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The article is about the controversy and cultural appropriation of parkour in relation to the Olympic Games. It mentions that parkour originated in the suburbs of France and became popular through online video platforms in 2006. In 2017, the International Gymnastics Federation announced a new competitive modality based on parkour for the Olympic Games, which generated accusations of cultural appropriation. The concept of culture and cultural appropriation is discussed, as well as the conflicts between different federations and organizations related to parkour. The resignation of some members of the International Gymnastics Federation in relation to parkour is also addressed, and the negative consequences of cultural appropriation by the FIG are mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Movement & Sport Sciences / Science & Motricité is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parkour is often defined through its strikingly visual dimension with breathtaking images of leaps covering amazing distances, recordings of seemingly impossible body movements and flying bodies apparently no longer constrained by gravity. However, the basic idea behind parkour is to find the most efficient or direct path as one crosses from one point to another while overcoming all obstacles using only one's bodily capacities. No additional tools are used or are necessary. The seemingly weightless traceurs and traceuses (parkour practitioners) run, jump and climb through public and digital space. At the same time, they produce visual footage of their best movements. As in other sporting cultures, such as skateboarding, surfing or climbing, the productions of visual material and the visual representation of the sports practices are interrelated. This hints at an entangled relationship between parkour and media in its various forms and aspects. In the following article, parkour will be described as a mediatized global cultural practice with a focus on established regimes of visibility. The analysis will be conducted from a local Moroccan and gendered perspective and using an ethnographic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to determine the variability in stress indicators due to horse age and competitive season (May, July, September) in jumping horses in parkour, research was performed on 14 studs (7 younger, and 7 older) trained and bred in the same conditions. The stress indicators (heartbeats, cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in saliva) were measured or sampled before, during and at the end of the training - parkour jumping. The significance of the differences in stress indicators between the horse age classes regarding the competitive season was tested by Tukey’s test. Based on determined results it could be concluded that all stress indicators, during the entire competitive season, were higher in younger (less experienced) than in older (more experienced) horses. Furthermore, all stress indicators, with the exception of heartbeats, were highest in the peak of competitive season (July), while the lowest values of all stress indicators were determined at the end of competitive season (September). Monitoring of stress indicators, especially heartbeats, could be used for routine evaluation of horse preparedness for a particular activity.

Objetivo. Interpretar los sentidos y significados que subyacen en las relaciones que los practicantes de parkour y skateboard tejen dentro de su práctica y con los demás habitantes de la ciudad. Metodología. Este es un estudio fenomenológico que recurre a entrevistas de discusión y entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a grupos e individuos que hacen parte de las prácticas. Resultados. Los resultados indican que las relaciones intersubjetivas en la práctica se caracterizan por su horizontalidad,en ellas los saberes y experiencias valen por su carácter formativo y amistoso y no por la jerarquía. Dentro de las practicas la interrelación de los sujetos está circunscrita a la solidaridad, la responsabilidad, la motivación y cuidado del otro. Conclusión. Los procesos de subjetivación e intersubjetividad se alimentan del sí mismo de los otros, traceurs y skaters proyectan no solo sus propias subjetividades, sino que reflejan algunas formas de aquellos con los que confrontan.

Objective: A high correlation between lower limb explosive power and muscular strength, production of high power levels in the shortest time, and high level of agility are essential to achieve optimal performance in Parkour. It seems that polymetric exercises can make it possible to achieve the highest performance. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week plyometric exercise program on knee kinematic parameters, body composition, agility and horizontal jumping power of Parkour athletes. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design, 20 elite Parkour athletes aged 19-26 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=10) and control (n=10). The exercise group carried out the program for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each for one hour. Before and after exercise, measurements of kinematic parameters of knee, agility, and horizontal jumping power, and body composition in subjects were performed. The collected data were analyzed using t-test considering a significant level of P≤0.05. Results: Plyometric exercise for eight weeks had a significant effect on knee kinematic parameters of Parkour athletes (P=0.003) and significantly improved their horizontal jump, agility and reduced body fat percentage (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Plyometric exercise can significantly improve kinematic parameters of the knee, increase the jumping power and agility, and reduce body fat percentage in Parkour athletes; however, since Parkour movements are very similar to plyometric exercises, more study is needed.

