Search

Frailty is one of the most important geriatric syndromes featured by a cumulative decline in biological reserves and functional capacities, reducing the individual’s resistance and making him more vulnerable to fractures, falls, hospitalizations and death. This is a scoping review focused on recent evidence on the impact of frailty in older adults, considering the global burden of disease in aging, frailty epidemiology, instrumentation and practical assessment of the frailty phenotype, and a brief approach on the therapeutic management.

A scoping review will be conducted in order to provide an overview of the available evidence related to self-experience approaches in the context of dementia education for informal caregivers and dementia care professionals, as well as to identify barriers and facilitators to the use of these techniques.

Food insecurity (FI), “the state of being without reliable access to sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food” (USDA ERS - Measurement, n.d.), is associated with poor dietary quality and poor health outcomes including an increased risk of obesity (Aggarwal et al., 2011). A worldwide public health issue, obesity is interwoven with another global concern, climate change (An et al., 2018; Trentinaglia et al., 2021). Adherence to government recommendations around healthy eating not only incur benefits to health but could reduce an individual’s environmental footprint through associated reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Scheelbeek et al., 2020). The retail space offers an opportunity to promote the purchase and consumption of healthy, environmentally sustainable foods for people living with obesity (PLWO) and FI. The review will explore existing interventions developed to improve dietary quality of PLWO and FI, delivered in food retail settings and examine the extent to which the environmental impact of such interventions has been considered. The review will be conducted in line with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Scoping Reviews. A search strategy, developed by experienced librarians at Robert Gordon University and the research team will be run in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Titles and abstracts will be screened independently by two reviewers. Studies will be selected for inclusion in line with predetermined criteria. The data will be analysed descriptively and summarised in tabular format. The scoping review aims to establish the content, delivery and the effectiveness of food retail-based interventions aimed at improving the dietary quality and manage weight of PLWO and FI. The review will explore what, if any, role the environmental sustainability of foods plays in the purchasing behaviours of this population. Review findings will be used to help guide intervention development, presented at academic conferences and published in an academic journal.

Mindfulness-based interventions have been reported to have significant physical, mental, and social health benefits. Current research supports the utilization of such practices for the treatment of chronic pain, stress, and illness. Mindfulness-based interventions have also been observed to provide positive benefits for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities as well as individuals with chronic mental health diagnoses. However, individuals with physical disabilities are often excluded from this research and have limited access or inclusion in mindfulness-based interventions as they are inherently developed for able-bodied individuals. Nor is there enough research supporting this limitation or efforts to mitigate the significant barrier to such a profound coping mechanism for this population of individuals. Therefore, this protocol is informing on a scoping review of modified mindfulness-based interventions for individuals with physical disabilities.

Every aspect of a person’s life is affected by spinal cord injury. The physical, psychological, cognitive and emotional effects of the injury affect not only the person but also their support network, impacting their ability to participate in meaningful life roles. Life expectancy is also significantly affected by spinal cord injury, with life-limiting comorbidities in addition to the physical and cognitive effects of ageing. Despite an increase in life expectancy for people with spinal cord injury (NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, 2014) due to improvements in medical treatment, rehabilitation and support services, additional challenges remain. Common concerns about functional independence, engagement in social, leisure and work activities and maintaining quality of life for people with a spinal cord injury may be magnified as they grow older. Currently, medical and psychosocial support is focussed on acute and rehabilitation stages and period of transition back into the community immediately post discharge, and specialist support to age well with a spinal cord injury is rare. This study investigates the effects of ageing on Australians with a spinal cord injury, the supports available and suggested improvements that may facilitate this cohort to optimise their health and wellbeing and continue to engage in meaningful and purposeful life roles as they grow older with a disability. Aims: - Review how the ageing process affects people with SCI from a physical, psychosocial and cognitive perspective. - Identify how different consumers approach the process of aging with a spinal cord injury. - Identify the health, community and aged care services available for this demographic in developing countries - Review the approach and attitudes of health, aged care and community professionals to working with this demographic. Objective: Investigate the experience of aging of this demographic. There is currently limited information on the experience or quality of life of those aging with a SCI. (Jorgensen, Andersson, & Lexell, 2021; Lundstrom, Lilja, Gray, & Isaksson, 2015). With this demographic increasing, it is therefore imperative from an economic and social perspective that further research is undertaken to determine strategies to support and optimise quality of life for this cohort. This scoping review will identify scope of current knowledge wrt to the requirements for people with a SCI to age well, the supports available and identify gaps to be further investigated.

This is a registration of a protocol for a scoping review on strategies for training and involving laypeople in health technology assessment.

This review will focus on the various clinical patient populations in which cross-education and its effects have been utilized and evaluated.

Preregistration of analysis plan

Determine whether treatment effect changes as well as true inter-individual response differences (IIRD) occur in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a result of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant patients.

This is a registration of a scoping review protocol that will examine training programs for clinical preceptors, what these training programs entail, and identify any gaps that exist in these programs.

