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Background: The nuclei of most cancer cells in histopathologic preparations differ from normal nuclei and vary individually in size, shape, and chromatin pattern. Although the cytologic characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung have been described, quantification of the cytologic features has not been established. Methods: Cytologic investigations were performed on bronchial brushings or washings, or fine-needle aspirates. We analyzed the nuclear area (NA) of 50 tumor cells in 32 patients with SCC of the lung and 50 bronchial epithelial cells in 20 patients with no evidence of malignancy including inflammatory lesions. Results: The NA of tumor cells (102.4 ± 26.2 μm2) was significantly larger than that of bronchial epithelial cells (64.1 ± 16.9 μm2) (P = 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that an NA cutoff level of 86 μm2 had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 88% to detect malignant components. Conclusion: We conducted quantitative analyses of NA in SCC using cytologic specimen, NA was a useful parameter for evaluation of differential diagnosis between SCC and non-malignancies even in cytologic specimens.

Background:Radiography forms an important as well as an integral part of diagnosis which is used in various fields of medical and dental services to give an appropriate diagnosis. But, diagnostic radiations also induce some amount of damage to the cell at cytogenetic levels, depending on the dosage of the radiation administered. Objective:The objective of the present study was to observe the cytomorphometric changes in the buccal mucosa of patients who were exposed to computed tomography.Materials and methods:Study sample consisted of 15 patients who were exposed to Computed Tomography prior to treatment planning for placement of dental implants. Buccal mucosal smears were obtained pre and 10 days post radiation exposure by using a wooden tongue depressor and the contents were smeared on to clean glass slides and fixed using Biofix spray. Post fixation, these smears were stained using rapid PAP stain and viewed under compound microscope. Cytomorphometric analysis was performed using image ‘J’ software for 50 cells. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software.Results: Cytomorphometric analysis of the buccal mucosal cells, did show variations in the nuclear and cellular parameters, but statistical significant results were obtained in case of nuclear diameter and nuclear area only suggesting genotoxic alterations following exposure to computed tomography.Conclusion: Oral buccal mucosal cells showed significant cytomorphometric changes in the nuclear parameters after exposure to X-rays during Computed Tomography. A longitudinal study consisting of a bigger sample size is required to evaluate the long-term effects of radiation on these buccal mucosa cells.Keywords: buccal mucosa; computed tomography; cytomorphometry; radiation.

Core needle biopsy (CNB) has been used as an alternative or a complementary method for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. However, morphological analysis of the nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells obtained via CNB remains unclear. Hence, we examined the differences between the PTC nuclear features in CNB and thyroidectomy specimens.Ten PTC patients, who underwent both CNB and thyroidectomy, were selected. Microscopic photographs of three representative areas of the PTC and adjacent parenchyma were taken. Ten cells per photograph were chosen, and 1200 cells were evaluated (300 PTC and 300 follicular cells in the CNB and thyroidectomy specimens, respectively). The area, circumference, major axis, and minor axis were measured using an image analyzer. Detailed nuclear features (size and shape, membrane irregularity, chromatin characteristics) were scored using a 3-point scale.The mean nuclear area, circumference, major axis, and minor axis of PTC cells in the CNB specimen were 1.76, 1.34, 1.34, and 1.29 times larger than those of the follicular cells (p0.001); similar results were seen in the thyroidectomy specimens (2.04, 1.41, 1.37, and 1.37: p0.001). Comparative analysis revealed that these parameters were significantly smaller in the CNB specimens than those in the thyroidectomy specimens (p0.001). Nuclear grades were also lower in the former owing to poor chromatin characteristics (clearing and margination) (p0.01).Considering that the PTC nuclei in CNB specimens are smaller with fewer irregularities and less clear than those in thyroidectomy specimens, we need to emphasize caution when using CNB specimens for diagnosis.

Polyploidization plays an important role in speciation and evolution in anurans. However, a few stable triploid populations and some isolated triploid individuals have been reported. Here, we report the discovery of naturally occurring triploids in contact zones between diploid Odontophrynus cordobae and tetraploid O. americanus from Central Argentina, and propose values of erythrocyte area for the distinction of ploidy levels. A total of 101 individuals from three contact zones were studied and ploidy of each specimen was identified by mean chromosome count and erythrocyte size. Twenty three adult triploid specimens (males: ; females: ) from two contact sites were identified (percentage of individuals per ploidy level: site S2, %, %, %; site S3: %, %, %). The limit values of erythrocyte nuclear area used to distinguish between different ploidy levels were 23.62 μm2 (probability to be assigned to a respective ploidy level = 94.78%) for separating diploids and triploids and 27.67 μm2 (98.62%) for triploids and tetraploids. The high number of adult triploids occurring in more than one contact site between O. cordobae and O. americanus indicates that is not an isolated event. However, further studies are necessary to provide a hypothesis on the origin and evaluate the possible maintenance of triploids in syntopy with O. cordobae and O. americanus.

An assessment of the consequences of radiation doses due to the BDBA (beyond design basic accident) on the RSG-GAS research reactor has been done. The assessment was carried out to evaluate the KNS (Serpong Nuclear Area) EPZ (emergency preparedness zone) site after the reactor was operational for 30 years. The RSG-GAS research reactor is a 30MWt multipurpose reactor. It is the largest research reactor in Indonesia. RSG-GAS was built in the KNS Area in the Puspiptek complex which was put into operation in 1987. Previous estimations of the radiological consequences were made on accidents which were postulated based on DBA conditions. With the aging of the reactor, a study was carried out on the radiological consequences of the BDBA accident. The ATWS (anticipated transient without scram) event caused the BDBA condition which resulted in the melted of 5 fuel bundles. Source term is estimated based on an inventory of 5 melted fuel bundles, and fission products release through the reactor core, cooling system, reactor hall, and finally discharge to the environment through the reactor stack. Radionuclide inventory is calculated by ORIGEN2.1. With the influence of weather, fission products are dispersed into the air and deposited to the surface of the soil on the site. Weather and environmental data used are spatial analysis of ARC-GIS. Consequences analysis was carried out in 16 wind direction sectors within a 5 km radius using PC-COSYMA. The calculation results show the largest dose is reached in a radius below 500 m with the direction of the wind to the South. The radiation dose is below the dose limits for the exclusion and beyond exclusion area. Consequences of BDBA accident dose at RSG-GAS does not require countermeasure like sheltering, evacuation nor relocation.

