates photoreceptors in transcriptional levels. This is the first study to investigate the connections between BR and photoreceptors in Arabidopsis.

We study a supply chain with a manufacturer and two different suppliers. One supplier is a big company abroad, who is prime and offers high quality modules with long lead time. The other supplier is a small local company, taken as the urgent supplier by the manufacturer, who can produce modules in inferior quality but with flexible delivery time. Excess customers beyond the orders from the prime supplier, who are sensitive to the delivery time, may be satisfied by modules from the urgent supplier. As the urgent supplier owns private cost information (either low or high cost type) and the prime one is the wholesale price setter, the manufacturer should carefully design his sourcing strategy. In this paper, we show that the manufacturer may deny the urgent supplier, allow only the low cost type or permit both cost types of the urgent supplier, which follows a threshold type policy. When both cost types participate, whether the manufacturer differentiates the urgent supplier is also threshold type controlled. With fully characterizing the contracting issue with the urgent supplier, we derive the optimal wholesale price of the prime supplier and related order quantity from him. We further analyze how the delivery time guarantee elasticity affects the performance of each party in the supply chain through either analytical or numerical studies.

In this paper, we proved a central limit theorem and established a moderate deviation principle for a perturbed stochastic wave equation defined on $[0,T]\times \rr^3$. This equation is driven by a Gaussian noise, white in time and correlated in space. The weak convergence approach plays an important role., 20 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1509.01757

The bacterial tobacco wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases worldwide. One strategy to improve the resistance to bacterial wilt is to make use of plant varieties expressing wilt resistance genes. To characterize the genetics of wilt resistance and to identify relevant molecular markers for use in plant breeding, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting tobacco bacterial wilt resistance were mapped in the F2:3 and F2:4 progeny produced from two crosses between the wilt-resistant breeding lines Enshu and Yanyan97 and the susceptible cultivar TI448A. A linkage map containing 118 loci in 24 linkage groups was constructed for 236 lines from the Enshu×TI448A cross, and a linkage map containing 96 loci in 24 linkage groups was constructed for 264 lines from the Yanyan97×TI448A cross. The wilt resistance of the progeny was examined in field trials conducted in Xuancheng, China, in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The disease severity was assessed on stems using separate rating scales. Mapmaker/EXP 3.0 and Mapmaker/QTL 1.1 were used to identify the qBWR-3a, qBWR-3b, qBWR-5a and qBWR-5b QTLs in linkage group 3 and 5; these four loci were strongly associated with resistance and explain 9.00, 19.70, 17.30, and 17.40 % of the variance in resistance, respectively. The close linkage of the markers PT20275 and PT30229 was detected in both the TI448A×Enshu and TI448A×Yanyan97 crosses, and this linkage group could be used to select individual resistant plants. These findings suggest that one strategy to combat bacterial wilt could be to exploit the resistance genes of the Enshu and Yanyan97 strains.

Mesoporous (N, S)-codoped TiO2 was simply prepared by a solvothermal method with thiourea as N and S source. The as-prepared products were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, BET and UV–vis. The results confirm that N and S have been incorporated into the lattice of anatase TiO2, which brings an obvious red-shift of the absorption edge into visible-light region. Moreover, the codoped products exhibit high photocatalytic activity under the visible-light irradiation.

In order to design the vibrator with the similar structure to military transport truck, which will be used in simulating transport environment and evaluating the transportation properties of the tested product, three-dimension model of overall structure of truck frame, crossbeams and floor is established with ADAMS/View based on multi-body dynamics theory and virtual prototyping technology. Post-processing of the simulation and analysis results is executed with ADAMS/Post Processor module with a military truck model in the study. According to the bump of vehicle during transport and the chassis vibration, the constraints, force and motion accord with the actual transport are put on the model. Vibration modes of all orders and the spectrum are gained and analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the simulation is consistent with the actual transport, which shows the simulation of the overall frame structure owns high credibility.

Electronic and optical properties of pure, N-doped, Fe-doped and (N, Fe)-codoped anatase TiO2 were evaluated, respectively, by using the density functional theory. The results indicate that the elemental doping narrows the band gap of TiO2 and realize its visible-light response activity; and incorporation of Fe into N-doped TiO2 further increases the photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation compared with that of the N-doped TiO2.

