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This study proposes a graph-based method for representing the dynamics of chronic diabetes as a complex process with different characteristics. The study was based on the case histories of6864 patients with diabetes mellitus, 90% of whom suffer from type 2 diabetes. Our method allows to predict the sequence of events during the development of type 2 diabetes for each patient. Typical developmental trajectories of the disease were investigated, their clustering was carried out, the trajectory patterns were identified and studied. Based on the constructed directed graph reflecting transitions between different conditions of the patients, the clustering of diabetic statuses was carried out using the Modularity Class method; 8 clusters were selected, each of them was interpreted and studied. The method of the disease developmental trajectories creation by means of machine learning methods was described. Unlike static models of a disease course, this method considers complete past information on the patient and his or her previous events, using each event of the course of disease to predict the next event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main idea of this research is the creation of a new approach to the prediction of chronic diabetes course. This approach is based on dividing patients into several clusters. We used Machine Learning methods for it. Next, we created a diagram of the course of disease in form Markov chains for each cluster of patients. Diagram in form directed graph. Nodes and edges are conditions of patients and transactions between these conditions. Edges values are the probability of transactions. The method based on 7000 histories of diabetes course. A medical specialist can use this method for creating a prediction of diabetes course for a patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prevalent conditions that often co-occur. We reviewed the available evidence from longitudinal and Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies on the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder and T2DM. The clinical implications of this comorbidity on the course of either condition and the impact of antidepressants, mood stabilisers, and antidiabetic drugs were examined. Consistent evidence indicates a bidirectional association between mood disorders and T2DM. T2DM leads to more severe depression, whereas depression is associated with more complications and higher mortality in T2DM. MR studies demonstrated a causal effect of MDD on T2DM in Europeans, while a suggestive causal association in the opposite direction was found in East Asians. Antidepressants, but not lithium, were associated with a higher T2DM risk in the long-term, but confounders cannot be excluded. Some oral antidiabetics, such as pioglitazone and liraglutide, may be effective on depressive and cognitive symptoms. Studies in multi-ethnic populations, with a more careful assessment of confounders and appropriate power, would be important. • There is a bidirectional association between mood disorders and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). • Depression is associated with greater complications and higher mortality in T2DM. • T2DM is associated with chronicity, treatment resistance, and severe symptoms in depression. • Some antidepressants may improve glycaemic control in the short-term. • Thiazolidinediones and incretin analogues may be effective on depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Observational studies have reported lower risks of type 2 diabetes with higher vitamin K1 intake, but these studies overlook effect modification due to known diabetes risk factors., Objective: To identify subgroups that might benefit from vitamin K1 intake, we examined associations between vitamin K1 intake and incident diabetes overall and in subpopulations at risk of diabetes., Methods: Participants from the prospective cohort, the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, with no history of diabetes were followed up for diabetes incidence. The association between intake of vitamin K1, estimated from a food frequency questionnaire completed at baseline, and incident diabetes was determined using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models., Results: In 54 787 Danish residents with a median (interquartile range) age of 56 (52-60) years at baseline, 6700 individuals were diagnosed with diabetes during 20.8 (17.3-21.6) years of follow-up. Vitamin K1 intake was inversely and linearly associated with incident diabetes (P < .0001). Compared to participants with the lowest vitamin K1 intake (median:57 µg/d), participants with the highest intakes (median:191 µg/d) had a 31% lower risk of diabetes (HR; 95% CI, 0.69; 0.64-0.74) after multivariable adjustments. The inverse association between vitamin K1 intake and incident diabetes was present in all subgroups (namely, men and women, ever and never smokers, low and high physical activity groups, and in participants who were normal to overweight and obese), with differences in absolute risk between subgroups., Conclusion: Higher intake of foods rich in vitamin K1 was associated with a lower risk of diabetes. If the associations observed are causal, our results indicate that more cases of diabetes would be prevented in subgroups at higher risk (men, smokers, participants with obesity, and those with low physical activity)., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.)