Objective To evaluate if dental students with the habit of smoking exhibit alterations in the epithelial cells of the cheek mucosa on the nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA) or in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio (NA/CA), when compared to non-smokers. Methods This is a descriptive, experimental study using a control group. The sample comprised 40 dental undergraduates (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers). Individuals who smoked at least 5 or 6 cigarettes a day were deemed to be smokers, while non-smokers were those who reported having no experience of any form of smoking. The samples of epithelial cells were obtained from the oral mucosa using the liquid-based exfoliative cytology technique. The slides were processed in the laboratory, stained using the Papanicolau technique and were analyzed via an image analysis system (analySIS getIT). A structured questionnaire was applied with the aim of measuring independent variables related to personal characteristics, health and lifestyle behavior. Results The values obtained in the group of smokers were as follows: NA (169.4 µm² ± 17.0), CA (1240.1 µm² ± 128.9) and NA/CA ratio (0.1375 ± 0.01743). The results did not evidence significant differences when compared to the control group: NA (170.7 µm² ± 20.0), CA (1255.3 µm² ± 174.5) and NA/CA (0.1380 ± 0.01436). Conclusion It was not possible to observe significant cell alterations in the NA, CA or the NA/CA ratio of epithelial cells of the oral mucosa. Other risk factors associated with tobacco should be studied, principally the length of exposure to the properties of the causative agent. RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar se os estudantes de odontologia que possuem hábitos tabagistas apresentam alterações celulares nas células epiteliais da mucosa jugal sobre as áreas nucleares (AN), citoplasmáticas (AC) e na relação núcleo/citoplasma (AN/AC) quando comparados a não fumantes. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo experimental, descritivo com grupo controle. A amostra foi composta por 40 estudantes de graduação em odontologia (20 fumantes e 20 não fumantes). Consideraram-se fumantes aqueles indivíduos que fumavam diariamente, no mínimo, cinco a seis cigarros do tipo industrializado; e não fumantes aqueles indivíduos que relataram a não experiência com qualquer tipo de fumo. As amostras de células epiteliais foram obtidas da mucosa oral pela técnica de citologia esfoliativa em meio líquido. As lâminas foram processadas em laboratório, coradas pela técnica de Papanicolau e analisadas através de um sistema de análise de imagens (Analysis getlt). Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado com o intuito de mensurar variáveis independentes referentes às características pessoais, comportamentos em saúde e estilo de vida. Resultados Os valores obtidos no grupo dos fumantes para a AN (169,4 µm² ± 17,0), AC (1240,1 µm² ± 128,9) e na relação AN/AC (0,1375 ± 0,01743) não apresentaram resultados com diferenças expressivas quando comparados ao grupo controle AN (170,7 µm² ± 20,0), AC (1255,3 µm² ± 174,5) e na AN/AC (0,1380 ± 0,01436). Conclusão Não foi possível observar alterações celulares significantes nas AN, AC e na relação AN/AC de células epiteliais da mucosa oral. Outros fatores de risco associados ao tabaco devem ser estudados, principalmente o tempo de exposição às propriedades do agente causador.

We determined cytologic features of histologically confirmed subcentimeter canine mammary tumors (CMTs) to determine reasonable criteria for an accurate cytologic diagnosis. Fifty-three CMTs from 28 bitches were included. All cytologic samples were collected by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy, stained with May-Grünwald/Giemsa, and retrospectively evaluated using a scoring system established for 18 cytologic features. Mean nuclear area (MNA) was also measured for each sample by a computer-assisted program. Based on the histologic diagnosis, CMTs were divided into 2 groups: malignant tumors (25) and benign lesions (15). Data were statistically analyzed using Fisher and Mann–Whitney tests. Chromatin pattern ( p < 0.05) and macrophage infiltration ( p < 0.05) were significantly different between the groups. Median MNA was significantly ( p < 0.05) larger in malignant tumors. The evaluation of these cytologic features in subcentimeter CMTs may increase the sensitivity of cytology.