This is the preregistration of the protocol for a scoping review. The objective of this scoping review is to understand how the development of culinary skills in childhood and adolescence happens, as well as to outline the existing concepts in the literature on the subject. In addition, understanding family relationships related to the development of culinary skills in the context of childhood and adolescence.

This study aims to investigate the influence of CYP1A2 genotype on the ideal timing to supplement caffeine before an exercise and a cognitive task. Also, it aims to observe the relationship between performance changes and caffeine metabolite levels.

A scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of a particular topic by synthesizing the breadth of evidence currently available. It has become an increasingly common approach to summarize the literature since its inception in 2005, and detailed approaches have since been developed to provide methodological and reporting guidance. Scoping reviews are intended to provide readers with key concepts and definitions, important insights regarding the topic of interest, knowledge gaps in the field, and a summary of how research has been conducted. They may serve as a precursor to systematic reviews conducted on larger, more homogeneous bodies of evidence, which often include more specific research questions, methodological appraisals, risk of bias assessments, and meta-analyses. This Scoping Review Protocol Guidance is intended to serve as an educational tool for those developing or reviewing scoping review protocols including novice, intermediate, and experienced researchers and clinicians. This document provides information for each core protocol component (see color-coded headings) consisting of overarching goals, core requirements, helpful tips, and published protocol examples. Please note these examples may not include all recommendations provided herein. When writing your protocol, this guidance is intended to be used in tandem with the Scoping Review Protocol Template, which includes headings and subheadings to insert relevant protocol information. Please refer to our bibliography for the list of resources used to create these documents.

This global health research project focuses on a neglected condition (albinism) and the health inequities and human rights violations faced by mothers who give birth to a baby with albinism. For many women, the delivery marks the beginning of a sequelae of life-altering societal responses that ultimately prevent her and her baby from the full enjoyment of their human rights. Giving birth to a baby with albinism can precipitate abandonment by family and community, intimate partner violence, and precarity. A synthesis of the evidence regarding the experiences surrounding the birth of a baby with albinism for family members and their carers in Africa is needed to inform research and practice. Specifically, this synthesis will support a broader ongoing study exploring how the perinatal experiences of mothers who give birth to a baby with albinism can be improved through health services, health professions education, and the development of equity-oriented and contextually relevant educational strategies, with the overarching aim of promoting, protecting, and fulfilling their human rights. This evidence synthesis is the first phase of four of our study (to read more: www.motheringandalbinism.com). As we are taking a participatory approach, it will facilitate an interdisciplinary dialogue with our intersectoral network to come to a shared understanding of key concepts and findings to inform our collective work. No other evidence synthesis was found on this topic and this knowledge is crucial to support the development of our equity-oriented and contextually relevant educational strategies. Although we had conducted previous synthesis work on albinism and human rights (Reimer-Kirkham et al., 2019; Reimer-Kirkham et al., in review), the focus of this current synthesis is distinct as it targets the perinatal period and broadens the scope to health professions education. This synthesis will inform the next phases of our study and gather insights from relevant sources to present a comprehensive synthesis of birthing experiences of mothers, families, and carers to the birth of a baby with albinism in sub-Saharan Africa.

An overview of reviews (i.e. umbrella review) with the aim to cover a broad range of health topics and to gain an overview of the effectiveness of (combinations of) de-implementation strategies with regard to certain LVC practices. It may further provide insights into the application of different de-implementation strategies in diverse settings, for different target groups and LVC practices.

Det overordnede målet med prosjektet er å øke kunnskapen om beslutningsprosesser, etiske problemer og samhandling om hjerte-lungeredning (HLR) i sykehjem.

Breast cancer is among the highest types of cancer that have been diagnosed globally. It is also the highest cancer case in Asia, both in incidence and mortality. Every year, many women lose their lives to breast cancer, emphasizing the need for screening to reduce breast cancer-related mortality. Apart from age and having dense breasts, the risk of developing breast cancer increases because an individual has a family history of breast disease. The most effective method of treating cancer is to stop it from growing by reducing the recognized risk factors, which includes performing a series of screening methods; Breast Self-Examination (BSE), Clinical Breast Examination (CBE), and imaging with various modalities. It is crucial to consider the perception of risk among First-Degree Relatives (FDR) because it may lead to improvements in the early detection of breast disease. Early identification of breast cancer in asymptomatic women aims to identify the disease. At the same time, it is less invasive and treatable with less invasive surgery, less chemotherapy, and adjuvant radiotherapy. This reduces the morbidity and mortality rates associated with advanced stages of the disease. Research question comprises of; -What is the rate of breast cancer early detection involvement among FDR to breast cancer patients? -Do FDR women have a high chance of developing breast cancer?

The expansion of the diversity of health care is notorious, and even though these are not evidenced in large numbers for certain niches, it is already noticeable that there are some productions that tend to investigate some of the so-called integrative health practices as possibilities of improvements for the health of some subjects that make use of them. Therefore, it is inferred that yoga may be one of these practices to influence the aspect of motricity and other physiological conditions. Considering the hypothesis of an inclusive practice, the chair will be used in this intervention as a support for the execution of the seated yoga practice. Elderly people between the ages of 65 and 80 were chosen as the target public.