Abstract Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is promising for improving motor and cognitive performance. Nevertheless, its mechanisms of action are unclear and need to be better characterised according to the stimulated brain area and the type of exercise performed. Methods/design This is a double-blind crossover study, organised into two parts: the first is to assess the effects of tDCS on explosive performance (jump task) and the second is to assess the effects on endurance performance (cycling time trial task). Participants, who are recreationally active or athletes (parkour practitioners, cyclists), will receive two active tDCS sessions (over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right motor cortex) and one sham tDCS session (part A), or two sequences (one active and one sham) of two daily tDCS sessions over 5 days (part B). Motor and cognitive performance will be compared before and after tDCS sessions (part A), and before and after the first session, after the last session and at day 12 and day 30 of each tDCS sequence (part B). Discussion This study investigates the acute and repeated effects of tDCS on the motor and cognitive performance of healthy subjects. It will try to evaluate if tDCS could be considered as a neuroenhancement technology according to the physical task investigated (endurance versus explosive). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03937115 . Registered on 3 May 2019; retrospectively registered.

O Parkour é a arte do deslocamento que desde sua origem na França segue princípios associados a melhoria das valências físicas, cooperação, respeito, coragem e superação. Essa pesquisa objetiva identificar os elementos do Parkour que permitam reconhecer seu processo histórico no Brasil e que desvende seu modo de ser, para que se possa vislumbrar os rumos da atividade no futuro. Através da história oral de um praticante comparada com a pesquisa bibliográfica verificamos que há uma distância entre o Parkour e a Educação Física dissociando a aprendizagem de uma metodologia organizada e da prevenção de lesões. Além disso, a filosofia original está sendo contestada pelo princípio Olímpico da competição, ao qual o Parkour sempre se colocou contra.

In “Postscript on Societies of Control”, French philosopher Gilles Deleuze proclaimed that “Everywhere surfing has replaced the older sports”. By this, he alluded to Foucault’s thoughts on older societal regimes and power diagrams of sovereignty and discipline, and that now such models have been supplemented with governance through control and allegations of increased freedom. This article has as its point of departure the potential of sports to reflect social change. Contemporaneously to the coining of Deleuze’s surfing sentence, a new sport emerges: parkour, in which practitioners “surf” the urban realm. This practice gained attention globally when it was featured in the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale. The analysis in this article revolves around the different ways of moving in and through the environment in the renowned parkour chase in the beginning of the movie. How do different kinds of displacement in the parkour chase of Casino Royale relate to the transition between the societies described by Deleuze, and what new adaptations emerge and what old logics and models return? It is concluded that the older forms of power prevail and that the ideal of the society of control cannot be realised.

En este artículo se expone un resumen de resultados referentes a una investigación realizada en la Ciudad de México, en la que se estudian tres actividades físicas, surgidas en países occidentales centrales durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, pero ampliamente practicadas en dicha ciudad: skateboarding, parkour y barras o street workout. La atención del texto se centra en el carácter urbano y masculinizado de estas disciplinas, así como en sus dimensiones lúdicas, estilísticas y estéticas, mismas que son reivindicadas por sus practicantes. Para lo anterior, mostramos algunos datos obtenidos mediante un cuestionario aplicado en campo y por medio de entrevistas semi-estructuradas realizadas a practicantes varones, así como algunas observaciones obtenidas de plataformas digitales. Además, se ofrece un esfuerzo por conceptualizar tales actividades dentro de una red de categorías propias de la sociología del deporte, esto en el intento de subrayar sus rasgos como deportes callejeros.

Objetivo: O parkour é uma nova versão esportiva, criado nos subúrbios de França que se opõe ao agonismo próprio da modernidade e parece confrontar as certezas que o positivismo engendra. Este trabalho tem por objetivo conhecer os praticantes de parkour e entender como concebem o conceito de competição que começa a ser disseminado nele. Método: Uma pesquisa exploratória com oitenta e quatro sujeitos foi aplicada em praticantes de todo o Brasil. Resultados: Os resultados permitem dizer que os jovens são aqueles que mais procuram o parkour e que os grupos são heterogêneos, ainda se percebe que as mulheres precisam conquistar seu espaço, pois não são protagonistas na modalidade. Conclusão: Verificou-se que há interesses da Federação Internacional de Ginástica em agrupar o parkour como uma de suas disciplinas e que os praticantes brasileiros não têm um consenso sobre se aceitam a competição ou não.

