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Uvod: V površinski vodi so lahko prisotne strupene snovi in nezaželeni mikroorganizmi, ki lahko negativno vplivajo na okolje in tudi na zdravje ljudi. V kmetijstvu se uporabljajo različna gnojila in sredstva za zatiranje škodljivcev ter plevelov, ki lahko prehajajo v stoječa vodna telesa, v morje ali ostajajo v tleh ter s tem ogrožajo rastline in živali v vodotokih. Namen: Namen raziskave je bil oceniti kemijsko in mikrobiološko stanje reke Ščavnice pred in po iztoku komunalne odpadne vode iz čistilnih naprav Ljutomer in Razkrižje, ter ugotoviti njun vpliv na vodotok. Metode dela: Spremljali smo mikrobiološko in kemijsko stanje reke Ščavnice na šestih vzorčevalnih mestih v obdobju enega leta. Vzorce smo analizirali na kemijske in mikrobiološke parametre. Za kemijske analize smo uporabljali spektrofotometrično metodo s kivetnimi testi in sistem za merjenje BPK5. Za ugotavljanje prisotnosti E. coli in enterokokov smo uporabili metodo membranske filtracije. Rezultati: Vrednosti izmerjenih parametrov nihajo glede na letni čas. Število mikroorganizmov je višje poleti v primerjavi z zimo, medtem ko za kemijske parametre tega ne moremo trditi, saj se vrednosti iz meseca v mesec precej razlikujejo. Najvišje vrednosti kemijskih parametrov so bile ugotovljene na vzorčevalnem mestu 4 in 6, ki sta za obema čistilnima napravama. Vpliv čistilne naprave Razkrižje na reko Ščavnico v primerjavi s čistilno napravo Ljutomer, je manjši, ampak gre za čistilno napravo, na katero je priključenih manj prebivalcev. Povečane vrednosti pri večini spremljanih parametrov smo potrdili tudi pri vzorcu 1, ki leži tik za akumulacijskim jezerom Gajševci. Pri vzorcu 3, ki se nahaja tik za kanalizacijskim razbremenilnikom v Ljutomeru, smo zaznali povečano število mikrobioloških parametrov in amonijaka. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da imata čistilni napravi Ljutomer in Razkrižje vpliv na kakovost reke Ščavnice, saj je kvaliteta reke po iztoku komunalne odpadne vode slabša v primerjavi z odseki pred iztokom s čistilne naprave. Pa vendar te vrednosti niso tako visoke, da bi lahko govorili o reki s slabo kakovostjo. Omeniti pa je potrebno še razpršene vire onesnaženja, predvsem kmetijstvo z emisijami dušika, ki prav tako slabšajo kakovost reke Ščavnice. Introduction: Surface water may contain toxic substances and pathogenic microorganisms, which can adversely affect the environment and human health. Various fertilisers and pesticides are often used in agriculture. These can pass into standing bodies of water, into the sea, or they may remain in the ground, thus endangering plants and animals in watercourses. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the chemical and microbiological state of the Ščavnica river before and after the outflow of municipal wastewater from the Ljutomer and Razkrižje water treatment plants, and to determine their impact on the watercourse. Methodology: We monitored the microbiological and chemical parameters of the Ščavnica river at six sampling sites for one year. The samples were analysed based on chemical and microbiological parameters. We used the spectrophotometric method with cuvette tests and a BOD5 measurement system for the chemical analyses. In order to detect E. coli and enterococci, we used the method of membrane filtration. Results: The values of the parameters measured fluctuate from season to season. The number of microorganisms is higher in summer than in winter, however, this does not hold true for chemical parameters, as their values vary considerably from month to month. The highest values of chemical parameters were found at sampling points 4 and 6, which are located after both of the treatment plants. The Razkrižje treatment plant’s impact on the Ščavnica is smaller than that of the Ljutomer treatment plant, but the former also connects to fewer inhabitants. We also confirmed increased values in most of the monitored parameters in sample 1, which was taken just after the Gajševci accumulation lake. In sample 3, which was located right after the sewage discharger in Ljutomer, we detected an increase in the number of microbiological parameters and ammonia. Discussion and conclusion: Based on our results, we found that the Ljutomer and Razkrižje treatment plants affect the quality of the water in the Ščavnica river since the river's quality after the outflow of municipal wastewater is worse compared to the sections before the outflow from the treatment plant. However, these values are not high enough to conclude that this is a river of low quality. Here, we should also mention diffuse sources of pollution, especially agriculture with nitrogen emissions, which also decrease the quality of the Ščavnica river.

