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Consumption of human breast milk (HBM) attenuates the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which remains a leading and intractable cause of mortality in preterm infants. Here, we report that this diminution correlates with alterations in the gut microbiota, particularly enrichment of Propionibacterium species. Transfaunation of microbiota from HBM-fed preterm infants or a newly identified and cultured Propionibacterium strain, P. UF1, to germfree mice conferred protection against pathogen infection and correlated with profound increases in intestinal Th17 cells. The induction of Th17 cells was dependent on bacterial dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DlaT), a major protein expressed on the P. UF1 surface layer (S-layer). Binding of P. UF1 to its cognate receptor, SIGNR1, on dendritic cells resulted in the regulation of intestinal phagocytes. Importantly, transfer of P. UF1 profoundly mitigated induced NEC- like injury in neonatal mice. Together, these results mechanistically elucidate the protective effects of HBM and P. UF1- induced immunoregulation, which safeguard against proinflammatory diseases, including NEC., Introduction Despite major advancements in medicine, the rate of preterm birth has not decreased and remains one of the leading global causes of infant mortality (1). Maternal pathogen-induced inflammation potentially [...]

[...] Leaving that house was really emotional ... because it's the ... that's the thing it's the boys' childhood and Grace's childhood all wrapped up in that house. Keywords: Material culture; mobility; anchor; home; moving house; storage; Cultura material; movilidad; ancla; hogar; mudanza; almacenamiento; Culture matérielle; mobilité; attache; foyer; déménagement; entreposage EN Material culture mobility anchor home moving house storage ES Cultura material movilidad ancla hogar mudanza almacenamiento FR Culture matérielle mobilité attache foyer déménagement entreposage 990 1006 17 09/09/22 20220901 NES 220901 Introduction Moving home is a significant moment experienced by most over the course of their life, and the practices of sorting through and packing household possessions in order to move and remake home are central to the experience. Gill's experience of moving house involved the stress of renovating their new house and was inflected by her changing family dynamics as her children grew up and the "family home" changed its meaning. Mobility, anchor, home, moving house, Material culture, storage. [Extracted from the article]

Migratory birds are exposed to a diverse pathogen fauna by virtue of their long-distance travels. Although the immune system is an organism's primary defense against pathogenic microorganisms, few studies have investigated avian immune function during migration, much less shown seasonal differences in immune function. We describe the immunological condition of three intercontinental migratory species, Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Veery (C. fuscescens), and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) during spring migration. In addition, we compare their immunological condition with conspecifics captured during fall migration and during the breeding season to provide a frame of reference for the spring immunological data. Measures of immunological condition presented include total leukocyte count, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, heterophil and lymphocyte counts, hematocrit, and IgG titers. In addition, we assessed each bird's energetic condition by measuring body mass and calculating a size-corrected condition index. Migrating birds had lower leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, lower hematocrit, reduced fat stores, and higher H:L ratios relative to nonmigrating individuals sampled during the breeding season. We also found that birds sampled during spring migration had lower lymphocyte counts and reduced fat stores, and higher heterophil counts and H:L ratios than fall migrants. Our results suggest that migrating birds are immunocompromised compared with conspecifics during the breeding season. Furthermore, compared with conspecifics sampled after a shorter overland flight, migrants sampled after crossing the Gulf of Mexico exhibited higher H:L ratios, which is indicative of heightened energetic stress. Key words: body condition, hematocrit, immune function, immunoglobulin, migration, seasonal differences, white blood cell count. Las aves migratorias estan expuestas a una diversidad de fauna patologica debido a sus viajes de larga distancia. Aunque el sistema immunologico es la principal defensa contra los microorganismos patogenos, pocos estudios han investigado la funcion del sistema inmunologico de las aves durante la migracion, y mucho menos han mostrado las diferencias estacionales en la funcion inmunologica. Este estudio describe la condicion inmunologica de tres especies migratorias intercontinentales durante la migracion de la primavera: Catharus ustulatus, C. fuscescens y Hylocichla mustelina. Ademas, comparamos la condicion inmunologica de estas aves con la de aves de la misma especie capturadas durante la migracion del otono y durante la epoca de reproduccion, a fin de proveer un marco de referencia para los datos inmunologicos obtenidos en la primavera. Las mediciones que se presentan sobre la condicion inmunologica incluyen un conteo total de leucocitos, la proporcion de heterofilos:linfocitos (H:L), conteos de heterofilos y linfocitos, hematocritos, y los niveles de IgG. Ademas, evaluamos la condicion energetica de cada ave por medio de la medicion de la masa corporal y el calculo de un indice de condicion corregido de acuerdo con el tamano. Las aves migratorias tuvieron conteos mas bajos de leucocitos y linfocitos, hematocritos mas bajos, reservas de grasa reducidas y proporciones mas altas de H:L en relacion con las ayes no migratorias muestreadas durante la temporada de reproduccion. Tambien se encontro que las ayes que se examinaron durante la migracion de la primavera tenian un menor conteo de linfocitos, reservas de grasa reducidas y un conteo mayor tanto de heterofilos como de la proporcion de H:L que las ayes que migraron en el otono. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las aves migratorias estan inmunocomprometidas en comparacion con aves de la misma especie examinadas durante la temporada en la que no hay migracion. Por otra parte, las aves migratorias examinadas despues de que cruzaran el Golfo de Mexico mostraron proporciones de H:L mas elevadas comparadas con aves de la misma especie examinadas durante la migracion del otono, lo cual indica un elevado estres energetico.