The main objective of the present study was to determine the emerging practices in physical activity and sports that are evolving in Medellín (Colombia) and their relationships with the academic curriculum of a sports degree program. The methodological approach was mixed. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was applied to 428 people. In the qualitative phase, a semi-structured interview was conducted in a focus group with people linked to physical activities and sports. The results showed that the most prevalent emerging practices were: functional training, adapted sport, CrossFit, Ultimate, and mountain biking. The focus group considered that the five emerging practices with most growth were: skateboarding, street workout, parkour, functional training, and CrossFit. Based on the results obtained, an updated plan is proposed for an academic sports degree curriculum including relevant emerging practices and activities that without pretending to be exclusive or radical, includes alternative training spaces for physical activities and sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgravity environments present unique movement and perceptual challenges which are most appropriately explored by movement professional. The high cost of microgravity and space endeavors place utilization of the time in those environments at a premium. We have identified techniques which can be practiced on Earth to increase competence of motion and develop a deeper understanding of reorientation of the human body in microgravity. This research has focused on understanding strategies for planning and executing specific movements, which can be explored in precise and low cost ways. A simulator was coded to explore the dynamics of the human body, which allows for visual and numeric calculations of the body's moment of inertia eigenvectors and center of mass in a variety of positions. The maneuvers were explored with dance, circus, and parkour artists through the use of parabolic flights, pools, and aerial harnesses. • Model of human body shows variability in center of mass location. • Self-rotation techniques in weightlessness are different than on Earth. • Previously explored weightless maneuvers for human body have been improved upon. • Moment of inertia eigenvectors for human body demonstrate stable rotation axes. • Technique for orienting two spinning human bodies in microgravity are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudio tiene por objetivo interpretar las experiencias y significados que los traceurs –practicantes de parkour– configuran en su relación con los espacios públicos de la ciudad de Bogotá. Este análisis está situado en la perspectiva de la motricidad humana y retoma el movimiento intencionado como categoría central. Metodológicamente es un estudio fenomenológico abocado a la relación sujeto-espacio a través del movimiento y la experiencia, razón por la cual recurre a entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y entrevistas grupales de discusión, con el fin de interpretar las particularidades del mundo subjetivo y del sentido colectivo que define la práctica. Los hallazgos muestran la creatividad, la adaptabilidad y la ecología del movimiento como características fundamentales de la práctica en la que los movimientos requieren mayor grado de delicadeza para armonizar con los obstáculos y preservar los espacios de la ciudad.