A fim de avaliar o efeito do extrativismo seletivo sobre o subsistema de decomposicao na Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiros, foram estudadas as formas de humus numa area nuclear protegida (SOO) e em dois fragmentos representativos dos remanescentes florestais na escala da paisagem. Os estoques de materia orgânica sao menores em SOO Reserva que nos fragmentos onde a materia orgânica se acumula no horizonte A. A qualidade do folhico difere entre os sitios, com menores proporcoes de calcio e fosforo nos fragmentos; para os horizontes hemi-orgânicos, valores menores de Ca2+ e, inclusive, de bases de troca, pH e saturacao em bases (V%) foram igualmente registrados. As formas de humus foram classificadas como mull mesotrofico tropical para SOO Reserva e mull oligotrofico tropical para os fragmentos, nos quais a acumulacao de materia orgânica estaria relacionada ao oligotrofismo do solo e aos altos valores de Al3+ ligado a compostos orgânicos de dificil biodegradacao. O conjunto dos resultados sugere uma menor reciclagem de calcio e um menor "turnover" da materia orgânica nos fragmentos onde houve extrativismo que em SOO. Finalmente, nossos resultados mostram que nos humus analisados existe uma relacao estreita entre a qualidade do folhico e as caracteristicaspedologicas, que levam, nos fragmentos, a outra forma de funcionamento do subsistema de decomposicao, propria de estagios sucessionais secundarios. ABSTRACT - HUMUS FORMS IN TABLELAND ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENTS - ES, BRAZIL: EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE LOGGING ON DECOMPOSITION SUBSYSTEM In order to assess the effects of logging under the decomposition subsystem in Tableland Atlantic Forest hotspot we studied the humus-forms in a protected nuclear area (SOO) and in two fragments (PN and BIO) as a model of current remnants at the landscape level. Organic matter stocks were lower in SOO than in fragments where organic matter accumulated in the A horizon. Litter quality is markedly different across sites, with lower calcium and phosphorous proportions for fragments, as well as for hemorganic horizons, where minor values of Ca2+, exchangeable bases, pH and base saturation were also registered for fragments. Two humus forms were classified: a tropical mesotrophic mull in SOO Reserve and a tropical oligotrophic mull in fragments. Organic matter accumulation in fragments is likely to be related to poorer nutrient status and to higher Al3+ linking to less biodegrading organic compounds. These results suggest lower calcium recycling and a slow organic matter turnover into logging fragments compared to the protected Reserve. Finally, our results show that for the humus forms analyzed, there is a relationship between litter quality and soil characteristics, which leads to another way of functioning of the decomposition subsystem, characteristic of a secondary successional stage in the fragments.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:37:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat hearts. Exposure was through rat food that was nebulized with the herbicide. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200–300 g) were used. The diet was exposed to 2,4-D in two different doses (CG: control group 10 ml distilled water; LCG: low concentration group 3.71 × 10−3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml saline at 0.9% and HCG: High concentration group 9.28 × 10−3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml 0.9% saline). After 6 months of exposure, blood samples were collected for CKMB evaluation, and left ventricular fragments were analyzed by histological evaluation, fibrosis measurements, fractal dimension and immunohistochemistry (BAX, Bcl2, TNF-α and NF-kB). There were no significant changes in CK-MB concentration, histological parameters, fibrosis measurements and fractal dimension. Long-term oral consumption of food nebulized by the herbicide 2,4-D promoted an increase in BAX, Bcl-2/BAX, and cytoplasmic NF-kB in the nuclear area of the group that received the highest dose of the herbicide. This suggests that the herbicide induces cardiotoxicity. Postgraduate Animal Science Program University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE) Faculty of Health Sciences Physiotherapy University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE) Faculty of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP) Faculty of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Marinesco bodies (MBs) are spherical nuclear inclusions found in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra. Although MBs are abundant in senescent brains, how they are related to aging processes remains unclear. Here, we performed a morphometric analysis of midbrain pigmented neurons to identify the possible influence of MBs on nuclear size. The transected area of the nucleus (nuclear area) was larger in the presence of MBs and was correlated with the area of MB (MB area) in all tested brains. The MB-associated nuclear enlargement was significant even after MB areas were subtracted from nuclear areas. Moreover, higher MB immunoreactivity of p62 was detected in the nucleoplasm of the enlarged MB-associated nuclei. This study on human brains is the first quantitative approach demonstrating MB-associated nuclear enlargement and progressive accumulation of small nucleoplasmic materials. Although cellular hypertrophy is usually considered to be an indication of the upregulation of cellular function, this might not always be the case. These findings suggest that an age-related decline of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy system activity and stagnation of undegradable materials are one of the candidate mechanisms to explain the age-related decline of neural activity in the substantia nigra.

Resumo A urbanização no município de Campinas-SP e região ocorreu de forma rápida e intensa, provocando acentuadas alterações na paisagem e resultando em uma expressiva degradação das áreas florestais e da cobertura vegetal natural. Este fenômeno deu origem a um processo de fragmentação florestal bastante intenso. Neste contexto, mapear estes fragmentos e avaliá-los segundo indicadores ambientais é de suma importância, pois permite avaliar a condição destes nas bacias hidrográficas, bem como identificar áreas prioritárias para ações de recuperação e manejo a serem implantadas. Assim, o presente estudo traz uma classificação dos fragmentos florestais identificados na Bacia do Ribeirão Anhumas, Campinas-SP, utilizando como indicadores as seguintes métricas de paisagem: tamanho, área nuclear e índice de circularidade. Para tanto, foi realizada uma Análise de Agrupamento com uso do software estatístico XSTAT, como forma de identificar as semelhanças entre os fragmentos, considerando os indicadores supracitados, e agrupá-los em classes. Uma correlação entre eles também foi desenvolvida a fim de identificar possíveis relações de interdependência. Constatou-se que a bacia estudada é altamente urbanizada, sobretudo na região do alto curso, local onde existem menos fragmentos, com tamanhos menores e em situação majoritária de isolamento. Embora, de forma geral, os fragmentos apresentem tamanho bom, há um considerável agravante: o índice de área nuclear é bem baixo, cerca de 25%, o que implica que grande parte da área de cobertura ocupada pelos fragmentos encontra-se sujeita aos efeitos de borda. Além disso, pela análise de agrupamento, os fragmentos puderam ser agrupados em três classes, sendo o fator tamanho um dos mais determinantes. Identificou-se ainda a sub-bacia do baixo curso como a região menos urbanizada e com maiores fragmentos e maior potencial para a implantação de ações de manejo e recuperação dos fragmentos florestais como, por exemplo, corredores ecológicos. Abstract The urbanization in Campinas, São Paulo state, and the surrounding region had occurred in a fast and intensive way, causing big changes in the landscape and resulting in an expressive devastation of the forest areas and its natural vegetation cover. This circumstance had given rise to the forest fragmentation process. Therefore, mapping these fragments and evaluating them according to some environmental indicators is very important because it allows to evaluate the basin conditions and to identify the priority areas for the implementation of recovery and management actions. Thus, this work presents a classification of the forest fragments identified in ‘Ribeirão Anhumas’ watershed, Campinas, SP state, using as indicators the following landscape metrics: size, nuclear area and circularity index. Therefore, a Group Analysis was carried out using the statistical software XSTAT, as a way to identify the similarities between the fragments, considering the aforementioned indicators, and grouping them into classes. A correlation between them has also been developed in order to identify possible relationships of interdependence. It was found that this river basin is highly urbanized, where there are fewer fragments with smaller sizes and in most cases isolated. Although the fragments were generally classified as good, there is a considerable aggravating factor for the environmental quality of these fragments: the nuclear area index was quite low, about 25%, this implies that much of the area covered by fragments is subject to edge effects. Furthermore, through the cluster analyses the fragments had been grouped into three classes, where the size had been one of the most determinant factor. It was also identified the sub-basin of the low course as the less urbanized region, with larger fragments and greater potential for the implementation of management and recovery actions on the forest fragments, such as ecological corridors.