Rationale: By 2044, 50% of the United States will be of minority status [1]. Given the changing US population, it is important to reconsider traditional ways of understanding diversity. Diversity in research allows for the examination of drivers of health disparities as evidenced by prior research finding differences in health outcomes dependent on patient race [2]. However, most scholars now agree that markers such as race and ethnicity are imperfect measures of variation as there is more genetic heterogeneity between people of the same race than those of different races [3]. Due to the known impact of social determinants on health disparities, these may serve as better tools to use in research analysis for understanding diversity and differences in health outcomes [4]. In this systematic review, we will discuss the current practice for using race in pediatric clinical trial research and provide a review of the use of social determinants of health in pediatric clinical trial research. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to assess if there is reporting of social determinants of health in pediatric dermatology clinical trial research (specifically income, location, education, healthcare, and social support) and the conditions and setting this reporting occurs.

Tissues of different tissue preparations (e.g., fresh frozen, fresh-never-frozen, 30% formalin embalmed, embalmed without formalin) will undergo tensile testing to understand how the linear elastic properties are affected.

A methodological review of self-acknowledged limitations in exercise therapy trials for the treatment of low back pain

This scoping review will look at Paramedic attitudes towards fascia iliaca compartment blocks (FICB) in the prehospital setting.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by a slow-growing, acid-resistant bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, which has a specific tropism for the skin, peripheral nerves and mucous membranes, mainly the transmitted tract, and may also affect other organs, such as the liver., testicles, eyes and oral mucosa. The objective of this work was to map the scientific evidence related to the characteristics of oral manifestations in leprosy. This is a scope review. The protocol used for this review was that of the “Joanna Briggs Institute” (JBI). From the search for studies in the databases PUBMED, LILACS, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS and INFOLEP 2037, articles were found, among which, after selection, 29 were included in this review. Among the articles included, or year of publication varied between 1969 and 2021, most articles (N=12) were found in the PUBMED database and the predominant type of study was case report (N=12) followed by cross-sectional study (N=9). This review found that the age range ranged from 8 to 88 years, most cases were male. Leprosy can involve lesions in the oral mucosa, the most common sites being: tongue, hard palate, soft palate, gingiva, oral mucosa, uvula and lips. The types of lesions vary between: nodules, ulcers, fissures, erythema, hyperpigmentation and whitish plaques. The most common clinical form was Virchowian, followed by Tuberculoid and Indeterminate. The oral manifestations of leprosy have a direct impact on their quality of life, coexistence in society and difficulty in acceptance related to self-image. Dental examinations are low-cost and preventive prevention tools that can be tailored to clinical guidelines for new cases, under treatment or follow-up. The impact of the otorhinolaryngological and oral manifestations of leprosy on the patient's quality of life must be considered.

The aim of this scoping review is to identify, synthesise and evaluate existing national and international indicators, tools and data requirements for the evaluation of quality of care for older (65 years old or older) at the population level in the palliative care setting.

The main aim of the intended project is to reduce feeling of procedural pain (when changing bandages) in burn patients through a developed and pilot-verified application for virtual reality (hereinafter VR). The first study on this topic was conducted in the US on two pediatric patients (Hoffmann et al. 2000). In addition to pharmacological pain therapy, there are a number of non-pharmacological options (eg, relaxation techniques) that are based on distracting attention from the feeling of pain. VR appears to be the most promising of these options and, in addition to distraction, it also reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms and enhances patient cooperation (Scapin et al. 2018). The studies also agree on the beneficial role of immersivity; a sense of immersion in VR (Tribert et al. 2014).

This systematic review is investigating the effects of psychological stress on musculoskeletal tissue health.

Scoping review to investigate what are the educational technologies on tuberculosis for health professionals, specifically the professional categories of physicians, nurses, licensed practical nurses and community health worker.

The aim of this scoping review is to create an overview about existing measuring parameters for pain-related and movement-related fear and the underlying constructs.

Transient Lingual Papillitis (TLP), commonly known as "lie bumps," is a condition that affects the fungiform papillae on the tongue, responsible for taste sensation. It is characterized by the sudden onset of inflamed and painful bumps on the tongue, which typically resolve within a few days or weeks. Although the exact cause of TLP is still unknown, it can be triggered by factors such as local irritation, viral infections, allergies, hormonal changes, and stress. While TLP is generally a benign and self-limiting condition, it can cause discomfort, alter taste perception, and make eating and speaking difficult. However, because the symptoms are transient and often not severe, many individuals may dismiss or overlook the condition. This underreporting and lack of awareness lead to an underestimation of the true prevalence and impact of TLP. The appearance of painful bumps on the tongue can also cause anxiety and cancer phobia in some individuals. Mistaking the symptoms of TLP for oral cancer can lead to excessive worry, stress, and negative impacts on quality of life. It is important for healthcare professionals to provide accurate information about TLP to alleviate patient anxiety and prevent unnecessary medical interventions. This study aimed to analyze existing literature on TLP, focusing on its definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. By identifying the current knowledge and research gaps, the study provides a comprehensive overview of TLP to inform clinical practice, research efforts, and patient education.