The concept of open functions was introduced to capture an intended feature of van Eyck's seminal play sculptures – they do not suggest a specific action. In a recent study, Van der Schaaf, A. L., S. R. Caljouw, and R. Withagen. (2020. "Are Children Attracted to Play Elements with an Open Function?" Ecological Psychology 32: 79–94) aimed to determine the degree of openness of Parkour play elements by asking participants what behavior children will mainly perform on them. In the present study, we used this method to determine the degree of openness of traditional play elements (e.g. a slide), van Eyck's play sculptures, and Parkour play elements. In addition, we measured the time participants needed to answer the question of what action children will mainly perform on the different elements. We found that generally the Parkour elements have the highest degree of openness. Interestingly, van Eyck's play elements appeared not to be that open. Moreover, the reaction time proved to be an alternative measure for the degree of openness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain-specific knowledge guides our attention and thus influences our perception. Prior change-blindness research has shown that expert athletes can spot meaningful scene changes more quickly than novices, but less is known of whether this expertise is modulated differentially between open and closed sporting activities. We presented 81 individuals (20 gymnasts, 19 rock climbers, 22 parkour practitioners, and 20 control participants) with alternating sequences of images that corresponded to the habitual training landscapes of each group (gymnasiums, rock cliffs, and urban environments, respectively). We included contextual and non-contextual scenic changes to evaluate whether athletes were generally aware of their environments, or whether their observation strategies only targeted sport-related environmental elements. Among these three athletic endeavors, we found that gymnasts were faster at detecting changes in their environment, irrespective of whether or not these changes were contextual to the sports involved. Expert rock climbers presented a domain-specific expertise that was improved even further for contextual changes. Parkour practitioners presented the fastest reaction times in the urban environment and some of the best reaction times for all types of changes. These results confirm that an ability to read the environment is an integral aspect of practice in open-skilled sports, while skills of athletes in closed-skilled sports are more closely related to motor skill repetitions in constant environments. Thus, open skill training may benefit athletes' guidance of attention. Our finding that parkour practitioners appeared to have developed the widest perceptual abilities was probably linked to these athletes' extremely wide range of practice environments and with the constant demands of this sport to find solutions in random natural environments that that are not purposely designed for the sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of parkour can be dated back to George Hébert's studies. It was created in France and quickly spread around the world. This motor discipline is commonly defined as "art du déplacement", and its aim is to adapt one's movements to the surrounding environment, both natural and urban. Parkour transforms towns from still and impersonal spaces into places for creativity, learning, and self-knowledge. In fact, a practitioner (before beginning to move) will continuously wonder about his motivations and his physical perceptions, converse with his fears, and look for his psychophysical balance. In 2019, the Italian Ministry of Health invited to consider unstructured activities to promote active life and make individual and collective gratification elements available. With this aim, parkour (as a mainly sensory-motor discipline) is very useful owing to its educational purposes, in particular when children are involved, because their approach to senses is still free from social and family conditioning. Parkour is a movement practice, which requires considerable physical, mental, and emotional training. We discuss the relationship between parkour and edgework (a socio-psychological concept about voluntary risk-taking; Lyng S., 1990) because parkour practitioners are exposed to risks that seem greater than what is socially acceptable. This study analyzes parkour as an outdoor activity, as an expression of flourishing (Nussbaum M, 2007) from the point of view of the urban jungle and as a denunciation of unsuitability of urbanization for the natural needs of the human being. We confirmed that the edgework approach was a very effective tool for practitioners to improve their specific skills and their personal lives. Parkour poses the questions; the practitioner's aim is to find the answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkour, an extreme recreational activity in which one overcomes obstacles in the most quick, efficient, and flowing way, encompasses running, jumping, vaulting, and climbing. The activity is gaining popularity on college campuses. The purposes of this study were to survey campus recreation administrators' views and policies on parkour and explore the potential legal liability higher education institutions face with the rise in participation in this potentially dangerous activity. The results showed little sanctioned parkour activity on college campuses and that recreation administrators do not appear to be worried. The legal analysis indicated that currently colleges and universities would not likely face legal liability for students who are injured while participating. However, prudent college recreational professionals must remain aware of new activities on campus and may want to take additional steps to insulate themselves from risks of legal liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Active methodologies have emerged in which they focus their importance of the teaching-learning process in students and not only on the result. In this way, research has been conducted using the active methodology Flipped Learning (FL) in all areas of Primary, Secondary and Higher Education. Objective: The current study aims to analyze the effect on student motivation after an intervention with the FL teaching technique, using a Parkour Didactic Unit in primary school students. Methods: One hundred students of 6th grade of Primary (11-12 years old) participated in this study, of which, 45 were girls and 55 were boys. It was randomly decided that 6°B and 6°D would follow the teaching styles that were already used in the center regularly (TRAD group) and otherwise, the 6°A and 6°C groups used FL teaching technique by watching videos created by the principal investigator for the present investigation (FLIP group). The Motivation Questionnaire in Physical Education in primary education and personal interview were applied before and after intervention. Results: The results showed an increase of intrinsic motivation (p < .001), identified motivation (p < .001) and introjected motivation (p < .001) in FLIP group. Moreover, external motivation, as well as the amotivation of the students, has decreased after the intervention. Regarding the TRAD group, a significant decrease in intrinsic motivation and identified motivation was observed. According to qualitative results, the most remarkable thing is that students consider FL as more fun, efficient, accepted and motivating. Conclusions: Intrinsic motivation increased significantly and amotivation values decrease in FL group. FL approach allows using more time in Physical Education classes and, consequently, it is perceived as more fun for the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUÇÃO: O Parkour é uma manifestação da cultura corporal de movimento que foi incluído na Base Nacional Curricular Comum (BNCC), por meio da unidade temática Práticas Corporais de Aventura. Sabe-se que alguns professores de Educação Física limitam suas aulas por não terem informações corretas sobre conteúdos não tradicionais e pela falta de estudos científicos relacionados ao parkour no âmbito escolar. OBJETIVO: O estudo tem como objetivo apresentar propostas de aulas do parkour na educação física escolar. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa é do tipo qualitativa e descritiva, com público-alvo de 30 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental anos finais. A técnica de investigação foi a observação, realizada a partir dos planos de aulas e imagens das atividades. RESULTADOS: Diante dos planos de aulas ministrados, observamos a participação, o entusiasmo e o empenho dos estudantes na aprendizagem dos movimentos e habilidades motoras básicas do parkour. CONCLUSÃO: O desenvolvimento das aulas foi significativo para os estudantes no que se refere a promover diversas perspectivas de aprendizagens (motoras, cognitivas, afetivas, cultural, social e emocional) do parkour. Promovemos atividades de forma sistematizadas, adequada com a faixa etária e pertinente com a realidade dos estudantes. Objetivamos o aprendizado de forma lúdica, com criatividade usando poucos materiais e espaço não delineado. O estudo é relevante já que há poucos estudos científicos sobre a prática do parkour no contexto escolar.