espanolIV. milurtekoaren erdialdea eta K.a. III. milurtekoaren artean datatutako aire zabaleko bi kokalekuren indusketa arkeologikoren emaitzak biltzen ditu. Errioxan, Ebro ibaiaren eskuinaldean, populaketa mota honen inguruan argitaratutako froga bakarrak direla esan dezakegu. Bi kokalekuek ezaugarri berdinak dituzte neurriari, antolaketari eta kokapen-irizpideei dagokienez, eta ohikoak ziren ezaugarri horiek megalito handiak eraikitzen zituzten gizarte segmentarioetan. Azken Neolitoa-Kalkolitoa eta Kalkolitoa-Antzinako Brontze Aroaren arteko trantsizioko kultura materialeko elementuak dituzte, hurrenez hurren, 14C datazio bidez testuingurua finkatuta. Hala eta guztiz ere, profil arkeologikoetan aldeak nabari ditzakegu sorrerari eta haietako bakoitzean garatu zituzten jarduerei dagokienez, “zulo-zelaietarako” dinamiken baitan. Hilobi megalitikoekin eta barrunbeetako leku bizigarriekin alderatuta, herrixka sinkronikoetan esku-hartze gutxiago egin denez, beharrezkoa izan da informazioa dibertsifikatzea, hala, komunitate horietako profil zehatzagoak lortu ahal izateko. espanolSe presentan los resultados de la excavacion arqueologica de dos asentamientos al aire libre fechados entre mediados del IV y III milenio cal BC, practicamente los unicos testimonios publicados de este tipo de poblamiento en la margen derecha del rio Ebro en La Rioja. Ambos presentan caracteristicas comunes en su tamano, organizacion y criterios de emplazamiento, propios de las sociedades segmentarias constructoras de grandes megalitos. Poseen elementos de cultura material de transicion del Neolitico Final-Calcolitico y Calcolitico-Bronce Antiguo, respectivamente, contextualizados por dataciones 14C. A pesar de ello, sus perfiles arqueologicos tienen diferencias en la concepcion y las actividades que en cada uno se desarrollaron, dentro de las dinamicas que se suponen para los “campos de hoyos”. El deficit de intervenciones en poblados sincronicos frente a sepulcros megaliticos y contextos habitacionales en cavidad, hace necesario diversificar la informacion para obtener perfiles mas ajustados de estas comunidades. EnglishWe present the results of the archaeological excavation in two open-air settlements dated between the middle of the IV and III millennium cal BC, practically only published testimonies in the right margin of the Ebro River (La Rioja, Spain). Both show common characteristics in their size (2-2.5 ha), organization and location criteria in an intermediate fluvial terrace, characteristics of segmental societies that built megaliths; also because the low number of archaeological materials that suggest a temporary and recurrent occupation. The settlement of Igay (Varea-Logrono, Spain) is chronologically located in the Late Neolithic (4750 ± 30 BP, 3637-3382 cal BC 2σ); the structural record is formed by 15 pits (storage pits, furnace, post hole and other indeterminate pits). Geometrical and retouching flat cover coexist as elements of lithic industry transition to the Chalcolithic, which could be placed ca. 3500 cal BC. Pottery are related to the Cameros megalithic stations, 20 km away and with evident contextual and chronological relation. The settlement is explained by the temporary exploitation of the resources in Ebro River fertile plain, with agricultural and hunting activities evidenced by hand querns and lithic arrowheads, respectively. Los Cascajos (Granon, Spain) site is an open-air Chalcolithic settlement with an appreciable organization in disposition of the 32 negative structures documented. Approximately, 47% are combustion structures; the rest are interpreted as pits storage, post holes, indeterminate pits and a possible hut. Two almost continuous ditches delimit the nuclear area, inscribed on a small hill. In the archaeological site there are elements of transition to the Early Bronze Age, especially in the pottery repertoire. The lithic industry technique is laminar and with foliaceous; the absence of sickle and hand querns elements is striking, but in the settlement metal processing is present. The site is located chronologically at advanced Chalcolithic, dating 4097 ± 36 BP (2866-2498 cal BC 2σ); it anticipates the features of regional Early Bronze Age (ca. 2400 cal BC) without an abrupt rupture. The deficit of interventions in synchronic settlements in front of megalith tombs and cavity contexts requires diversifying the information at a regional scale to obtain more adjusted profiles of these communities.

We investigated the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the total myenteric neuronal population in the descending colon in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Thirty-five male Swiss mice, 60 days old, were divided into a control group (C group), control group treated with ASA (CA group), infected group (I group), and infected group treated with ASA (IA group). A total of 1300 trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi were intraperitoneally inoculated in the IA and I groups. The CA and IA groups were treated with ASA intraperitoneally. At 75 days post-infection (dpi), all of the animals were sacrificed. Neurons in the colon were stained with Giemsa, quantified, and measured. No difference in the course of infection was observed between the IA and I groups, reflected by the parasitemia curve. Acetylsalicylic acid treatment in the CA and IA groups did not alter the total number of myenteric neurons compared with the C and I groups. The CA and IA groups exhibited an increase in the nuclear area, cytoplasmic area, and neuronal body area compared with the C and I groups. Future studies should elucidate the mechanism of action of ASA against Chagas’ disease in the chronic phase.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate gland (IDCP), which is now categorised as a distinct entity by WHO 2016, includes two biologically distinct diseases. IDCP associated with invasive carcinoma (IDCP-inv) generally represents a growth pattern of invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma while the rarely encountered pure IDCP is a precursor of prostate cancer. This review highlights issues that require further discussion and clarification. The diagnostic criterion “nuclear size at least 6 times normal” is ambiguous as “size” could refer to either nuclear area or diameter. If area, then this criterion could be re-defined as nuclear diameter at least three times normal as it is difficult to visually compare area of nuclei. It is also unclear whether IDCP could also include tumours with ductal morphology. There is no consensus whether pure IDCP in needle biopsies should be managed with re-biopsy or radical therapy. A pragmatic approach would be to recommend radical therapy only for extensive pure IDCP that is morphologically unequivocal for high-grade prostate cancer. Active surveillance is not appropriate when low-grade invasive cancer is associated with IDCP, as such patients usually have unsampled high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma. It is generally recommended that IDCP component of IDCP-inv should be included in tumour extent but not grade. However, there are good arguments in favour of grading IDCP associated with invasive cancer. All historical as well as contemporary Gleason outcome data are based on morphology and would have included an associated IDCP component in the tumour grade. WHO 2016 recommends that IDCP should not be graded, but it is unclear whether this applies to both pure IDCP and IDCP-inv.

