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Oscillation modes of forced nonlinear systems of van der Pol type: \(\ddot{x} - \mu (1 - x^{2})\dot{x} + x = f \sin(\omega t)\), (\(\dot{x} = (\mathrm{d}/\mathrm{d}t)x)\) are studied, where µ denotes a parameter of nonlinear damping characteristics, and f is an amplitude of external periodic force with the angular frequency ω. Introducing a multiplicity M of the oscillation mode π r , s ( m , m +1) associated with r times m peaks and s times ( m +1) peaks; M = r m + s ( m +1), which represents a degree of periodicity of the oscillation mode, the relations of M to the angular frequency ω are obtained for varying ω, where the amplitude f is fixed as the value 1. By numerical experiments, it is shown that what state of the oscillation mode π r , s ( m , m +1) appears for variation in ω. At first, we shall show that a set of the rotation number of the oscillation mode π r , s ( m , m +1) belongs a subset of Farey series. Secondly, we shall show that the region of angular frequency to the characteristics of os...

This paper proposes a nonlinear circuit that generates chaotic oscillations. The proposed nonlinear circuit includes a nonlinear capacitor and a nonlinear inductor by using Generalized Impedance Converters. Both computational experiments and experiments on real circuits show that the region for chaotic oscillation is very wide, demonstrating that the proposed circuit is effective as a chaos generator. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 35–42, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10361

主効果としての枝肉市場の有無が，種牛の育種価予測に及ぼす影響と，偏りのない予測を行うための方法について検討した．材料として1988～2000年に兵庫県内の5枝肉市場に出荷された黒毛和種肥育牛22,756頭分の枝肉成績を用いた．枝肉市場間で枝肉形質の市場別平均値に差が見られた．ある市場の枝肉重量平均値が軽く，その市場へのある父牛の後代の出荷割合が高い場合，その父牛の後代の枝肉重量平均値も軽い傾向であった．枝肉記録中に直接の後代を持つ父牛と母牛について，それぞれの後代の各枝肉市場への出荷割合を計算した．次に，主効果として枝肉市場を含む場合と含まない場合の育種価を予測し，2つの育種価の差を計算した．枝肉重量の軽い市場に多くの後代が出荷されている種牛で，枝肉市場を含んで予測した育種価が重かった．この市場への出荷割合と育種価の差との相関係数は正の値をとった．枝肉重量の重い市場では逆の傾向であった．すなわち，枝肉市場を含むモデルで予測した育種価は偏っていると考えられた．枝肉市場を年度×農家と組み合わせることで相関係数は小さくなった．したがって，偏りのない育種価を予測するために，主効果としての枝肉市場を含まないモデル，または他の条件から枝肉市場を含まざるを得ない場合には，枝肉市場×年度×農家の組み合わせ効果を含むモデルが適切であると推察される．

This paper proposes a nonlinear circuit that generates chaotic oscillations. The proposed nonlinear circuit includes a nonlinear capacitor and a nonlinear inductor by using Generalized Impedance Converters. Both computational experiments and experiments on the real circuits exhibit that the region for chaotic oscillation is very wide, which show that the proposed circuit is effective for a chaos generator.

Two hundred ninety-three Japanese Black Wagyu steers derived from 34 sires were used to investigate genetic effects on the fatty acid composition of carcass fat. All steers were fed identical diets for 365 d and slaughtered at similar ages. If the percentage of genetic contribution of sire A, B, or C was not lower than 25%, steers were classified into groups A, B, and C, respectively. Fatty acid compositions differed depending on deposit sites. Mean percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) tended to be higher in the outer parts than in the inner parts of the body. Percentage of MUFA in carcass fat was negatively correlated with withers height and BW and positively correlated with meat quality score and marbling score. Fatty acid compositions of the 34 sire groups varied, and mean percentages of MUFA in i.m. fat ranged from 47.71 to 54.77%. Steers in the C group grew larger than those in the A or B group. Mean percentages of MUFA for i.m. fat in the A, B, and C groups (52.83, 51.88, and 50.33%, respectively) differed (P < 0.05) from each other. Steers in the C group had higher (P < 0.05) percentages of saturated fatty acids than those in the A or B groups. Percentages of genetic contribution of sires B (P < 0.05) and C (P < 0.001) were negatively correlated with percentage of MUFA in i.m. fat. These results suggested that genetic factors affected fatty acid composition of carcass fat in Japanese Black Wagyu cattle and that some sires had potent genetic factors affecting this composition.