At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face physical assessment became difficult due to social distancing. In many instances, testing was halted. Remote physical performance testing would circumvent the problem, as did telehealth, which played an important role of “virtual world” for remote monitoring, health consultations, telemedicine, and rehabilitation. The scoping review is to provide an overview of validity and reliability study being assessed remotely versus face-to-face physical performance test, identifying the various validated physical perfromances tests, describing the methodologies, limitations and future implications. Significance;Utility by researchers, clinicians and coaches, simple, cost and time effective,commercialisable, and applicable to various populations.

This is a scoping review of methods for determining the conclusiveness of systematic review results.

The objective of this scoping review is to examine how researchers incorporate technology in behaviour analytic studies focused on increasing physical activity.

Scoping review of radiographers' education in infection prevention and control in medical imaging department.

Objective: To understand the extent and type of empirical evidence available relating to the impact of complex trauma on daily functioning and occupations in childhood. Introduction: Extensive investigation has explored the negative effects that exposure to complex trauma has on various components of health and development in childhood. However, research considering the impact of complex trauma on daily functioning and occupation in the lives of children and youth has been treated in limited detail. Inclusion Criteria: The review will include empirical studies involving children and youth who have been exposed to prolonged or repeated experiences of interpersonal trauma within a caregiver relationship. The study must include a report of the impact of complex trauma on an aspect of daily functioning or occupation in a child’s life. Methods: The JBI methodology for scoping reviews will be used to conduct this review, accompanied by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A systematic search strategy will be run through the EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Web of Science databases. A hand search will be conducted to ensure sources which fall outside these databases are included. The title and abstract will be screened by two independent reviewers. The full texts of potentially relevant sources will be screened by two independent reviewers with a third acting as adjudicator to resolve discrepancies. The data extracted will be synthesized using thematic analysis, presented in tabular form, and accompanied by a narrative summary describing its relationship to the review question.

Objective: A) Map the phonatory tasks and outcome measures used to assess vocal fatigue in vocally healthy individuals in the scientific literature. B) Identify the most efficient phonatory tasks and outcome measures to assess vocal fatigue in vocally healthy individuals. C) Investigate the distribution of publications with the different measures used to assess vocal fatigue in vocally healthy individuals. D) Characterize the sample size and sociodemographic profile used in the publications with the different outcome measures used to assess vocal fatigue in vocally healthy individuals. E) Investigate the methodological design of the selected studies. F) Develop a protocol for evaluating vocal fatigue in healthy individuals based on the studies analyzed. Introduction: Vocal fatigue is defined as the physiological or self-reported deterioration of vocal function after prolonged use of the voice1. Harmonic vocal quality depends directly on the integrity of the structures involved in the phonation process. High vocal demands, associated with the absence of adequate vocal training, can favor phonotraumas and the development of alterations in the larynx2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Articles whose population is vocally healthy adults will be included, who analyzed vocal fatigue by comparing acoustic, self-reported, aerodynamic, auditory-perceptual and physiological measures, in the moments before and after vocal load activity with a minimum time of 15 minutes3. Review studies, research with dysphonic individuals or with some laryngeal pathology, patients with vocal complaints, with deviated vocal quality or with underlying disease related to larynx/voice will be excluded. Studies with the transgender population will also be excluded, which have used measurement procedures that are not part of the multidimensional voice assessment, which have performed vocal load activity of less than 15 minutes in duration. Methods: The construction of the search strategy will follow the PCC strategy (Population = vocally healthy adult individuals; Concept = phonatory tasks and vocal assessment measures; Context = vocal fatigue) and will be adapted for each database and/or information source included. The databases used will be Medline (PubMed), LILACS (BVS), SCOPUS (Elevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), EMBASE, COCHRANE. It will be complemented by a manual search of the gray literature in the OpenGrey sources and Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations - BDTD. The search will be performed independently by two reviewers. If discrepancies occur, a third reviewer will resolve. The extracted data will include PCC-specific details with key significant findings about the outcome measures used for vocal fatigue before and after a vocal loading activity. The information extracted will be: title, author, year, objective, type of research, sample, type of vocal load activity, duration of vocal load activity, phonatory tasks collected, evaluation measures used to evaluate vocal fatigue, main conclusions. A descriptive analysis of the results will be carried out, with the construction of frequency distribution tables of the main results. After summarizing the data, we intend to develop a protocol to be recommended for the evaluation of vocal fatigue in vocally healthy individuals.

This scoping review aims to systematically map the use of the NASSS framework to date. Specifically, this review will answer the following research questions: 1. What are the characteristics (e.g., design, setting, population, intervention, stakeholders engaged) of studies that used the NASSS? 2. How has the NASSS been used in the identified studies, including, but not limited to timing within implementation (prospective or retrospective), depth of application, and use in combination with other tools (e.g., the NASSS-CAT)? 3. What are the reported lessons learned from the application of the NASSS framework? See attached files for the review protocol and search strategies.