Purpose: Histological grade is an important prognostic factor in patients with non-muscle–invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, interobserver variability is high. Previous studies have suggested that quantification of histological features is useful to objectify grading. We evaluated whether quantification of the mean nuclear area of the 10 largest nuclei (MNA-10), degree of aneuploidy (DNA index or DI) and mitotic activity index (MAI) are of diagnostic value for NMIBC grade. Additionally, prognostic value of the 3 measures was assessed. Material and methods: A consensus grade was determined by 3 uropathologists in 310 NMIBC tissues according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 1973 and the WHO2004. Logistic regression with forward selection was used to determine the optimal combination of measures (MNA-10, DI, and MAI) to diagnose grade 3 (G3) or high-grade (HG) NMIBC (WHO1973 and WHO2004, respectively). Results: In 310 tumors of 215 patients at least 1 of the measures (MNA-10, DI, or MAI) had been determined. The combination of MNA-10 and MAI was selected as the most diagnostic combination and resulted in a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 87–100) at a specificity of 72% (95% CI: 66–78) for G3 tumors. For the diagnosis of HG tumors sensitivity was 92% (95% CI: 86–97) at a specificity of 76% (95% CI: 70–93). Conclusions: Determination of MNA-10 and MAI is promising for diagnosing G3 and HG bladder tumors. These findings warrant further studies on the diagnostic and prognostic value of proliferative and quantitative features in bladder cancer patients.

In January 1969 Richard Nixon was inaugurated as President, ending eight years of Democrat administrations for most of which Robert McNamara had served as Secretary of Defense. In the nuclear area McNamara’s legacy was formidable. A series of propositions had come to be embedded in American thinking about nuclear strategy that influenced the early policies of the Nixon Administration. These propositions were soon challenged and over the course of the 1970s they were qualified in significant ways but never quite discarded.

Aim: To examine and estimate cytomorphometric changes by using parameters such as cell area (CA), nuclear area (NA), cell diameter (CD), nuclear diameter (ND), and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells in smokers, patients with hypertension, and healthy individuals by using Papanicolaou stain. Materials and Methods: This quantitative analysis was performed on totally 120 individuals who were randomly selected and were divided into four groups. Group 1: 30 healthy individuals free of hypertension and without any smoking habit comprised the control group; Group 2: 30 individuals with smoking habit and without hypertension; Group 3: 30 individuals with smoking habit and with hypertension; and group 4: 30 individuals with hypertension and without smoking habit. Buccal smears were taken and stained by Papanicolaou stain. Image analysis of 50 cells was done at 40× magnification with a digital image capture analysis software system (ProgRes capture pro, version 2.8.8). The obtained parameters were statistically compared among the groups by one-way ANOVA test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Statistically significant increase in NA, ND, and N/C ratio values were found in smokers and smokers with hypertension, and minimal change was observed in patients with hypertension alone when compared with normal mucosa. Conclusion: Smoking habit alone and patients with hypertension along with smoking habit show significant cytomorphometric changes. The combined use of exfoliative cytology and cytomorphometric analysis gives an added advantage in monitoring clinically suspect lesions and early detection of malignancy in high-risk individuals such as smokers.

BACKGROUND Only a small number of studies on computerized cytomorphometry have been performed for thyroid FNAC. The present study aimed to determine the usefulness of computerized cytomorphometry methods to further classify thyroid lesions as benign or malignant and to compare the practicability and value of using Papanicolaou (Pap) and Giemsa stains in thyroid FNAC by evaluating their association to various cytologic nuclear parameters. METHODS Fifty-eight thyroid lesions diagnosed by FNAC and categorized according to the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology were evaluated in terms of various cytologic nuclear parameters, including nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter (NP), nuclear density (ND), long nuclear diameter (LND), and short nuclear diameter (SND). The Pap- and Giemsa-stained slides were examined separately. RESULTS In the malignant cases, NA, NP, LND, and SND were higher than in the benign cases for both the Pap and Giemsa stains. NA, NP, LND, and SND were higher in Giemsa than Pap for both the benign and malignant groups. Statistically significant differences were detected between the benign and malignant cases in the AUS category. CONCLUSIONS Computerized cytomorphometry is useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions in thyroid FNAC. The measurement of cytologic nuclear parameters in cases suggestive of AUS may be useful for the probable classification of cases as benign or malignant. Although further studies are needed, in nuclear morphometric assessment of thyroid FNAC, Giemsa staining may be more useful and valuable than the Pap stain because of its association with various cytologic nuclear parameters. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:902-911. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The aim of this study was to compare the sperm nuclear and acrosomal morphometry of three species of domestic artiodactyls; cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and pigs (Sus scrofa). Semen smears of twenty ejaculates from each species were fixed and labeled with a propidium iodide-Pisum sativum agglutinin (PI/PSA) combination. Digital images of the sperm nucleus, acrosome, and whole sperm head were captured and analyzed. The use of the PI/PSA combination and CASA-Morph fluorescence-based method allowed the capture, morphometric analysis, and differentiation of most sperm nuclei, acrosomes and whole heads, and the assessment of acrosomal integrity with a high precision in the three species studied. For the size of the head and nuclear area, the relationship between the three species may be summarized as bull > ram > boar. However, for the other morphometric parameters (length, width, and perimeter), there were differences in the relationships between species for sperm nuclei and whole sperm heads. Bull sperm acrosomes were clearly smaller than those in the other species studied and covered a smaller proportion of the sperm head. The acrosomal morphology, small in the bull, large and broad in the sheep, and large, long, and with a pronounced equatorial segment curve in the boar, was species-characteristic. It was concluded that there are clear variations in the size and shape of the sperm head components between the three species studied, the acrosome being the structure showing the most variability, allowing a clear distinction of the spermatozoa of each species.