A heuristic procedure called Smart Greedy is proposed for solving a nonlinear knapsack class of reliability optimization problems with multiple constraints (multidimensional nonlinear knapsack problems). At first, by using a surrogate multiplier, the multidimensional nonlinear knapsack problem is translated into an one-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem, which is called the surrogate problem. Second, modular approach (MA) solves the surrogate problem with the surrogate multiplier given as a centroid of the current polyhedron. Algorithm cut-off polyhedron (COP) provides a cutting plane of the polyhedron, and reduces the polyhedron recursively until the polyhedron becomes empty. Finally, a procedure called Smart Greedy generates an approximate solution of the surrogate problem with the surrogate multiplier finally obtained. The solution obtained is called Smart Greedy solution, which is feasible to the original problem. The computational experiments show hat the present algorithm provides high quality solutions.

In this paper we propose an approximate method for nonlinear integer programming problems. A nonlinear integer programming problem is written as a multidimensional nonlinear knapsack problem. The multidimensional nonlinear knapsack problem can be solved even if the objective and constraint functions of the original nonlinear integer programming problems are nonconvex and undifferentiable. It is difficult to solve large-scale multidimensional nonlinear knapsack problems exactly. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective approximate method for such problems. We propose an approximate method to solve the multidimensional nonlinear knapsack problems using the surrogate constraints method and use the method to solve nonlinear integer programming problems. The proposed approximate method provides an upper bound and an approximate solution that provides a lower bound. We can evaluate the quality of the approximate solution to compare the lower bound with the upper bound. Computational experiments show that the proposed method provides high-quality approximate solutions. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 82(4): 64–70, 1999

The effects of roughage levels on growth, beef quality, ruminal contents and serum constituents during the growing period in Japanese Black steers were investigated. Eight Japanese Black male calves, which were 4 months old, were divided into two groups: a high roughage group (H) and a low roughage group (L). The animals in H and L were fed a diet containing approximately 60% and 30% roughage on TDN basis respectively during the growing period (4 to 10 months old). They were fed the same diet in the fattening stage (11 to 30 months old). The average daily gain in L was greater than that in H during the growing period. The withers height and heart girth, however, were similar in both groups throughout this study. The body weights at the end of fattening period were also similar in both groups. The beef marbling in H was better than that in L, but not significantly. The intermuscular fat thickness in H was significantly thinner than that in L. These results suggest that feeding a large quantity of roughage during the growing period gives a preferable carcass for meat industry with relatively small amount of intermuscular fat.

We have studied the order of appearance of oscillation modes associated with a piecewise linear map (PLM) obtained from the Oregonator model excited by an external periodic force ( A cos (ωτ)). It is shown that the bifurcation of the transition from m -peak oscillation ( m -PO) to ( m +1) -PO occurs when the value of a shift parameter in the PLM varies from large to small. The region of appearance of the oscillation mode π r , s ( m , m +1) consisting of r times of m -PO and s times of ( m +1) -PO is obtained from analytical treatment, where r , s and m are the positive integers, respectively. The series of the winding number of the oscillation mode π r , s ( m , m +1) form a part of successive Farey series, and the Farey series can be decomposed into the part of series of unstable oscillation mode and that of stable oscillation mode. The bifurcation diagram of the order of appearance of the oscillation mode π r , s ( m , m +1) in the PLM has a self similar hierarchy. Analyzing theoretically the order of ...

A new heuristic procedure, which is called Smart Greedy, is proposed for solving a kind of general reliability optimization problems (non-DGR type knapsack problems). Smart Greedy uses Recursive Greedy with multiple greedy functions designated by balance coefficients, generates several solutions and then determines the best solution among them as the smart greedy solution. Recursive Greedy first checks the feasibility of sets of items for a given problem and removes infeasible items from the item sets. Second, the procedure checks the gain ratio of increments of objective function to constraint function and reduces the problem to DGR type problem by invoking LP dominance. Third, the procedure continues to allocate the increments for current items until the constraint is violated. With the current solution, the procedure then repeats the greedy procedure for current items that are added to the items removed by the LP dominance in the previous step. Computational results show that the Smart Greedy is more effective than the previously reported methods.

