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We review the literature on credence goods since Dulleck and Kerschbamer (Journal of Economic Literature 44(1), 5-42, 2006). We consider various markets for credence goods and briefly discuss evidence on the extent of fraud. We then review theoretical and empirical contributions on the determinants of seller and consumer behavior in markets for credence goods. The topics include informational asymmetries, pro-social motivations and seller characteristics, as well as several features of the market structure and institutional environment (separation of diagnosis and treatment, liability, verifiability, reputational concerns, competition between experts and second opinions). We also describe recent developments in this area of research (such as the role of investing in more precise diagnostic technologies) and offer an outlook on future questions.

There are many markets for credence goods which have been assessed in recent economic research, including taxi services, car mechanics, health care or electronics repairs. How- ever, as no previous research inspects solely an Internet-based environment, the thesis examines the web development market as the representative of a new potential segment of markets for credence goods. In particular, the discrimination in overcharging based on gender or technical experience of a customer is assessed. For this reason, a natural field experiment was designed and subsequently, 341 Czech web developers and IT firms were approached via email to collect the proposed prices for a fictitious E-shop development contract. After the analysis of the outcome variables, the multiple linear regression model with the ordinary least squares (OLS) method was employed. The results suggest that male customers tend to get higher price proposals than women. The second implication is that customers who signalled technical experience in the email inquiry appear to get higher prices than the non-technical customers. However, the outcomes and the differ- ences in proposed prices were not significant among the treatment groups. Other factors, including the number of employees, the region where the company resides and proposed...

Both overcharging and charge inversion denote a general observation that the sign of a surface charge can flip in the presence of interacting species such as surfactants, polyelectrolytes, proteins and multivalent ions. Moreover, charge inversion of proteins through charge regulation, is one explanation for protein adsorption to similarly charged surfaces. While overcharging and charge inversion have been long studied, the explanations for these phenomena are often still debated. Broadly these explanations can be categorized as "chemical" where specific attractive interactions are seen as the cause of charge inversion, and "physical" where purely electrostatic interactions and constraints of geometry are used as explanation. In this review, charge inversion is discussed from a very broad viewpoint, where we draw connections between the various explanations proposed for very different systems. Especially, we highlight the work of Johannes Lyklema, who always carefully balanced between the competing chemical and physical explanations, and demonstrated that only few experimental systems allow just a single explanation.

A glace view of our idea is designing a new innovative idea which can monitor the flow of power supply to the existing plug sockets. As in India demand for electricity is increasing day by day, there is a need to implement an idea in order to meet this problem. So not only synthesizing an method to generate the electricity but also a method to save the electricity. Even though there are smart house systems basing on home automation, they only disconnect the electrical or electronic devices form the supply but the power supply to the socket in which the appliance is plugged in can't be stopped. The myth about overcharging your phone is a common one. The amount of charge going into your device shouldnt be an issue as most are smart enough to stop taking a charge once full, just topping up as needed to stay at 100 per cent. The problems occur when the battery overheats, which can cause damage. So.in our paper we are proposing and implementing the automated timer socket using arduino for real time applications. G. Chakra Mahesh Babu | I. Mahesh Veera Bhadrarao | M. Venkata Balaji | Ch. Sai Praveen "Automated Timer Socket using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23157.pdf

Using the hypernetted-chain/mean spherical approximation (HNC/MSA) integral equations we study the electrical double layer inside and outside a model charged cylindrical vesicle (nanopore) immersed into a primitive model macroions solution, so that the macroions are only present outside the nanopore, i.e., the vesicle wall is impermeable only to the external macroions. We calculate the ionic and local linear charge density profiles inside and outside the vesicle, and find that the correlation between the inside and outside ionic distributions causes the phenomena of overcharging (also referred to as surface charge amplification) and/or charge reversal. This is the first time overcharging is predicted in an electrical double layer of cylindrical geometry. We also report the new phenomenon of double overcharging. The present results can be of consequence for relevant systems in physical-chemistry, energy storage and biology, e.g., nanofilters, capacitors and cell membranes., 10 pages, 4 figures