Uvod: Fosfor je bistven kemijski element za vse žive organizme, saj sestavlja ključne molekule za delovanje in življenje vseh živih bitij. Velikokrat je fosfor zanemarjen element kot limitirajoče se hranilo za rast in razmnoževanje bakterij. V pitni vodi je eden izmed virov fosforja lahko dodajanje kemičnih mehčal za preprečevanje nastajanja kotlovca. Dodani fosfati lahko predstavljajo hranilo bakterijam, ki so prisotne v pitni vodi ter s tem povzročijo povečanje števila ne le zdravju neškodljivih bakterij, temveč se lahko poveča tudi število patogenih bakterij. E. coli je ena izmed najpogosteje preverjanih bakterij v pitni vodi, saj njena prisotnost nakazuje na fekalno onesnaženje vode. Namen: Namen magistrske naloge je raziskati povezavo med dodajanjem različnih vrst fosfatnih pripravkov z različnimi koncentracijami ter njihov vpliv na razmnoževanje testne bakterije E. coli. Metode dela: Bakterije E. coli so bile izpostavljene različnim koncentracijam fosfatov. Odziv bakterij je bil spremljan v času 0, 24, 48 in 72 ur. Štetje porastlih bakterijskih kultur je bilo izvedeno na navadnem agarju po preteklih 48 urah inkubacije pri temperaturi 36 °C. Vse analize so bile izvedene v dveh paralelkah s tremi ponovitvami. Rezultati: Rezultati raziskave kažejo na verjetno povezavo med dodanimi fosfatnimi pripravki in pospešenim razmnoževanjem bakterij E. coli vendar okviru magistrske naloge te povezave nismo statistično potrdili. Bakterije se najbolje odzovejo na višjo koncentracijo natrijevega fosfata(V). Tudi ob dodatku komercialnega pripravka za mehčanje vode se bakterije bolje razmnožujejo ob prisotnosti le tega. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da ima dodajanje fosfatov verjetno vpliv na razmnoževanje bakterije E. coli. Poudariti moramo, da je raziskava potekala v kontroliranih laboratorijskih pogojih, kjer so izključeni dejavniki iz realnega okolja (pH, temperatura, prisotnost drugih bakterijskih vrst ipd.), ki bi lahko vplivali na razmnoževanje bakterij. Za nadaljnje razumevanje vpliva fosfatov na razmnoževanje bakterije E. coli je smiselno raziskavo ponoviti na večjem številu vzorcev in ne le pod laboratorijskimi pogoji, temveč tudi v simuliranem okolju vodovodnega sistema. Introduction: Phosphorus is an essential chemical element for all living organisms because it is the key molecule for the functioning and life of all living things. Phosphorus is often a neglected element as a limiting nutrient for bacterial growth and reproduction. In drinking water, one of the sources of phosphorus might be an addition of plasticizers to prevent boiler formation of lime stone. This can be a nutrient to the bacteria which are present in drinking water, leading to an increase in the number of not only harmless bacteria but also an increase in the number of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli strains. It is one of the most commonly reported bacteria in drinking water since its presence indicates fecal contamination of water. Purpose: The aim of the master's thesis is to investigate the positive relationship between addition of different types of phosphate preparations at different concentrations and their effect on the reproduction of the E. coli test bacterium. Methods: E. coli bacterial culture were exposed to various concentrations of phosphorus and their reaction of was followed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Growth of bacterial culture was done on ordinary agar after 48 hours at temperature of 36 °C. All analyzes were performed in parallel duplicates and repeated three times. Results: The results of our research indicate a probable correlation between the addition of different concentrations of different phosphate preparations and regrowth of bacteria E. coli, but this correlation was not statistically proven in our study. Bacteria responded the best to the higher concentrations of sodium phosphate(V). With the addition of a commercial water softener bacteria also multiplied better in the presence of it. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that the addition of phosphorus probably have significant affect on the reproduction of bacteria E. coli. It should be emphasized that the experiment was conducted in controlled laboratory circumstances, which excluded factors from the real environment (pH, temperature, presence of other bacterial species, surface materials, flow rate, etc.) that could have possibly affected reproduction of bacteria. For further undernstanding the influence of phosphates on the reproducition of E. coli the research can be repeated on a larger scale of samples and not only in laboratory conditions but also in simulated enviroment of water supply system.