The present study was carried out to illustrate high-efficient detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with selected introgression lines (ILs) and the existence of ‘hidden genes’ conferring drought tolerance (DT). 52 selected DT ILs, derived from BC 2 F 2 population developed by crossing and backcrossing the susceptible recurrent parent (RP) IR64 with the susceptible donor Khazar were planted under irrigation and drought condition. Four important agronomic traits, e.g., grain yield (GY), heading date (HD), panicle numbers per plant (PN), and plant height (PH) were evaluated and 83 SSR polymorphic molecular markers were used for genotypic analysis. Chi-square test based on genetic hitch-hiking and one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) were used to detect drought-related loci. Nine and 36 loci were detected by chi-square test and one-way ANOVA, respectively. Five common loci were observed by comparing the results of the two methods, among which two QTLs linked with RM7, and RM241 were detected under irrigation condition, both of the favorable alleles were from RP and explained 13% phenotypic variation (PV) for GY and 28% PV for PH, respectively. The other three QTLs linked with RM163, RM18, and RM270 were detected under drought condition, the favorable alleles were all from the donor and explained 10, 24, and 19% PV for HD, PH, and PH, respectively. Five common loci were observed by comparing the results of chi-square test and one-way ANOVA including two QTLs (one for GY and one for PH) under irrigation condition and three QTLs (one for HD and two for PH) under drought condition. By combining phenotypic and genotypic analysis, drought escape could be inferred as the main mechanism for drought tolerance in the present study. The results in present study suggested that the selected ILs population analyzed by chi-square test and one-way ANOVA was quite effective for DT QTL detection with low inputs and could also produce useful materials for breeding with wide genetic diversity for drought tolerance.

In this paper, we study the deviation probability estimate for a leveraged exchanged-traded fund (LETF). By large deviation principle, we derive explicitly the logarithmic limit of the tail probability when the price of a LETF exceeds a given reference asset, which allows us to compute the underlying leverage ratio. Then we apply our results to various existing models, including the geometric Brownian motion (GBM) model, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model, inverse GARCH model, extended Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) model, 3/2 model, as well as the Heston and 3/2 stochastic volatility models, and to present their corresponding optimal leverage ratios, respectively.

In order to verify the fitting degree of whole vehicle simulation modeling and practical vibration, the transportation truck subsystem simulation models are established and the whole vehicle virtual model is assembled with ADAMS software based on multi-body dynamics theory and virtual prototyping. The documents of rural road are created in the MATLAB with harmonic superposition principle according to the description of pavements in different grades in the national standard. Through loading road documents, the obtained vibration spectrums are compared with the measured spectrums. The RMS(Root of Mean Square) of the virtual test inosculates basically with the RMS of practical running-in test in each test point by analyzing. It shows that the simulation experimental results have enough reliability and the established virtual prototyping can be used as a basis for structural design of vibration simulation system.

In order to improve the measuring accuracy and efficiency of projectiles’ centroidal deviation, the working principle and the relevant calculation formulae based on three points method are described in detail, the main factors affecting precision are discussed and quantitative analysis on precision of the equipment is made. The measuring platform with automatic leveling and locating based on the arc locating and so on are put forward to reduce error. The experimental results show that the system can satisfy the requirement for measuring with high accuracy. The equipment plays a very important role in testing ordnance, especially for measuring regular projectiles.

In this paper, we give two sufficient and necessary conditions for the L1-uniqueness of one-dimensional Sturm-Liouville operator ℒf = af″ + bf″ − V f, f ∈ D = C0∞ (I), where I is an open interval of ℝ and V ⩾ 0.