Partiendo de considerar a las ciudades como espacios en construcción constante en la que se expresan no solo múltiples prácticas y modos de vida, sino también las luchas por el poder de enunciación, las diversidades y desigualdades materiales y simbólicas. Este trabajo pretende dar cuenta sobre la manera en que las y los jóvenes de la ciudad de Perico, provincia de Jujuy, adscriptos y adscriptas al Parkour, construyen su experiencia en la ciudad, viviendo, reproduciendo, trasgrediendo y negociando condiciones de desigualdad, reconociendo además en estos procesos las inequidades y relaciones de poder que se dan entre los géneros. El Parkour como práctica corporal basada en el trazado por diversos espacios de las ciudades a través de múltiples movimientos que deben ser fundamentalmente fluidos, emergió con intensidad en los últimos años y exige ser explorado para vislumbrar los diversos procesos comunicacionales contemporáneos en esta localidad. En esta tarea, la presente investigación se presenta como una descripción e interpretación desde una perspectiva sociocultural de las ciudades y las juventudes, sustentada en un trabajo etnográfico que nos posibilitó comprender los procesos sociales desde la perspectiva de las y los jóvenes protagonistas. Las entrevistas, los diálogos, la observación participante y no participante en el campo les dan cuerpo y sustento a las reflexiones aquí propuestas.

El parkour es una actividad física cada vez más popular que continúa atrayendo practicantes. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la prevalencia de lesiones en el parkour así como la naturaleza, zona anatómica, procedimiento requerido, lugar dónde sucedió y movimiento de parkour. Se analizó a los practicantes de la Comunidad de Madrid, un total de 161 sujetos con una experiencia mínima de 12 meses y una práctica regular de al menos 1 vez por semana, empleando un cuestionario ad hoc. Los resultados muestran una prevalencia de lesión del 70,2%, siendo más frecuentes: esguinces (22,3%) y contusiones (21,1%), extremidad inferior (69,9%) y superior (24,7%), no precisaron pruebas médicas ni cirugía (68,6%), parque/plaza (60,9%) y calle (28%), salto de precisión (18,8%) y salto de longitud (11,1%). Por consiguiente se confirma que el parkour es susceptible de sufrir lesiones, en su mayoría esguinces, en la extremidad inferior y no resultan graves.

Parkour is a new, and increasingly popular, sport in which individuals athletically and artistically negotiate obstacles found in the urban environment. In this article, I position parkour as a performance of masculinity involving spatial appropriation. Through ethnographic data I show how young men involved in the sport use the city (both the built environment and the people within it) as a structural resource for the construction and maintenance of gender identities. The focus of my research highlights the performance of gender as a spatialized process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study illustrates the application of a tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope sensor device on a trampolinist performing the walking-the-wall manoeuvre on a high-performance trampoline to determine the performer dynamic conditions. This research found that rigid vertical walls would allow the trampolinist to obtain greater control and retain spatial awareness at greater levels than what is achievable on non-rigid vertical walls. With a non-rigid padded wall, the reaction force from the wall can be considered a variable force that is not constrained, and would not always provide the feedback that the trampolinist needs to maintain the balance with each climb up the wall and fall from height. This research postulates that unattenuated vertical walls are safer than attenuated vertical walls for walking-the-wall manoeuvres within trampoline park facilities. This is because non-rigid walls would provide higher g-force reaction feedback from the wall, which would reduce the trampolinist’s control and stability. This was verified by measuring g-force on a horizontal rigid surface versus a non-rigid surface, where the g-force feedback was 27% higher for the non-rigid surface. Control and stability are both critical while performing the complex walking-the-wall manoeuvre. The trampolinist experienced a very high peak g-force, with a maximum g-force of approximately 11.5 g at the bottom of the jump cycle. It was concluded that applying impact attenuation padding to vertical walls used for walking-the-wall and similar activities would increase the likelihood of injury; therefore, padding of these vertical surfaces is not recommended.