Uvod: Bakterije iz rodu Legionella so povzročiteljice legionarske bolezni in pontiaške vročice. Tveganje za okužbo je povsod, kjer nastanejo aerosoli. Do povečanega števila bakterij prihaja v notranjem okolju zgradb (vodovod, prezračevalne naprave, bazeni itd.), kjer je temperatura vode v omrežju med 20 in 50 °C. Slepi vod je izraz za vodovodne cevi in pipe, ki niso ali so redko v uporabi, oz. za dele cevi, ki so zaradi renoviranja postale nepretočne. Namen: Želeli smo ugotoviti intenzivnost razmnoževanja bakterij iz rodu Legionella v slepih vodih in manj pretočnih mestih. Metode dela: V raziskavi smo izdelali sistem, s katerim smo simulirali delovanje vodovodnega sistema v zgradbi. Sistem je imel vgrajene tri različne slepe vode. Predhodno smo opravili preliminarne poskuse in tako preverili razmnoževanje bakterije Legionella pneumophila v različnih medijih. Izbrani medij smo uporabili za nadaljnje raziskave, s katerimi smo napolnili simulator vodovodnega sistema. Intenzivnost razmnoževanja bakterij smo preverili v sistemu in slepih vodih po 24 urah, 72 urah in po 120 urah delovanja sistema. Rezultati: Po 24 urah inkubacije v simulatorju vodovodnega sistema je bilo število bakterij najmanjše v slepem vodu 3 (3,656 log CFU ml-1), v sistemu, kjer je voda krožila in ostalih slepih vodih pa približno enako (približno 4,5 log CFU ml-1). Po 72 urah inkubacije je bilo najvišje število bakterij v sistemu, kjer je voda krožila (6,523 log CFU ml-1). V slepem vodu 3 je bilo najmanjše število bakterij (6,131 log CFU ml-1). Po 120 urah inkubacije je bilo najmanjše število bakterij v slepem vodu 3 (3,970 log CFU ml-1), najvišje pa v slepem vodu 2 (4,464 log CFU ml-1). Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da so se bakterije Legionella intenzivno razmnoževale po celotnem vodovodnem sistemu, najmanj v slepem vodu 3. Naši rezultati so pokazali minimalne razlike med številom bakterij ne glede na obliko in dolžino slepega voda slepi vod ne vpliva na intenziteto razmnoževanja bakterij. Smiselno bi bilo nadaljevati raziskavo, da se podaljša čas izpostavljenost bakterij v vodovodnem sistemu. Predpostavljamo, da bi se šele po daljši izpostavljenosti lahko pokazale morebitne večje razlike pri razmnoževanju bakterij Legionella, ki so v vodovodnem sistemu in slepih vodih. Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Legionella are the disease agent of the Legionnaires' disease and the Pontiac fever. The risk for the infection is everywhere where the aerosols emerge. An increased number of bacteria emerges in the internal environment of buildings (water distribution system, ventilation devices, swimming pools, etc.) where the temperature of the water in the system is between 20 and 50 °C. A dead leg is an expression for water pipes that are not or are rarely in use and for the parts of water pipes which became non-flow pipes because of the renovation. Purpose: We wished to ascertain the intensity of bacterial growth of the genus Legionella in dead legs and the positions with less water flow. Methods: In the research, we produced a system by which we simulated the working of the water distribution system in the building. Three different dead legs were built in the system. We performed preliminary experiments and, thus, we checked the reproduction of the Legionella pneumophila bacteria in different media. We used the selected media for further research by which we filled a simulator of the water distribution system. We checked the intensity of the bacteria reproduction in the system and dead legs after 24 hours, 72 hours, and 120 hours of the working of the system. Results: After 24 hours of incubation in the simulator of the water distribution system, the number of bacteria was the smallest in the dead leg 3 (3.656 log CFU ml-1). In the system where water was circulating and in the remaining dead legs, the number of bacteria was approximately the same (approximately 4.5 log CFU ml-1). After 72 hours of incubation, the highest number of bacteria was in the system where water was circulating (6.523 log CFU ml-1). In the dead leg 3, there was the smallest number of bacteria (6.131 log CFU ml-1). After 120 hours of incubation, the smallest number of bacteria was in the dead leg 3 (3.970 log CFU ml-1) and the highest was in the dead leg 2 (4.464 log CFU ml-1). Discussion and conclusion: We ascertained that the bacteria Legionella were reproducing intensively in the entire water distribution system, least in the dead leg 3. Our results showed minimal differences in the number of bacteria regardless of the shape and length of a dead leg. A dead leg does not influence the intensity of the reproduction of the bacteria in the water distribution system. It would make sense to continue the research in a sense to prolong the time of exposure of the bacteria in the water distribution system. We assume that only after more time of exposure, differences in the reproduction of the Legionella bacteria, which are in the water distribution system and in dead legs, could emerge.