Two hundred and seventy-three CIMMYT bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines grown under irrigated conditions in Mexico during the 2005-06 Yaqui crop cycle were characterized for quality-related genetic traits using gene-specific markers for some high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) genes, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phytoene synthase (PSY), and waxy genes. Of them, 142 were analyzed for quality parameters including SDS sedimentation volume (SDS-SV), dough mixing time, and Alveograph parameters, and for HMW-GS and LMW-GS compositions using sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). For the Ppo-A1 locus tested with the marker PPO18, the frequencies of alleles Ppo-A1a and Ppo-A1b were 79.1 and 20.2%, respectively, and no PCR fragment was amplified in 2 lines (0.73%), whereas 227 lines (83.2%) contained the allele Ppo-D1a and 46 lines (16.8%) had Ppo-D1b detected by markers PPO16 and PPO29. For the marker YP7A, 142 lines (52.0%) were assumed to have the allele Psy-A1a and 131 lines (48.0%) contained the allele Psy-A1b. In the case of the marker YP7B for the gene Psy-B1, the alleles Psy-B1a and Psy-B1b were detected in 155 (56.8%) and 43 (15.8%) lines, respectively, and 75 (27.4%) lines possessed the allele Psy-B1d detected by the marker YP7B-3. All 273 lines contained the alleles Wx-A1a and Wx-D1a as determined by markers MAG264 and MAG269, respectively. Using the marker Wx-B1, 204 lines (74.7%) were presumed to have the Wx-B1a allele and 69 (25.3%) possessed Wx-B1b. The over-expressing allele of Bx7 OE and subunit By8*, not clearly seen with SDS-PAGE, were detected by RP-HPLC. The numbers of lines with subunits Ax2*, By8, By9, Bx17, Bx20, Dx5, and Glu-B3j were 90, 16, 57, 5, 46, 118, and 33, respectively, in the 142 lines analyzed with molecular markers, and were consistent with the results obtained by SDS-PAGE, except for one line with the 1A.1R translocation. Subunits Ax1 and Ax2* at the Glu-A1 locus showed significantly better effects on all quality parameters than subunit Null. Subunits 5 + 10 gave significantly better effects for all parameters. Subunit Glu-A3b showed more positive effects than its alternative alleles on SDS-SV and SDS-sedimentation volume/protein content index (SPI). The allele Glu-B3g showed the best effect on SDS-SV and Alveograph W, whereas Glu-B3j, associated with the 1B.1R translocation, exhibited a strongly negative effect on all quality parameters.

In this paper, one investigates the transportation-information T c I inequalities: α(T c (ν, μ)) ≤ I (ν|μ) for all probability measures ν on a metric space $${(\mathcal{X}, d)}$$ , where μ is a given probability measure, T c (ν, μ) is the transportation cost from ν to μ with respect to the cost function c(x, y) on $${\mathcal{X}^2}$$ , I(ν|μ) is the Fisher–Donsker–Varadhan information of ν with respect to μ and α : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞] is a left continuous increasing function. Using large deviation techniques, it is shown that T c I is equivalent to some concentration inequality for the occupation measure of a μ-reversible ergodic Markov process related to I(·|μ). The tensorization property of T c I and comparisons of T c I with Poincare and log-Sobolev inequalities are investigated. Several easy-to-check sufficient conditions are provided for special important cases of T c I and several examples are worked out.

In this paper, we study the Moderate Deviation Principle for a perturbed stochastic heat equation in the whole space $\rr^d, d\ge1$. This equation is driven by a Gaussian noise, white in time and correlated in space, and the differential operator is a fractional derivative operator. The weak convergence method plays an important role., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1401.2798, arXiv:1505.04671, arXiv:math/0610769 by other authors

Background N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor adaptor protein receptor (SNAREs) domain-containing proteins were known as key players in vesicle-associated membrane fusion. Genetic screening has revealed the function of SNAREs in different aspects of plant biology, but the role of many SNAREs are still unknown. In this study, we have characterized the role of Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE protein AtBS14b in brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling pathway. Results AtBS14b overexpression (AtBS14b ox) plants exhibited short hypocotyl and petioles lengths as well as insensitivity to exogenously supplied BR, while AtBS14b mutants did not show any visible BR-dependent morphological differences. BR biosynthesis enzyme BR6OX2 expression was slightly lower in AtBS14b ox than in wild type plants. Further BR-mediated repression of BR6OX2, CPD and DWF4 was inhibited in AtBS14b ox plants. AtBS14b-mCherry fusion protein localized in vesicular compartments surrounding plasma membrane in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, isolation of AtBS14b-interacting BR signaling protein, which localized in plasma membrane, showed that AtBS14b directly interacted with membrane steroid binding protein 1 (MSBP1), but did not interact with BAK1 or BRI1. Conclusion These data suggested that Qc-SNARE protein AtBS14b is the first SNARE protein identified that interacts with MSBP1, and the overexpression of AtBS14b modulates BR response in Arabidopsis.

Rhodamine B (RB) was used as a molecular probe to make a comparison of the photocatalytic properties between a P-25 coated film and a dip-coated anatase Ti02 film. It was found that RB on the two illuminated TiO2 surfaces underwent very different changes. The reduction of RB concentration on a P-25 film showed pseudo first-order kinetics during all the reaction time. In contrast, the concentration of the RB aqueous solution with an anatase Ti02 film did not show exponential decay through overall illumination time, but the kinetics of RB (or rhodamine) disappearance was apparently first order with respect to time before and after blue shift of the maximum absorbance (corresponding to N-de-ethylation) ended separately.