Smart Greedy procedure is proposed for solving multi-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problems. Introducing a surrogate multiplier, the multi-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem can be translated to a surrogate problem, which is an one-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem. With the surrogate multiplier that is a centroid of the polyhedron of surrogate multiplier, the algorithm MA solves the surrogate problem, and then the algorithm COP optimizes the surrogate multiplier by reducing the polyhedron, repeatedly, untill the polyhedron becomes empty. Smart Greedy generates the Smart Greedy solutions of surrogate problems with the optimal surrogate multiplier. The solutions obtained are feasible to original multi-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problems. The computational experiments show that the proposed method provides high quality solutions.

It is difficult to solve a class of multi-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem by optimal solution method. We apply surrogate constraints method to a multi-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem. Introducing a surrogate multiplier, the multi-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem can be translated to the surrogate problem, which is one-dimensional nonlinear knapsack problem. The optimal solution of the surrogate problem provides upper bounds of the optimal value of given problem. It is important to obtain upper bounds of the optimal value of given problem in engineering application. The surrogate problem can be solved efficiently by Modular Approach. The computational experiments show that our method gives a high quality upper bonds of the optimal value of given problem.

We prepared DNA from the production waters of oil deposits and wellheads of the high- and hypertemperature Japanese oil wells #AR39 (depth, 1230 m; temperature, 74 °C; pressure, 2.92 MPa) and #SR123 (depth, 1687 m; temperature, 98 °C; pressure, 11.3 MPa) to detect indigenous bacterial and archaeal microorganisms. We used PCR to amplify the 16S rRNA genes of microbial communities and characterized them based on their sequences. A few species of microorganisms with high GC contents were detected in samples from oil deposits, whereas the microbial constituents and their GC contents were diverse in wellhead samples. A comparison of the composition of the microbial communities found that the predominant indigenous populations in the #SR123 oil deposit were Thermotoga hypogea-, Thermotoga petrophila- and Thermodesulfobacterium commune-like bacteria with a 61-63% GC content in their 16S rRNA gene sequences, and Archaeoglobus fulgidus-like archaea with a 65% GC content, whereas the major population in #AR39 comprised Thermacetogenium phaeum- and Fervidobacterium pennavorans-like bacteria and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus-like archaea with a 60%, 60% and 61% GC content, respectively.

ウシ由来の脂肪代謝の一酵素リポプロテイン•リパーゼ(LPL)のcDNAをプローブとして黒毛和種のゲノムDNAの分析を行ない,RFLPを見出した.LPLのcDNAをアミノ酸をコードしている5'の部分と3'の非翻訳領域とに分割し,それぞれをプローブとした.3'非翻訳領域のプローブではHind IIIをのぞく8種類の制限酵素(Taq I, Xho I, Msp I, Hae III, Pst I, Eco RI,Bam HI)ではRFLPは認められず,Hind IIIのRFLPも明りょうではなかった.一方,アミノ酸をコードしている5'の部分をプローブとすると,調査した9種類の制限酵素のうち,Hind III, PstI, Hae III, Taq I, Msp Iの5種類で多型が観察された.兵庫県の閉鎖繁殖雌牛集団では,それらのRFLP型はハプロタイプ様のクラスターを形成して,お互いに関連しており,個体はAA型,AB型,BB型のいずれかに分類された.このように5種類もの制限酵素型が一致した挙動を示すことは珍しく,その原因としては5種類の制限酵素で切断される比較的長い断片がイントロン部位で正逆の方向に挿入されている可能性が高いものと推定された.美方郡の繁殖雌牛集団116頭ではAタイプのクラスターの遺伝子頻度は0.418,Bタイプのそれは0.582であった.この多型は対立関係にあって単純なメンデル遺伝をするものと推定された.また,20頭の肥育去勢牛の枝肉の調査ではこのRFLP型と枝肉の肉質,日本格付協会の脂肪交雑評点(BMS)との関係は直接には認められなかった.