Uvod: Tveganj za nastanek nezgod oziroma poškodb pri delu ali nenadnih obolenj v delovnem okolju ni mogoče popolnoma izključiti, zato morajo delodajalci organizirati zagotavljanje prve pomoči na delovnem mestu. Zakonska določila jim nalagajo, da morajo sprejeti potrebne ukrepe, kot so določitev ustreznega števila za izvajanje prve pomoči usposobljenih delavcev, zagotoviti potreben sanitetni material in opremo, zagotoviti prost dostop do omaric za prvo pomoč in seznaniti delavce z osebami, ki so usposobljene za izvajanje prve pomoči. Namen: Primerjati obseg zagotavljanja prve pomoči med majhnimi in srednjimi podjetji, pri čemer smo ugotavljali, ali obstajajo razlike med mnenji odgovornih oseb v podjetjih v zvezi z zagotavljanjem prve pomoči na delovnem mestu, kakšno je teoretično znanje zaposlenih o prvi pomoči in kako upoštevajo normative o opremljenosti omaric za prvo pomoč. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda. Zbiranje podatkov je potekalo s pomočjo anonimnega anketnega vprašalnika za delavce, z delno strukturiranimi intervjuji z odgovornimi osebami podjetja in s pomočjo ocenjevalnega lista. Rezultati: V anketi je sodelovalo 105 delavcev iz štirih majhnih podjetij in 110 delavcev iz dveh srednjih podjetij. Vsi anketirani delavci samoocenjujejo svoje teoretično znanje kot dobro. Bistvene razlike v osnovnem teoretičnem znanju med anketiranimi v majhnih in srednjih podjetjih nismo zaznali. Intervjuvane osebe, ki so v izbranih podjetjih odgovorne za zagotavljaje prve pomoči, ocenjujejo, da njihovi delavci slabo poznajo temeljne postopke oživljanja. Odgovorne osebe v majhnih podjetjih v primerjavi z odgovornimi v srednjih podjetjih slabše poznajo zakonska določila, ki so vezana na zagotavljanje prve pomoči na delovnem mestu. Tudi rezultati analize podatkov, zbranih na terenu s pomočjo ocenjevalnega lista, kažejo, da majhna podjetja v manjšem obsegu zagotavljajo ukrepe prve pomoči na delovnem mestu. Razprava in zaključek: Tako delodajalci kot tudi zaposleni se morajo zavedati, da zagotavljanje ukrepov prve pomoči na delovnem mestu ni samo zakonska obveza, temveč je tudi moralna in etična dolžnost vsakega posameznika. Za učinkovito zagotavljanje prve pomoči v podjetju sta pomembna ustrezno znanje zaposlenih kot tudi ustrezna opremljenost. To pa tako majhna kot srednja podjetja dosegajo, če dosledno upoštevajo veljavne področne predpise. Introduction: It is impossible to fully eliminate the risk of occupational accident, injury, or illness. Employers must therefore ensure the provision of first aid at work. Legislation requires that they implement specific measures, e.g. determining the right number of employees who are qualified for administering first aid, providing the requisite sanitized equipment, ensuring unencumbered access to where first aid supplies are kept, and informing employees as to which of their co-workers are trained for first aid. Purpose: this thesis aims to compare the extent of the provision of first aid in small and medium enterprises. Research showed that companies’ responsible persons indeed had differing opinions on the provision of occupational first aid, what level of theoretical knowledge employees should have about first aid, and how to abide by the norms regulating the stock of equipment in first-aid kits. Methods: The study mainly employed the descriptive method. Data was collected through an anonymous survey for employees, partially-structured interviews with responsible persons, and trough an observation checklist. Results: the survey was answered by 105 employees across 4 small enterprises and 110 employees in 2 medium enterprises. All respondents assessed their own theoretical knowledge as good. Significant differences were not observed in the fundamental theoretical knowledge among respondents in small and medium enterprises. Respondents who were responsible for administering first aid at the selected enterprises assessed that their workers had poor knowledge of the basic procedures of resuscitation. The responsible persons at small as compared to medium enterprises have poorer knowledge of the legislative requirements regarding the provision of occupational first aid. The results of the analysis of field data from the observation checklist indicate that small enterprises provide measures for occupational first aid to a lesser extent. Discussion and conclusion: employers as well as employees must be aware that the provision of occupational first aid is not only a legislative requirement, but also the moral and ethical responsibility of each and every individual. Appropriate employee knowledge and an appropriate stock of first-aid supplies are both crucial for the proper provision of occupational first aid. Both small and medium enterprises can achieve this through faithfully abiding by relevant legislative provisions.