Transparent TiO2 thin films were prepared on glass substrates by a sol-gel method. They were confirmed to be anatase crystallites by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra analyses. The photocatalytic properties of the sol-gel derived films were assessed by measuring the photodegradative oxidation of Rhodamine A in aqueous solution and compared with Degussa P-25 coated films. These SG-TiO2 films showed much higher photoactivity than P-25 coated films at the initial time of the reaction. Results of this study also indicate that the photodegradative mechanisms assisted by the two kinds of films are obviously different: highly efficient and fast N-de-ethylation accompanied the degradation of Rhodamine B catalyzed by a SG-TiO2 thin film, whereas only degradative reaction took place when P-25 coated film existed.

The fractal dimensions of aggregates of latex particles coated by poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) have been measured in worse-than-θ-solvents for different electrolyte concentrations and temperatures. For the lowest molecular weight PEG studied (2 × 10 4 ), the measured fractal dimension of 2.1 was almost independent of temperature over the range studied. The value corresponds to partially reversible cluster aggregation, which leads to relatively compact aggregates. For the highest molecular weight PEG studied (6 × 10 5 ), the fractal dimension decreased significantly (from 2.4 to 1.7) with temperature, signifying the generation of more ramified aggregates. The results obtained for this hydrophilic polymer contrast markedly with those previously published for the aggregation or latexes coated by the hydrophobic polymer poly( N -isopropylacrylamide), which becomes hydrophobic as a result of a coil-to-globule transition.

Fulan Xie1,*, Nian Yao1,*, Yao Qin1, Qianyu Zhang1, Huali Chen1, Mingqing Yuan1, Jie Tang1, Xiankun Li1, Wei Fan1, Qiang Zhang2, Yong Wu1, Li Hai1, Qin He11Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this workBackground: An intimidating challenge to transporting drugs into the brain parenchyma is the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Glucose is an essential nutritional substance for brain function sustenance, which cannot be synthesized by the brain. Its transport primarily depends on the glucose transporters on the brain capillary endothelial cells. In this paper, the brain-targeted properties of glucose-modified liposomes using polyethylene glycols with different chain lengths as the linkers were compared and evaluated to establish an optimized drug-delivery system.Methods: Coumarin 6-loaded liposomes (GLU200-LIP, GLU400-LIP, GLU1000-LIP, and GLU2000-LIP) composed of phospholipids and glucose-derived cholesterols were prepared by thin-film dispersion-ultrasound method. The BBB model in vitro was developed to evaluate the transendothelial ability of the different liposomes crossing the BBB. The biodistribution of liposomes in the mice brains was identified by in vivo and ex vivo nearinfrared fluorescence imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy and further analyzed quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: Glucose-derived cholesterols were synthesized and identified, and coumarin 6-loaded liposomes were prepared successfully. The particle sizes of the four types of glucose-modified liposomes were around or smaller than 100 nm with a polydispersity index less than 0.300. GLU400-LIP, GLU1000-LIP, and GLU2000-LIP achieved higher cumulative cleared volumes on BBB model in vitro after 6 hours compared with GLU200-LIP (P < 0.05) and were significantly higher than that of the conventional liposome (P < 0.001). The qualitative and quantitative biodistribution results in the mice showed that the accumulation of GLU1000-LIP in the brain was the highest among all the groups (P < 0.01 versus LIP).Conclusion: The data indicated that GLU400-LIP, GLU1000-LIP, and GLU2000-LIP all possess the potential of brain targeting, among which GLU1000-LIP, as a promising drug-delivery system, exhibited the strongest brain delivery capacity.Keywords: glucose, polyethylene glycols, liposome, BBB, brain-targeted

Glucosyl derivates exhibited favorable distribution to the brain. However, bidirectional transport of glucose transporter 1 might decrease concentrations of the prodrugs in brain before the release of parent drugs. To overcome this defect, glucosyl thiamine disulfide prodrugs 1a-1c incorporating naproxen were designed and synthesized. Furthermore, prodrug 2 and 3 were also prepared as control. The favorable physicochemical properties of these prodrugs were verified by stability and metabolism studies. Results from the in vivo distribution study indicated that 1a-1c, and 1b in particular, significantly increased the level of naproxen in brain when compared to 2 and 3. The study suggested glucosyl thiamine disulfide was a promising carrier to enhance the brain bioavailability of central nervous system active drugs.