兵庫県北部の美方郡に飼養されている黒毛和種「但馬牛」は長期にわたり完全な閉鎖集団として維持されてきた.ところが,この集団の育種の成果,すなわち遺伝的趨勢についての検討は今日までなされていない.そこで,BLUP法アニマルモデルによって,雌牛の体測定値について育種価評価を行ない,雌牛サイズの遺伝的趨勢を明らかにした.材料は本集団において生産され,1921年から1990年にかけて登録された雌牛18,942頭と雄牛619頭である.この内,13,527頭の雌牛が体高と胸囲を,11,275頭がかん幅の記録をも備えていた.雄牛ならびに記録を持たない雌牛は評価時の血統連結用の個体として利用した.遺伝率は,種雄牛モデルによる多形質REML法により,体高で0.297,胸囲で0.104,かん幅で0.116と推定された.環境的趨勢を誕生年の効果で見ると,第2次世界大戦の影響で急激に悪化した.その後,1960年代に入り,肉専用種へと用途転換され,飼養管理技術の改善による顕著な効果が認められた.次に,雌牛の育種価評価値の平均の誕生年への回帰によって遺伝的趨勢を推定した.1930年代から戦後までは体高,胸囲,かん幅の3測定値共に遺伝的水準の変化は認められなかった.登録が全国的に一元化された1948年以降には育種価の上昇が認められ,体高で0.035cm/年,胸囲で0.035cm/年,かん幅で0.013cm/年の割合で増加した.1948年の集団平均に対する変化率ではそれぞれ0.03, 0.021, 0.034%と推定された.雄牛の検定が開始された1968年以降を見ると,体高の遺伝的改良量のみが0.063cm/年,変化率にして0.052%と加速されたが,胸囲とかん幅の育種価の増加率は雄牛の検定の開始前後で差異は認められなかった.本集団における1970年以降の雌牛サイズの表型上の増加の内,体高は遺伝的効果に負うところが大きいものの,胸囲とかん幅における遺伝的効果は10～30%程度で,多くが飼養管理技術の改善に起因することが明らかになった.

Lactoferrin content of colostrum obtained from cows within 24 h after parturition was measured using a single radial immunodiffusion test and was compared among cows of two dairy breeds (Holstein-Friesian, Jersey) and two beef breeds (Japanese Black and Japanese Brown). Average lactoferrin content in colostrum of dairy breeds was 2 mg/ml and in colostrum of beef breeds was .5 mg/ml. Lactoferrin content of colostrum due to lactation number was also different among breeds. In dairy breeds, multiparous cows had lactoferrin content two to three times higher than that of primiparous cows; beef breeds showed no obvious differences between lactation years. Lactoferrin content also varied considerably within breed. In beef breeds, half the cows had values of nearly zero. Transferrin content in colostrum was fairly constant (.9 mg/ml) and was not as variable among and within breeds. There was no correlation between lactoferrin and transferrin contents in colostrum. Examination of cows lacking lactoferrin suggested that transferrin plays an important role as an iron carrier from a cow to her newborn calf.

The breeding program for beef cattle in Japan has changed dramatically over 4 decades. Visual judging was done initially, but progeny testing in test stations began in 1968. In the 1980s, the genetic evaluation program using field records, so-called on-farm progeny testing, was first adopted in Oita, Hyogo, and Kumamoto prefectures. In this study, genetic trends for carcass traits in these 3 Wagyu populations were estimated, and genetic gains per year were compared among the 3 different beef cattle breeding programs. The field carcass records used were collected between 1988 and 2003. The traits analyzed were carcass weight, LM area, rib thickness, s.c. fat thickness, and beef marbling standard number. The average breeding values of reproducing dams born the same year were used to estimate the genetic trends for the carcass traits. For comparison of the 3 breeding programs, birth years of the dams were divided into 3 periods reflecting each program. Positive genetic trends for beef marbling standard number were clearly shown in all populations. The genetic gains per year for all carcass traits were significantly enhanced by adopting the on-farm progeny testing program. These results indicate that the on-farm progeny testing program with BLUP is a very powerful approach for genetic improvement of carcass traits in Japanese Wagyu beef cattle.