WOS: 000378300700009 PubMed: 27546367 BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex event frequently observed in vascular surgery and can cause functional and structural cell damage. Nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) are sites of the ribosomal genes located on chromosomes and can be stained with silver when they are active. Thus these proteins are named as argyrophilic-NOR (AgNOR)-associated proteins. We aimed to investigate any possible effects of renal I/R injury on the NOR protein synthesis and association between the AgNOR proteins amount and histopathological injuring score. METHODS: Nine female wistar-albino rats with weight of 200-250g were included into the study. The animals were randomly divided in two groups, a Control Group and an I/R Group. In I/R group, rats were subjected to 45 minutes of renal pedicle occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. In the control group no drug injections or ischemia reperfusion were performed in animals. Then histopathological injury score, mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) were detected for each rat. RESULTS: The differences between control and I/R groups were significant for histopathological injury scores (p = 0.016). Also the differences between control group and I/R group were significant for mean AgNOR number (p = 0.000) and TAA/NA ratio (p = 0.000). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between TAA/NA ratio and histopathological injury score (r = 0.728; p = 0.026) and between mean AgNOR number and histopathological injury score (r = 0.670; p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: The detection of AgNOR proteins amount may be used as an indicator to obtain information about the cellular behaviour (self-protective mechanism of tubular epithelial cells) against I/R injury and cellular damage levels (Tab. 2, Fig. 4, Ref. 24). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Background: The sulfur vapor consists of SO2 and CO2 which are genotoxins that may cause the damage of DNA to the micronucleus in buccal epithelial cells. Micronucleus is a mass like a nucleus, measuring one-third of the nucleus. DNA damage can also be seen from changes in the morphology of epithelial cells. Objective: This study aimed to identify the effect of sulfur vapor exposure on the number of micronucleus and morphology epithelial cells in the oral cavity on the sulfur miner. Methods: The method of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. The total sample of this study was 24 respondents divided into 2 groups, each group contained 12 respondents. Exfoliated buccal cells were collected by scrapping the buccal mucosa. The specimens stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Nucleus and cytoplasmic area were examined using image J 1.40 Results: The result showed the average number of buccal mucosa micronucleus on coal miners higher (35,50) than controls (11,58). The result of Independent-measures T-test obtained significant different on the number of micronucleus between sulfur miner and controls (p=0,000). The result of Independent-measures T-test on the nuclear area and cytoplasmic area between sulfur miner and controls obtained insignificant different (p=0,379 dan p=0,616). Conclusion: Based on this study can be concluded that sulfur vapor exposure affected on the number of micronucleus on sulfur miners, but did not influence morphology of epithelial cells.

The determination of radioactivity discharge limits to the atmosphere on Bandung Nuclear Area has been carried out. The purpose is that these values can be used to control the discharge of radioactivity from the TRIGA 2000 reactor stack and the labeled compounds and radiometry laboratory stack in the Area to the atmosphere. The determination method is using PC-CREAM software, assuming the discharge of radioactivity from the stack to the atmosphere occurs under normal conditions and occurs only once. The source terms discussed are radionuclides I-131 and Cs-137, while several the other source terms that were not discussed also contribute to this determination. The initial discharge limits of radioactivity I-131 and Cs-137 from the reactor stack of 4.46E-03 Bq/h and 1.26E+05 Bq/h respectively, while I-131 from the laboratory stack of 2.23E-02 Bq/h. The dose constraint for community members at a distance of 1000 m from the Area is set at 0.15 mSv/y. The parameter needed is source term, reactor building volume, the air flow rate in the reactor stack, stack height, angle and distance between the two stacks, meteorology, topographic roughness, and radionuclide pathway to the community. The result of the calculation obtained the discharge limits of radioactivity for I-131 and Cs-137 from the reactor stack of 7.07E-05 Bq/h and 2.00E+03 Bq/h respectively; and I-131 from the laboratory stack of 3.53E-04 Bq/h.

Evaluation and assessment of 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K as natural radioactivity in surface soil in Pasar Jumat Nuclear Facility (PJNA) are important and are a routine activity to monitor the impact of human activities on changes in the level of natural radioactivity in soils. The monitoring data over 7 years period (2012 – 2018) was evaluated to show the time trends, the ratio concentration, and correlation between the outside of PJNA of natural radioactivity level on surface soils. The average radioactivity trend over 7 years monitoring of 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K concentration have varied data. While the mean ratio of 40K/232Th is range from 0.732 to 2.178. The average level of radioactivity concentration at surface soil during the pre-construction, construction, and operation of the MRT project for 232Th, 226Ra, and 40K are 23.34, 21.64, 21.56 bq/kg, then 19.30, 16.73, 18.93 bq/kg, and 27.47, 26.05, 22.26 bq/kg, respectively. The evaluation result state during the MRT project that only the concentration of 232Th on before construction period has a significantly different the mean. There was no influence of MRT construction on surface soil concentration.

Yogyakarta Nuclear Area (YNA) is one of BATAN’s nuclear facility that has many nuclear facilities such as nuclear reactor, accelerator, irradiator, and waste management system. Due to nuclear accident is potentially occur, YNA has nuclear emergency response program and there is a preparedness system to support this program. Radiation monitoring system is one of utilization to acquire and record nuclear radiation exposure in the facility and its environment. An Internet of Thing based radiation area monitor was developed to improve the system not only to acquire the radiation exposure, but also to distribute the acquired data to the cloud server through the internet network. The distributed radiation data can be utilized to analyze nuclear emergence potential in the nuclear emergency response and preparedness system. The area monitor system was designed as sensor network that consists of Geiger Muller detector and high voltage power supply, signal conditioning system, and Arduino as counter and data processor. Data is acquired by a detector and it is transmitted to the server through wireless network using the node MCU communication module. The receiver station system was developed to acquire data from database server to display the radiation exposure in the environment and to identify radiological emergency status. Based on the chi square test stability method, the developed device has good stability which the probability of x 2 was obtained 0.75. The validation testing also was done using Sr-90 and x-ray spectrometer as radiation source, and the developed device has been compared using a standard survey-meter. The mean square error of this validation testing was 0.37 and 0.24 respectively for Sr-90 at two difference source distance, while for x-ray spectrometer source the mean square error value was 2.48. For further development, the system will be combined with a smart meteorological system to build the integrated data acquisition system for Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Preparedness System in Yogyakarta Nuclear Area.

BACKGROUND Urinary cytology is sensitive and specific for diagnosing and screening high-grade urothelial carcinomas (HGUC). The Paris System (TPS) for urinary cytology was introduced in 2016 to standardize reporting. According to TPS diagnostic categories of HGUC and suspicious for HGUC (SHGUC), the average nuclear-to-cytoplasm (N:C) ratio of atypical cells should be ≥0.7. The objective of the current study was to measure the N:C ratio of urine cytology specimens with HGUC and SHGUC diagnoses and biopsy-proven HGUC follow-up. METHODS A cohort of 64 cases (HGUC, 49 cases; SHGUC, 15 cases) from 57 patients was constructed. Urine cytology slides were scanned into whole-slide digital images. The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas were enumerated by digital image analysis (DIA), and the N:C ratios were measured. RESULTS In total, 640 cells were analyzed by DIA (HGUC, 490 cells; SHGUC, 150 cells). For HGUC and SHGUC, the average N:C ratios were 0.57 and 0.53, respectively. The maximum average N:C ratio was 0.73 for HGUC and 0.68 for SHGUC. HGUC had higher average N:C ratio (P < .001), higher average nuclear area (P < .001), higher average maximum N:C ratio (P = .005), and higher average maximum nuclear area (P = .006) compared with SHGUC. CONCLUSIONS The N:C ratios for the HGUC (0.57) and SHGUC (0.53) categories are lower than those previously suggested in TPS. The authors advocate reducing the N:C ratio below the current threshold of 0.7.