To design reliably the products transportation simulation experiment system based on multi-body dynamics theory, vibration theory and virtual prototyping, the transportation vehicle subsystem simulation models such as fore and rear suspension, tire, vehicle body and steering are built and the whole vehicle virtual model is assembled, through the application of multi-body dynamics software (ADAMS). According to the description of special transportation pavement and pavements in different grades in the national army standard, the pavement files in different grades accorded with the requirement of the tire model of the software(ADAMS) is compiled by MATLAB. Through loading the random pavement, the comfort simulation for the vehicle is carried out and the obtained vibration spectra is compared with the measured spectra. Through analyzing, there is only a few difference between the RMS of each point obtained from simulation experiment and the RMS of each point obtained from running-in test, which indicates that the simulation experiment results have enough reliability and the “vehicle-road” transportation simulation experiment system can replace the practical vehicle experiment to some extent. So the simulation experimental results provide reference for correlation research.

New glycosyl derivative of cholesterol was synthesized as a material for preparing novel liposome to overcome the ineffective delivery of normal drug formulations to brain by targeting the (glucose transporters) GLUTs on the BBB. Coumarin-6 was used as fluorescent probe. The results have shown that the cytotoxicity for the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) of the glucose-mediated brain targeting liposome containing coumarin-6 was less than that of conventional liposome. The BBB model in vitro was established by coculturing of BCECs and astrocytes (ACs) of rat to test the transendothelial ability crossing the BBB. The transendothelial ability was confirmed strengthen alone with the amount of the new glycosyl derivative of cholesterol used in liposome. After i.v. administration of LIP, control liposome (CLP), and GLP-4, the AUC(0-t) of coumarin-6 for GLP-4 was 2.85 times higher than that of LIP, and 3.33 times higher than that of CLP. The C(max) of CLP-4 was 1.43 times higher than that of LIP, and 3.10 times higher than that of CLP. Both pharmacokinetics and distribution in mice were also investigated to show that this novel brain targeting drug delivery system was promising.

Via Phi-Sobolev inequalities, we give some sharp integrability conditions on $F$ for the large deviation principle of the empirical mean $\frac{1}{T}{\int_{0}^{T}{F(X_{s})}ds}$ for large time $T$, where $F$ is unbounded with values in some separable Banach space. Several examples are provided.

To observe clinical therapeutic effect of moxibustion on abnormal blood lipids.The patients who did not take the medicine for regulating blood lipids and had still abnormal blood lipids after diet therapy for 3 months, were divided into 4 groups according to different types of abnormal blood lipids. Forty cases selected in each group were again divided randomly into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group were treated with moxibustion at Shousanli (LI 10), Zusanli (ST 36) and Shenque (CV 3) on the basis of diet therapy, and the control group only with the diet therapy. Their therapeutic effects were observed and compared after treatment of 90 days.There were significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in various groups of different types of abnormal blood lipids (P0.05).Moxibustion at Shousanli (LI 10), Zusanli (ST 36) and Shenque (CV 3) has a better therapeutic effect on abnormal blood lipids.

A layered superlattice, WO 3 -polymer/1,10-decanediamine (1,10-DAD) self-assembled multilayer film, has been fabricated by means of alternating adsorption of transition metal tungsten compound and 1,10-DAD. UV-visible spectra were employed to study the growth process. The well ordered superlattice multilayer structure of WO 3 -polymer/1,10-DAD SAM film was identified by small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD) study. The d space of the SAM film was calculated as 2.897 nm from the SAXRD data, which agrees well with the results get by thickness measurement. The SAM film showed better photochromic properties compared with those of pre-reported WO 3 /4,4′-Bis(aminomethyl)-Biphenyl (4,4′-BAMBP) system. It's found that the exciting improved photochromic properties of WO 3 -polymer/1,10-DAD films come from the polymerization of WO 3 molecules in the inorganic layers. The results clearly show that the organic molecules can efficiently manipulate the microstructure of the inorganic layer as well as the photochromic properties of the self-assembled multilayer films.

A one-pot reaction design is proposed in this paper for synthesis of layered polymer/MoO3 materials. The experimental results evidenced the availability of this design. By using acidified ammonium molybdate as precursor of the inorganic hosts and FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent of aniline, layered PANI/MoO3 has been obtained via a one-step coprecipitation route.

A method has been developed for growing single crystals of Ba2GdCu3O7−y of much larger size (∼2×3×6 mm3). The crystals as grown were semiconductors and became superconductors with a zero resistance temperature of 92 K after they were annealed in flowing oxygen. Good x‐ray diffraction and Laue patterns were obtained from a superconducting crystal (∼2×3×4 mm3) that was cleaved in (001) plane, and lattice constants were determined to be a=3.8401 A, b=3.9007 A, and c=11.7104 A.