Integrative review

The objective of this systematic review is to characterize the peer-reviewed literature investigating YouTube as a source of surgical information for patients.

Genetic and genomic technologies can effectively diagnose multiple genetic disorders. Guidelines recommend genetic counselling accompany genetic testing. Yet, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the genetic counselling considerations with genetic testing in the NICU and PICU. This scoping review will be conducted to identify the gaps in care and understand which areas are in need to be improve clinical care for patients, parents, and healthcare providers. The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of published, peer-reviewed, and other literature on the genetic/genomic counselling considerations with genetic testing of critically ill infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and patients in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). The objective is to determine the gaps in care with respect to genetic counselling for infants undergoing genetic and genomic testing with considerations of parents and healthcare providers.Studies that include/cover/review/analyze the genetic counselling process in NICUs and/or PICUs using any genetic testing tool (for example: genome, exome, whole genome, whole exome sequencing, chromosomal microarray analysis, and multigene panels). The studies will be limited to English language only due to the resources available to the research team. We acknowledge potential bias this may introduce. Publication type will include both peer-reviewed journal articles and targeted grey literature. The included articles will consider critically ill newborns who are patients in the NICU. PICU was added since infants with heart defects are transferred to the PICU in British Columbia, Canada. Articles that include other groups, such as parents and health care providers, who are involved in genetic/ genomic counselling in NICU and PICU, will also be included. The study design will not be restricted in an attempt to map the literature and identify knowledge gaps in these care settings. This scoping review will follow the format outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA_Scr) guidelines. The databases, which include MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ebsco), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINHAL (Ebsco), will be searched using a prescribed search strategy created with the assistance of a research librarian. Articles that meet the inclusion criteria will be included and analyzed as they related to the research question. The identified sources will initially be screened (titles and abstracts) by two independent reviewers. Sources that are duplicates or do not conform to the inclusion criteria will be excluded at the initial stage. The second screening will be conducted using full-text studies by the same two independent reviewers to analyse the inclusion of studies.

Systematic review of personality and behaviour preference profiles of health profession students prior to professional entry.

The objective of this project is to perform a scoping review to identify and map scientific literature related to chiropractic faculty participation in research. Variables of interest include, but are not limit to, barriers and facilitators associated with research participation. This scoping review will help inform a follow-up qualitative project on the same topic.

The impact of introducing sit-stand desks in the workplace for a healthier aging: a randomized controlled trial in sedentary adults

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to identify the extent and type of evidence available to clinicians and prehospital services to assist decisions regarding the appropriate prehospital regimens for the maintenance of anaesthesia following intubation of trauma patients. Introduction: The provision of prehospital emergency anaesthesia (PHEA) is a complex intervention, which if conducted safely can have significant potential benefits to the trauma patient. While techniques and anaesthetic regimens for the induction of PHEA are dealt with extensively in the published literature, there is little evidence to guide clinicians on the appropriate choice of anaesthetic regimens for the maintenance of PHEA. Inclusion criteria: The primary review will identify publications addressing the prehospital anaesthetic maintenance regimens for trauma patients post-intubation. A secondary review of the same literature search will identify publications that address post-intubation anaesthetic maintenance regimens in similar clinical scenarios that may allow for reasonable comparisons of practice – namely medical patients in the prehospital setting and trauma patients undergoing interhospital transfer. Methods: Ovid will be used to search the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and EBSCOhost to search the CINHAL database. The search will be limited to articles published in the English language between January 1990 and September 2022. Two independent reviewers will screen collated articles by title and abstract, then undertake full text review of remaining articles, against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any relevant references from the reviewed articles be added for full text review. Data extracted from the final articles meeting criteria will be collated independently in tabular form, and a narrative synthesis will accompany the results, assessing anaesthetic regimens against the pharmacokinetic properties of the described drugs. If practical, the reported regimens will be further illustrated using pharmacokinetic modelling.