Complexation between poly(acrylate) (PA) and poly(allylammonium) (PAH) macroions at pH = 7.0 was studied by means of electrokinetics, microcalorimetry and DLS. At low polyelectrolyte concentrations and no electrolyte present strong overcharging of primary nanocomplexes occurred. In contrast, the increase in polyelectrolyte concentration led to flocculation taking place near the equivalence. The nanocomplex charge reversal was also achieved in the high polymer concentration regime by the abrupt instead of stepwise titrant addition. The procedure was successfully used in the case of several other polyion pairs. The presence of electrolyte affected the PAH-PA interpolyelectrolyte neutralization considerably, leading to ion- specific aggregation and extrinsic charge compensation. The complexation energetics was weakly influenced by ionic conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the reported results are the first direct evidence for primary complex overcharging. Their rationalization explains why interpolyelectrolyte neutralization in solution and at surfaces usually results with formation of neutral and charged products respectively.

Zbog potrebe za većom korisnošću i duljim životnim vijekom baterija koristi se sustav upravljanja baterijama. To posebice vrijedi za litij ionske baterije, koje zbog svoje osjetljivosti na prepunjavanje i pretjerano pražnjenje zahtijevaju strogi nadzor u svrhu produživanja životnog vijeka. Sustav upravljanja zasnovan je na ideji punjenja svih ćelija istovremeno dok se jedna od ćelija ne napuni na maksimalni dozvoljeni napon, a onda se prelazi na pojedinačno punjenje ćelija. Kao dio tog sustava, zadatak je bio izraditi relejnu pločicu koja omogućuje da mikrokontroler upravlja punjenjem ćelija strujom do maksimalno 30 A. Pločica također služi i za mjerenje napona na ćelijama. U ovom radu su navedene komponente koje se nalaze na pločici uz obrazloženje zašto su one stavljene na pločicu. Također, dokumentiran je postupak izrade same pločice. Battery management system is used because of the need for greater and longer cycle life of the batteries. This is especially true for lithium ion batteries , which because of its sensitivity to overcharging and over-discharge require strict control in order to prolong the life of the battery . The management system is based on the idea of charging the battery until one cell is filled to the maximum permitted voltage, and then switches to charging cells separately . As part of that system, the task was to circuit relay board that allows microcontroller manages charging cells with current that is up to 30A. The board also serves to measure the voltage on the cells. In this document, components that are on the board are listed and explained. There is documented process of making PCB, too.

This paper investigates the impact of four key economic variables on an expert firm’s incentive to defraud its customers in a credence goods market: the level of competition, the expert firm’s financial situation, its competence, and its reputational concerns. We use and complement the dataset of a na-tionwide field study conducted by the German Automobile Association that regularly checks the reliability of garages in Germany. We find that more in-tense competition and high competence lower firms’ incentive to overcharge. A low concern for reputation and a critical financial situation increase the incentive to overcharge., Economics Working Paper Series, 13/179

This paper investigates the impact of four key economic variables on an expert firm's incentive to defraud its customers in a credence goods market: the level of competition, the expert firm's financial situation, its competence, and its reputational concerns. We use and complement the dataset of a nationwide field study conducted by the German Automobile Association that regularly checks the reliability of garages in Germany. We find that more intense competition and high competence lower a firm's incentive to overcharge. A low concern for reputation and a critical financial situation increase the incentive to overcharge.

In credence goods markets, experts have better information about the appropriate quality of treatment than their customers. Because experts provide both the diagnosis and the treatment, there is opportunity for fraud. We experimentally investigate how the intensity of price competition and the level of customer information about past expert behavior influence experts' incentives to defraud their customers when experts can build up reputation. We show that the level of fraud is significantly higher under price competition than when prices are fixed, as the price decline under a competitive-price regime inhibits quality competition. More customer information does not necessarily reduce the level of fraud.

Charging and aggregation of negatively charged carboxyl latex particles in the presence of positively charged linear oligoamines containing 1-6 amine groups were investigated by electrophoretic mobility and dynamic light scattering. The oligoamines of low valence resemble simple inert salts and destabilize the suspensions by screening their charge. The oligoamines of higher valence induce overcharging at low concentrations, whereby destabilization is triggered by charge neutralization. At higher concentrations, destabilization is also induced by screening. The onset of first fast aggregation regime scales with the inverse six power of the valence in agreement with the Schulze-Hardy rule. The aggregation rates can be relatively well described by the DLVO theory which indicates that the interactions are governed by van der Waals and electrostatic double layer forces.