We present an archaeoastronomical study of the archaeological site of La Malladeta (La Vila Joiosa, Alicante), an Iberian and Roman sanctuary dated from the 4th century BC to the 1st century AD. It is located at the top of a coastal promontory. The photographic follow-up of the sunrise from the top of the sanctuary at different dates indicates that the Islet of Benidorm could have been used as a precise marker of the equinoxes or, more probably, of the temporal midpoint between solstices. On this last date, the sunrise takes place on the southern slope of the islet in a remarkable manner. Several of the few walls that remain on the top of the promontory, at the nuclear area of the sanctuary where rituals involving fire were carried out, are perfectly aligned towards the islet. On the other hand, the sunrise in the summer solstice occurs at the bottom of the southern slope of the Morro de Toix and near the remarkable Peñón de Ifach, which could have been used as marker of this moment of the year. It is suggestive that the line drawn between La Malladeta and the summer solstice sunrise coincides with the northern slope of the hill where the Iberian city of Álon was located, exactly from where its main routes of communication began and where the forum was most probably placed at the beginning of the Roman Empire., Presentamos un estudio arqueoastronómico del yacimiento arqueológico de La Malladeta (La Vila Joiosa, Alicante), santuario ibérico y posteriormente romano altoimperial que se utilizó entre los siglos IV a. C. y I d. C. situado en la cima de un promontorio costero. El seguimiento fotográfico de los ortos solares desde la cima del santuario en fechas singulares de la trayectoria anual del Sol indican que el islote de Benidorm pudo haberse utilizado como marcador preciso de los equinoccios o, más probablemente, del día mitad entre solsticios. En esta última fecha, la salida del Sol se produce de forma muy llamativa sobre la ladera sur del islote. Varios de los pocos muros que quedan en la cima del promontorio, correspondientes a la zona nuclear del santuario, donde se llevaron a cabo rituales con fuego, se encuentran alineados hacia el islote. Por otra parte, el orto solar en el solsticio de verano se observa justo en el extremo de la ladera sur del Morro de Toix y cerca de la mole del Peñón de Ifach, lo que podría haberse utilizado como marcador de dicho momento del año. Resulta sugerente que la línea trazada entre La Malladeta y el orto del solsticio de verano coincide con el talud norte del cerro donde estuvo la ciudad íbera de Álon, de donde partían sus vías principales de comunicación y donde estuvo, con toda probabilidad, el foro en época altoimperial romana.

Medulloblastomas are the most common central nervous system tumors in childhood. Treatment and prognosis strongly depend on histology and transcriptomic profiling. However, the proliferative potential also has prognostical value. Our study aimed to investigate correlations between histogram profiling of diffusion-weighted images and further microarchitectural features. Seven patients (age median 14.6 years, minimum 2 years, maximum 20 years; 5 male, 2 female) were included in this retrospective study. Using a Matlab-based analysis tool, histogram analysis of whole apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) volumes was performed. ADC entropy revealed a strong inverse correlation with the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 (r = − 0.962, p = 0.009) and with total nuclear area (r = − 0.888, p = 0.044). Furthermore, ADC percentiles, most of all ADCp90, showed significant correlations with Ki67 expression (r = 0.902, p = 0.036). Diffusion histogram profiling of medulloblastomas provides valuable in vivo information which potentially can be used for risk stratification and prognostication. First of all, entropy revealed to be the most promising imaging biomarker. However, further studies are warranted.

Background Different cancers subtypes can often be effectively treated with similar Rx classes, i.e., with PARPi in the case of BRCA mutations or with anti-PD1/PDL1 inhibitors for patients with mismatch repair deficiencies. Using the Epic Sciences Functional Cell Profiling (FCP) platform utilizing high resolution digital pathology and machine learning, we analyzed ∼100,000 single CTCs from multiple indications to index metastatic cancers, with the longer-term hypothesis that sub-classification of CTCs may help define therapeutic decisions across cancer types. Methods 92,300 CTCs underwent FCP analysis (single cell digital pathology features of cellular and sub-cellular morphometrics) were collected from cancer patients comprising Prostate (1641 pts, 70,747 CTCs), Breast (268 pts, 8,718 CTCs), NSCLC (110 pts, 1884 CTCs), SCLC (141 pts, 8,872 CTCs) and Bladder (65 pts, 2079 CTCs). An equal number of CTCs from each indication was sampled to create a balanced cohort for training. K-means clustering was applied on the training set and an optimized number of clusters were determined using the elbow approach. After defining the clusters on the training set, the cluster centers were extracted from k-means, and used to train a k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classifier to predict the cluster assignment for the remaining CTCs designated as the test set. Results The optimized number of clusters was 9. Breast cancer CTCs were more enriched with higher CK expressing CTCs (c1), while SCLC and some of mCRPC shared similar small cell like features (c5). Cluster subtypes and characteristics are listed. Table . 1984PD Cluster Characteristics Bladder Breast NSCLC SCLC Prostate c1 Highest CK 8% 24% 1% 5% 9% c2 Highest N/C ratio 13% 15% 7% 35% 21% c3 Large, Elongated 1% 3% 12% 1% 3% c4 Low N/C, Low CK 33% 24% 25% 8% 12% c5 Small, Higher N/C ratio, More Round 11% 12% 11% 37% 33% c6 Low CK, Elongated 8% 4% 8% 2% 4% c7 Highest Nucleoli Count 0% 0% 17% 1% 4% c8 Large Nuclear Area, Highest Nuclear Entropy 21% 14% 10% 11% 10% c9 Most Elongated Cytoplasm 4% 3% 9% 2% 4% Conclusions Heterogeneous CTC phenotypic subtypes were observed across multiple indications. Each indication harbored subtype heterogeneity and shared clusters with other cancers. Patient cluster subtype analysis for prognosis and therapy benefit as well as linkage of CTC subtype genotypes to patient survival by cancer type is ongoing. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Epic Sciences. Disclosure A. Jendrisak: Full / Part-time employment: Epic Sciences. R. Sutton: Full / Part-time employment: Epic Sciences. S. Orr: Full / Part-time employment: Epic Sciences. D. Lu: Full / Part-time employment: Epic Sciences. J. Schonhoft: Full / Part-time employment: Epic Sciences. Y. Wang: Full / Part-time employment: Epic Sciences.