Background & Rationale Scientific journals publish scholarly articles and provide an important platform for transparent presentation, exchange, and discussion of new scientific developments. Peer review, though often criticized, plays an integral role in ensuring integrity and quality in this scientific process. Given its importance, it is surprising that the scientific peer review and editorial processes generally remain fully absent in the curricula of advanced academic programs. Indeed, in Publon’s 2018 report on the global state of peer review, 88% of survey respondents indicated that peer review training is important or extremely important for ensuring high quality peer review (Publons and Publons, 2018). Furthermore, a 2016 study of 170,000 researchers conducted by Wiley found that 77% of reviewers expressed interest in receiving further training (Warne, 2016). Nevertheless, many scientists report lacking guidance on how to review a scientific paper (Mulligan, Hall and Raphael, 2013). As a result, the first peer reviews performed by early-career researchers (ECRs) are often conducted in a self-guided, “learning-by-doing” setting, which can jeopardize quality and timeliness. Due to the steadily growing number of articles submitted every day and lack of incentives to peer review, journals report increasing difficulties in finding high-quality reviewers willing to accept review invitations (Heinemann, 2015; Publons and Publons, 2018). This was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic (Kurth et al., 2020). Illustrating a further challenge, a 2020 study found that 12% of reviews included unprofessional comments, while 41% of reviews were incomplete, inaccurate or contained unsubstantiated critiques (Gerwing et al., 2020). Although several peer review training resources are available (EQUATOR network, 2021) it remains unclear to what extent new reviewers use these (largely online) tools and if they are effective. Of the few published studies on the topic, it appears that short duration training (Schroter et al., 2004), receiving written feedback from editors (Callaham, Knopp and Gallagher, 2002), or simply matching new reviewers with experienced ones (Houry, Green and Callaham, 2012; Wong et al., 2017) are of limited value in the attempt to improve quality. To date, we only identified two rather informal efforts to explicitly engage students in peer review. The studies were descriptive in nature, lacked formal assessment, and were small in scope (Xu et al., 2016; Podder et al., 2018). In fact, most published studies describing peer review training interventions lack rigorous evaluation, transparency in reporting, sufficient sample size and hands-on, “real world” application. Project Conceptualization At the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, doctoral students increasingly pursue cumulative, publication-based dissertation projects instead of monographs, while generally having little or no prior publication experience. Unsurprisingly, these students seek coursework that goes beyond basic scientific writing and introductions to statistics. They seek exposure to best practices in modern study design and data analysis strategies employed in cutting-edge biomedical research. To address all the aforementioned gaps and engage students in a meaningful, hands-on way, we created an elective course for students in the Health Data Sciences (HDS) PhD Program in 2019: https://iph.charite.de/en/academic_programs/phd_in_health_data_sciences/peerspectives/ The basic structure was a series of four interactive lectures with take-home assignments followed by four hands-on workshops. In the workshops, groups of four students were paired with a mentor with journal editing experience (workshop leaders) to produce four peer review reports for manuscripts that were currently under consideration at a journal partner (see the “Intervention” section for details). Our pilot study of Peerspectives with four participants indicated it provided relevant training and was well-received by the students, editor-mentors, and partner journal’s staff. As a next step, after increasing the program’s capacity to accommodate larger groups over several semesters, we seek to gain insights into the effectiveness of the program. Setting and participants Following a pilot in summer of 2019, we began offering Peerspectives as a recurring semester-long elective course at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Germany). The course was led by instructors affiliated with the Health Data Sciences PhD program and students could earn 4 credits towards their studies upon successful completion. In the first semester run of the course (October 2020 - March 2021), due to limited capacity and high demand spots in the course were initially offered to doctoral students enrolled in the Health Data Sciences PhD program and remaining spots were then made available to other doctoral students in the biomedical sciences both at the Charité and other national and international institutions through an application process. Interested students were asked to provide details about prior training in epidemiology and (bio)statistics as well as to detail their motivation to participate, which were used for participant selection. Students not selected were encouraged to re-apply for future runs of the course. In the second, third, and fourth runs of the course (April 2021 - August 2021, October 2021 - March 2022, and April 2022 to August 2022), recent post-docs as well as Master’s students in higher semesters, nearing completion of their graduate programs, were also invited to apply for the course. During these recruitment periods, we also advertised the course more intensively outside of our institution in a targeted effort to reach interested students from international universities and those with more diverse academic backgrounds (e.g. fields adjacent to the health data sciences). Course instructors, coordinators, former students, and workshop leaders were encouraged to help spread the word in their networks and on social media. The maximum course capacity was contingent on the number of available workshop leaders each semester. In the four runs of the course, we enrolled approximately 20 students per semester. Once the students were offered a spot in the Peerspectives course, they were asked whether they were interested in participating in the scientific evaluation study (see next section). Recruitment/Enrollment All students who were selected to take part in the Peerspectives course were asked whether they would like to participate in our scientific evaluation study. If so, they were asked to provide written informed consent after reviewing the detailed, written participant information materials. Students were informed that their choice to participate in the scientific study would in no way influence their ability to successfully pass the course and receive the 4 credit points. During the course, neither instructors nor workshop leaders were aware whether a student in the course was participating in the evaluation study. We continued enrollment until the minimum sample size target was exceeded (see below). Ethical Considerations The evaluation study of Peerspectives received approval from the ethics committee of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin on 17.11.2020 (EA4/190/20). Intervention The semester-long Peerspectives course provides peer review training in a hybrid structure. Due to the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic and to accommodate interested students outside of Berlin, all runs of the course (after the pilot) were held fully online via Zoom. The first half of the course consists of four interactive lectures of 180 minutes led by faculty of the Health Data Sciences PhD Program at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin focused on (1) the role of scientific journals, editors, peer reviewers, and authors in scientific publishing; (2) sex and gender related aspects in peer review, ethical guidelines for peer review, and open science; (3) the conduct of peer review, including step-by-step guidance on how to write a constructive peer review report; and (4) a live demonstration of drafting a peer review report for a “real” scientific manuscript currently under review at the partner journal. Following each lecture, students are given a reflection assignment to be completed and submitted before discussing as a large group at the start of the next session. In the second half of the course, students work together in assigned, small groups to produce a peer-review report for each of the four “live” manuscripts provided by the partnering scientific journal. For every workshop group, four course participants are paired with one workshop leader who has prior peer-review and editing experience for a scientific journal (“editor-mentor”). These editor-mentors are recruited from a growing personal network of the course creators; they participate on a voluntary basis without remuneration; and, they are in no way involved in handling of or decision-making regarding the manuscripts under review at the partner journal level. Prior to each workshop meeting, the students draft the peer review report together, with a different student taking the lead organizational role each week. The draft report is then discussed and revised together with the workshop leader in a 180-minute workshop meeting. Once all workshop group members and the workshop leader approve the final review report, it is submitted to the journal by the workshop leader also on behalf of the trainee group (crediting all group members by name). Upon receipt of the journal’s decision on the paper, the workshop leader disseminates comments from the editors and other peer reviewers to all workshop group members and the group has a chance to discuss these together. Attendance at all lectures and workshops, as well as submission of homework assignments, and active participation in the workshops is required to receive course credit. In extenuating circumstances, make-up assignments are provided to compensate for missed sessions. When not possible, only a certificate of attendance (without credit points) is issued. Assessments and procedures All course participants, regardless of whether they were also participants in the evaluation study, were required to sign a confidentiality agreement with the partnering journal developed for the purposes of Peerspectives, since the manuscripts used in the course are “live” and contemporaneously under review at the partnering journal. In addition to providing written informed consent, all evaluation study participants were further asked to provide information about their age, gender, educational background and prior methods training, and any prior reviewing experience on a short questionnaire. Before starting the course, all study participants are asked to complete an online pre-course survey to self-assess their own levels of knowledge and relevant skills. The same 8-question survey is administered again after the conclusion of the course, with additional room for students to provide feedback about the course to the instructors. To assess the effectiveness of the Peerspectives course as part of a semester of doctoral studies, we will evaluate the program using a pre-/post-assessment comparison. For this purpose, all study participants are requested to draft a peer review report of a manuscript on their own once before (“pre-course assessment”) and once after completing the course (“post-course assessment”) under simulated real-world conditions. Accordingly, participants are told that they may use any resources available to them (“open-book”); however, they are explicitly instructed to work on these review reports alone and not in consultation with others. To mimic real-world peer review conditions, participants are given two weeks to complete the assessment task. Reminders are sent to any participants who had not yet submitted their reports one week before the deadline, one day before the deadline, and on the day of the deadline (to simulate a real-world reviewing experience). Participants may request a one-week extension of the deadline, in which case, they are again sent reminders at the same intervals leading up to the new, extended deadline. In cases of non-responding participants, to mimic the chasing mechanisms for unfinished peer reviews used by many journal’s manuscript submission management systems, up to three additional reminders are sent until the peer review report is received. Following the conclusion of a sufficient number of runs of the course to reach the sample size needed for the scientific evaluation, all submitted pre- and post- course assessments will be sent to trained assessors (experienced editors at a partnering scientific journal) under a pseudonym and scored using the validated Review Quality Instrument (RQI), version 3.2 (van Rooyen, Black and Godlee, 1999). References: Callaham, M.L., Knopp, R.K. and Gallagher, E.J. (2002) ‘Effect of written feedback by editors on quality of reviews: two randomized trials’, JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association, 287(21), pp. 2781–2783. EQUATOR network (2021) Peer review training and resources. Available at: https://www.equator-network.org/toolkits/peer-reviewing-research/peer-review-training-and-resources/#PRTraining (Accessed: 4 March 2021). Gerwing, T.G. et al. (2020) ‘Quantifying professionalism in peer review’, Research integrity and peer review, 5, p. 9. Heinemann, L. (2015) ‘Reviewer: an endangered species?!’, Journal of diabetes science and technology, 9(2), pp. 167–168. Houry, D., Green, S. and Callaham, M. (2012) ‘Does mentoring new peer reviewers improve review quality? A randomized trial’, BMC medical education, 12, p. 83. Kurth, T. et al. (2020) ‘Parallel pandemic: The crush of covid-19 publications tests the capacity of scientific publishing’, BMJ [Preprint]. Mulligan, A., Hall, L. and Raphael, E. (2013) ‘Peer review in a changing world: An international study measuring the attitudes of researchers’, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , 64(1), pp. 132–161. Podder, V. et al. (2018) ‘Collective Conversational Peer Review of Journal Submission: A Tool to Integrate Medical Education and Practice’, Annals of neurosciences, 25(2), pp. 112–119. Publons and Publons (2018) ‘Publons’ Global State Of Peer Review 2018’. doi:10.14322/publons.gspr2018. van Rooyen, S. et al. (1999) ‘Effect of open peer review on quality of reviews and on reviewers’ recommendations: a randomised trial’, BMJ , 318(7175), pp. 23–27. van Rooyen, S., Black, N. and Godlee, F. (1999) ‘Development of the review quality instrument (RQI) for assessing peer reviews of manuscripts’, Journal of clinical epidemiology, 52(7), pp. 625–629. Schroter, S. et al. (2004) ‘Effects of training on quality of peer review: randomised controlled trial’, BMJ, p. 673. doi:10.1136/bmj.38023.700775.ae. Warne, V. (2016) ‘Rewarding reviewers - sense or sensibility? A Wiley study explained’, Learned Publishing, pp. 41–50. doi:10.1002/leap.1002. Wong, V.S.S. et al. (2017) ‘Mentored peer review of standardized manuscripts as a teaching tool for residents: a pilot randomized controlled multi-center study’, Research Integrity and Peer Review. doi:10.1186/s41073-017-0032-0. Xu, J. et al. (2016) ‘Mentored peer reviewing for PhD faculty and students’, Nurse education today, 37, pp. 1–2.