Empirical literature on moral hazard focuses exclusively on the direct impact of asymmetric information on market outcomes, thus ignoring possible repercussions. We present a field experiment in which we consider a phenomenon that we call second-degree moral hazard - the tendency of the supply side in a market to react to anticipated moral hazard on the demand side by increasing the extent or the price of the service. In the market for taxi rides, our moral hazard manipulation consists of some passengers explicitly stating that their expenses will be reimbursed by their employer. This has an economically important and statistically significant positive effect on the likelihood of overcharging, with passengers in that treatment being about 13% more likely to pay higher-than-justified prices for a given ride. This indicates that second-degree moral hazard may have a substantial impact on service provision in a credence goods market.

Charge reversal as an extreme case of charge compensation is directly observed by capillary electrophoresis for a negatively charged peptide in aqueous solutions of trivalent cations. Atomistic and coarse-grained simulations provide molecular interpretation of this eff ect showing that it is largely of electrostatic origin with a minor contribution of chemical speci ficity of the salt ions.

Cet article s'interroge sur les pratiques tarifaires des médecins généralistes libéraux français et notamment de la succession d'actes gratuits et de dépassements d'honoraires. Il soutient l'hypothèse selon laquelle la marchandisation du système de soins se traduit par une différence (à la hausse ou à la baisse) par rapport au tarif conventionnel. La marchandisation se répercute par une augmentation des tarifs spécifiques et creuse l'écart entre le prix "juste" selon le médecin et le tarif conventionnel.

Charging properties and colloidal stability of negatively charged polystyrene latex particles were investigated in the presence of linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) of different molecular masses by electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Electrophoretic mobility measurements illustrate that LPEI strongly adsorbs on these particles leading to charge neutralization at isoelectric point (IEP) and charge reversal. Time-resolved DLS experiments indicate that the aggregation of the latex particles is rapid near the IEP and slows down away from this point. Surprisingly, the colloidal stability does not depend on the molecular mass, which indicates that the adsorbed LPEI layer is rather homogeneous.

The presentation was highlighting several discrepancies of the contemporary Croatian lawyers' fee system with respect to the newest amendments of the Law on the Legal Profession.

International audience; Electrokinetic measurements such as electrophoresis may show an inversion of the effective surface charge of colloidal particle called overcharging. This phenomenon has been studied by various theoretical approaches but up to now very few attempts of confrontation between theory and experiment have been conducted. In this work we report electrophoretic measurements as well as Monte Carlo simulations of the electrokinetic potential for the surface of calcium silicate hydrate (Csingle bondSsingle bondH), which is the major constituent of hydrated cement. In the simulations, the surface charge of Csingle bondSsingle bondH nanoparticles in equilibrium with the ionic solution is determined by a single site characteristic and electrostatic interactions between all explicit charges at the surface and in the electric double layer. We will show that ordinary electrostatic interactions are enough to describe all experimental observations. Actually, an excellent agreement is found between experimental and simulated results without any fitting parameter, both with respect to surface titration and electrokinetic behaviour. The agreement extends over a wide range of electrostatic coupling, from a weakly charged surface with mainly monovalent counter-ions to a highly charged one with divalent counter-ions.

Previous studies on the surface charge and electrokinetic charge on silver iodide as a function of the pAg in the presence of some monovalent and trivalent cations as the counterions were extended to include the influence of pH. The main reason for this study was to investigate the possible propensity of overcharging by adsorption of hydrolyzed counterions. It was found that for K+ as the counterion the double layer properties could be well represented in terms of a simple Gouy-Stern model, without accounting for hydrolysis. However, with Al3+ or La3+ as the counterions, adsorption of hydrolyzed species takes place when the pH is high enough, leading to electrokinetic charge reversal.

A review. Various models of the complex formation between polyelectrolyte chains and oppositely charged macroions are reviewed. In recent years, a great deal of knowledge of the multitude of possible polyelectrolyte conformations at the macroion surface has been accumulated, which consequently has led to increasing interest in using such complexes in the design of nanomaterials. This review focuses on key studies relating to the effects of various physico-chem. parameters on complex formation and areas for future research are identified.