Rivalidade e cooperação são duas lógicas básicas para o entendimento da construção do relacionamento entre Argentina e Brasil, uma vez que oscilações entre essas dinâmicas marcaram as interações entre os Estados. A área nuclear apresenta-se como profícua para analisar as relações bilaterais, pois se trata de um campo sensível em sua essência que passou por um processo de desmonte das desconfianças e desenvolvimento de padrões de cooperação entre Argentina e Brasil. O presente trabalho propõe uma síntese histórica das lógicas de rivalidade e cooperação nas relações entre os Estados e busca problematizar o papel que as identidades apresentam nessa dinâmica.

In this work, multiphoton microscopy (MPM), based on the nonlinear optical processes two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG), was extended to evaluate the feasibility of using MPM to distinguish layers of the bowel wall. It was found that MPM has the ability to identify the four-layer microstructures of colorectal tissues including mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and serosa as there are many intrinsic signal sources in each layer. Our results also showed the capability of using the quantitative analyses of MPM images for quantifying some feature parameters including the nuclear area, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and optical redox ratio. This work demonstrates that MPM has the potential in noninvasively monitoring the development and progression of colorectal diseases and then guiding effective treatment.

The prostatic atrophy is a lesion with small glands that can mimic adenocarcinoma, commonly diagnosed in the elderly and whose preneoplastic role is controversial. Over time several classifications have been developed for this lesions according to its architectural and cellular aspects. Materials and Methods: Aim of the study is morphometrically assessment of epithelial component nuclei in prostatic atrophy. We evaluated parameters represented by nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter P (μm) Elongation factor (E), average diameter (DEQ), maximum diameter (Dmax), Minim diameter (Dmin). The control group was represented by adenomatous hyperplasia component of benign hyperplasia of the prostate. Results: Morphometric analysis revealed significantly higher values of nuclear parameters in atrophy compared with adenomatous component in controls (p

Morphological alteration of cells and matrices is critical for tumor initiation and progression. Monitoring these alterations during tumor progression is vitally important for making real-time histological diagnoses of tumor staging. In this study, 20 pairs of normal and cancerous human breast tissues were imaged by multiphoton microscopy (MPM), and nuclear area and collagen density were quantified by LSM 5 software (version 3.2). Comparison of MPM images from normal breast tissue with low- and high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) lesions clearly showed changes in both cellular features and extracellular matrix architecture during IDC development. Moreover, analysis of nuclear area and collagen density established a quantitative link between these two morphological features and progression of IDC. Present results demonstrated that MPM can provide both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of tumor progression. With additional development, this technique has the potential to make real-time histological diagnoses of tumor staging and guide development of efficacious clinical therapies.

Some technical aspects of two Spanish cooperation projects, funded by DPI and Innpacto Programs of the R&D National Plan, are discussed. The objective is to analyze the common belief about than the ultrasonic testing in MHz range is not a tool utilizable to detect internal flaws in highly attenuating pieces made of coarse-grained steel. In fact high-strength steels, used in some safe industrial infrastructures of energy & transport sectors, are difficult to be inspected using the conventional “state of the art” in ultrasonic technology, due to their internal microstructures are very attenuating and coarse-grained. It is studied if this inspection difficulty could be overcome by finding intense interrogating pulses and advanced signal processing of the acquired echoes. A possible solution would depend on drastically improving signal-to-noise-ratios, by applying new advances on: ultrasonic transduction, HV electronics for intense pulsed driving of the testing probes, and an “ad-hoc” digital processing or focusing of the received noisy signals, in function of each material to be inspected. To attain this challenging aim on robust steel pieces would open the possibility of obtaining improvements in inspecting critical industrial components made of highly attenuating & dispersive materials, as new composites in aeronautic and motorway bridges, or new metallic alloys in nuclear area, where additional testing limitations often appear. The Spanish I+D National Plan (MINECO), by funding the Projects: Fundamental Research / DPI2011 – 22438, and INNPACTO Program / IMAAD - IPT-020000-2010-0004.

The authors attempt to specify the diffusion pattern of the Impressed-Ware Neolithic (Im­presso-cardial complex, ICC), from south-eastern Italy onto the French Mediterranean coasts. Using ChronoModel® software, a Bayesian model was built with sets of dates obtained on well-contextualised, short-lived samples. The results highlight a clear tightening of the chronology in the so-called nuclear area (Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria) and a pioneer dispersal at record speed in the Tyrrhe­nian Basin. Moreover, they question the origins and initial developments of the Impressed-Wares techno-complex.

Introduction: We have reported the most common underlying disease of SPAP was myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and its SPAP was poor prognosis. However, the cause of the dysfunction of alveolar macropghage (AM) in SPAP has been unclear. Objective: To investigate the pathogenesis of SPAP by analyzing the cell form of AM in SPAP. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens in twenty cases of SPAP were retrospectively evaluated by microscope. Underlying disease of SPAP were all MDS. The cell area, nuclear area, and nuclear⁄cell area ratio (N⁄C ratio) of AM were measured in SPAP, compared with APAP (n=10) and healthy volunteer(n=5). These data were analyzed by hybrid cell count using digital microscope (BZ-9000), KEYENCE cooperation, Japan. Results: The median of AM cell area was 107 µm2 in SPAP and this size was significant smaller than it in APAP. The median of AM nuclear area also was significant small in SPAP (37µm2). On the other hands, median N⁄C ratio of AM in SPAP (29%) was significant larger than it in APAP(17%). AM cells with high N⁄C ratio (>40%) were remarkable in SPAP(Fig1), whereas the proportion of foamy AM cell in SPAP was less than it in APAP. Conclusion: The form of AM was significant different from between SPAP and APAP cases. It may be concerned with the variation for the phagocytosis of surfactant in each SPAP and APAP.