COVID-19 conspiracy rhetoric has been rampant throughout the pandemic. As a result, vaccination rates in many developed countries have not been ideal despite substantial public spending. If conspiracy theories about COVID-19 vaccination proliferate, it can discourage people from taking vaccines. To address this timely issue with global health consequences, we examine if conspiracy mentality – the general tendency to adopt a conspiratorial frame of thinking, is related to populist sentiments, which drive vaccine hesitation. The finding from our exploratory supports the hypothesis that individuals high in conspiracy mentality are more likely to mistrust experts, which in turn predicts vaccine hesitancy. This finding begs another key question: What can we do to counteract mistrust? The vaccine advocacy literature has suggested that communicating the prosocial benefits of herd immunity may buffer vaccine hesitation. The decision to vaccinate can be conceived as a trade-off between costs incurred (e.g., time and monetary resources, inconvenience, and potential side effects) and benefits of personal protection and herd immunity. With higher conspiracy mentality, individuals may perceive more vaccine risks and emphasize the costs (vs. benefits) associated with vaccination. However, research revealed that if the benefits of herd immunity are made salient, individuals may be motivated by collective benefits and reduce their reluctance to get vaccinated. In the proposed experiment, we hypothesize that highlighting the prosocial benefit of head immunity may offset the perceived cost of trusting experts due to people’s conspiracy mindset. To this prediction, we designed an experiment manipulating herd immunity communication and assessing participants’ vaccine hesitancy and intention to be vaccinated against a fictitious pathogen.

A scoping review protocol aiming at mapping and characterize the literature regarding the positive and negative psychological aspects of parents of individuals with Rett syndrome in all ages.

This document contains the search strategy of the systematic review entitled: Periodontal disease metabolomics signatures from different biofluids: a systematic review.

Polarization is a process that occurs deliberately in a group of people in which, after internal discussions, they tend to support more extreme opinions. Although this phenomenon can hamper the progress of science, little is known about its effects on scientific digital messages. In this context, this scoping review aims to detect characteristics of polarized scientific digital messages regarding scientific publications, science communication or specialized discourses. The results of this scoping review will support the further development of a conceptual framework for the identification of polarized scientific messages.

A qualitative study designed to assess attitudes towards male and female sterilization to better understand the decision making process behind choosing this contraceptive method and identify areas for future research as trends in sterilization rates have begun to change in response to new restrictions to access to abortion and add to the limited literature that focuses on sterilization in particular.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of research that has been conducted regarding sexual trauma revictimization among military personnel and veterans. Introduction: Military sexual trauma (MST) is a traumatic event that has become a growing concern in all branches of the U.S. military. Despite preventative efforts by the Department of Defense and the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the incidence of sexual abuse among service members has been increasing. Between the years of 1997-2015, rates of MST have increased by 200% (Collette, 2021), and the VHA estimates that 33% of women and 2% of men have suffered sexual abuse during their time in the military (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2021). Many of these individuals go on to suffer negative physical and mental health outcomes such as PTSD, depression, eating disorders, emotion dysregulation, substance use disorder, and even further sexual trauma (Walker et al., 2017). Sexual abuse revictimization is a concerning outcome of sexual trauma that results in similar symptoms of the original sexual abuse, but with a greater risk (Arata, 2002). A multitude of reviews of the extant literature on revictimization have been published over the last two decades synthesizing the current evidence that has established sexual trauma, in all stages of development: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, as a risk factor for future sexual abuse. Critically, a recent review by Walker et al. (2017) found that individuals who experience sexual abuse are three times more likely to be revictimized and the likelihood of revictimization increases with the recency, frequency, and severity of the abuse. Although there have been many reviews of sexual trauma revictimization within the general population, the same cannot be said for military and veteran populations, which have been known to have relatively higher rates of sexual trauma. To date, only one systematic review has been conducted regarding this high-risk population (Tirone et al., 2020). Unfortunately, this review only considered sexual trauma happening within or after the military experience, not sexual abuse that may have occurred before. Consequently, the literature analyzing sexual trauma and revictimization throughout the entire lifetime, to include: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (prior to military service) has been overlooked, and a scoping review exploring these additional factors merits consideration. It is our goal to take an inclusive and comprehensive approach, looking at sexual abuse throughout the entire lifetime: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood- of an individual who is currently serving on active duty or has served in the past. We hope to discover broad trends of revictimization before, during, and after military service; treatment modalities; and potential mediators and moderators of revictimization.