High quality Physical Education should instigate and support all learners to develop into a lifelong participant in a way which upkeeps their own health, fitness, and well-being. There are, however, an ever-increasing number of children who drop out of participating in physical activities at the earliest opportunity, leading to an increase in sedentary lifestyles and a rise in childhood obesity. It is evidence such as this which indicates Physical Education, specifically in England, is not currently appropriate for all and requires change. To attempt to make the subject a more positive experience for all and to inspire lifelong involvement, varying the curriculum and including alternative activities for pupils might tap into useful wider cultures. This paper discusses the emergence of alternative sports, the challenges and synergies of implementation, and focuses on what could work and why.

Parkour is a relatively recent urban sport that has been anchored in a complex yet coconstituting media environment. While media representations of the sport fascinate outsiders, they also generate certain uneasiness for parkour's practitioners, who know these representations are more the result of mediated effects than actual renderings of their own interactions. And yet, many traceurs keep on producing these materials themselves. This article analyzes how this tension reveals parkour's underlying philosophy working on a two-tiered structure, seemingly contradictory at times but actually serving a complementary function. In that sense, the analysis aims to show how this structure is articulated. Once the social world of parkour is described, both on its interactional and its media levels, an analysis of its aesthetic narratives and representations shows how an "inexact" or "complementary" series of depictions actually serve a supplementary objective, a task that fulfills both an organizational as well as a symbolic need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Question (1669-6581) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Parkour is a manifestation of the body culture of movement that was included in the National Common Curricular Base (BNCC), through the thematic unit body adventure practices. It is known that some Physical Education teachers limit their classes because they do not have correct information about nontraditional content and because of the lack of scientific studies related to parkour in the school environment. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to present proposals for parkour classes in school physical education. METHODS: This is a qualitative and descriptive research with a target population of 30 students in the ninth grade of elementary school. The study utilized observation methodology through lesson plans and images of activities. RESULTS: We observed the participation, enthusiasm, and commitment of students in learning the basic movements and motor skills of parkour. CONCLUSION: The development of classes was significant for students in terms of promoting diverse learning perspectives (motor, cognitive, affective, cultural, social, and emotional) of parkour. We promoted activities in a systematic way, which were appropriate to the age group and relevant to the students' reality. Our goal is to promote fun learning through creativity using few materials and nondelineated space. The study is relevant because there are few scientific studies on the practice of parkour in the school context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to determine the variability in stress indicators due to horse age and competitive season (May, July, September) in jumping horses in parkour, research was performed on 14 studs (7 younger, and 7 older) trained and bred in the same conditions. The stress indicators (heartbeats, cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in saliva) were measured or sampled before, during and at the end of the training - parkour jumping. The significance of the differences in stress indicators between the horse age classes regarding the competitive season was tested by Tukey's test. Based on determined results it could be concluded that all stress indicators, during the entire competitive season, were higher in younger (less experienced) than in older (more experienced) horses. Furthermore, all stress indicators, with the exception of heartbeats, were highest in the peak of competitive season (July), while the lowest values of all stress indicators were determined at the end of competitive season (September). Monitoring of stress indicators, especially heartbeats, could be used for routine evaluation of horse preparedness for a particular activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Kinanthropologica is the property of University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education & Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Eleuthera is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is promising for improving motor and cognitive performance. Nevertheless, its mechanisms of action are unclear and need to be better characterised according to the stimulated brain area and the type of exercise performed.Methods/design: This is a double-blind crossover study, organised into two parts: the first is to assess the effects of tDCS on explosive performance (jump task) and the second is to assess the effects on endurance performance (cycling time trial task). Participants, who are recreationally active or athletes (parkour practitioners, cyclists), will receive two active tDCS sessions (over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right motor cortex) and one sham tDCS session (part A), or two sequences (one active and one sham) of two daily tDCS sessions over 5 days (part B). Motor and cognitive performance will be compared before and after tDCS sessions (part A), and before and after the first session, after the last session and at day 12 and day 30 of each tDCS sequence (part B).Discussion: This study investigates the acute and repeated effects of tDCS on the motor and cognitive performance of healthy subjects. It will try to evaluate if tDCS could be considered as a neuroenhancement technology according to the physical task investigated (endurance versus explosive).Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03937115. Registered on 3 May 2019; retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is recognised that power-sport practices have a particular effect on lower-limb neuromuscular parameters. Less is known about corticospinal network adaptation, however, or whether these adaptations are specific to the lower limb. In the present study, the corticospinal and spinal excitabilities of upper and lower limbs have been examined in a group of untrained participants (UT, n = 10) and compared to those of a group of well-trained athletes practicing parkour (PK, n = 10). This activity, consisting of overcoming obstacles offered by the urban environment, was chosen as a model of power activity. The motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulations and H-reflexes and maximal M-waves evoked by peripheral nerve stimulations were elicited in both upper- (flexor carpi radialis [FCR]) and lower-limb muscles (soleus [SOL] and gastrocnemius medialis [GM]). The results tended toward an overall greater corticospinal excitability in PK than in UT (as evidenced by greater MEP/Mmax ratio) and lower spinal excitability (lower Hmax/Mmax). H/MMAX ratio was lower for PK (0.32) than for UT (0.41) in SOL (p = 0.02), while MEP/MMAX was greater for PK than for UT in FCR (PK: 0.12; UT: 0.06; P = 0.04) and in GM (PK: 0.05, UT: 0.03, P = 0.02). In both limbs, the decrease of spinal excitability induced by parkour practice was counterbalanced by an increase in cortical excitability. Finally, the present study indicates that such long-term power practice leads to similar corticospinal plasticity in upper and lower limbs, explained by the similar solicitation of those muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the degree to which play elements have an "open function", and whether children are attracted to them. The architect van Eyck hypothesized that play elements with an open function attract playing children because such elements do not suggest a certain type of behavior and are, thus, likely to stimulate the children's creativity. Children of three different age groups (5-6, 7-8, and 11-12 years of age) played freely in a Parkour playground that consists of play elements that were supposed to vary in the degree of having an open function. Based on the judgments of parents on what action children will mainly perform on each of the elements, we concluded that the play elements indeed differed in the degree of having an open function. The play behavior, however, revealed that the children were less attracted to elements with an open function. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkour is a relatively new sport, and so there has not yet been much published research relating to parkour, or more specifically, parkour coaching. There is a large body of knowledge relating to how sport coaches learn to coach, but such research has examined regulated sports; that is, sports with national governing bodies. In North America, where this study was conducted, parkour does not have any national governing bodies, rendering it unregulated. When asked how they learned to coach, parkour coaches from this study described the influences of various sources of learning: parkour coaching experience, previous leadership experience, experience as an athlete in parkour and other sports, other parkour coaches, non-parkour coaches, parkour coach education programmes, school, reflection, and the Internet. It will be interesting to see how the specific influences of these sources might change in the future if parkour in North America becomes regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing effective landing strategies has implications for both injury prevention and performance training. The purpose was to quantify the kinematics of Parkour practitioners' landings from three heights utilizing four techniques. Seventeen male and three female Parkour practitioners landed from 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 m utilizing the squat, forward, roll, and stiff landing techniques when three-dimensional kinematics were collected. The stiff landing demonstrated the shortest landing time, and the roll landing showed the longest landing time for 1.8 and 2.7 m. Roll landings demonstrated the greatest forward velocities at initial contact and at the end of the landing. Stiff landings showed the greatest changes in vertical velocity during the early landing, while roll landings showed the least changes for 0.9 and 1.8 m. Both roll and stiff landings generally resulted in decreased changes in horizontal velocity during the early landing compared to squat and forward landings. The four landing techniques also demonstrated different lower extremity joint angles. Stiff landings may increase injury risk because of the quick decrease of vertical velocities. Roll landings allow individuals to decrease vertical and horizontal velocities over a longer time, which is likely to decrease the peak loading imposed on the lower extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society & Leisure / Loisir & Société is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a conceptual argument for more-than-human playful politics in young people's practices of spending their free time in the city. Reworking of urban space happens in a mode of playful experimentation and emerges from human-material encounters in the city: it arises from 'dwelling with'. This understanding grants agency to the material world and has consequences to how we conceptualize everyday politics. Spatial reworking in 'dwelling with' is a more-than-human endeavor in which the city plays an active part: it is joint-participation. When young people are playfully engaged with the city, they are open to being differently with ordinary things and spaces. Openness to difference cultivates meaningful being-in-the-world and makes it possible to rework the city through new associations. Events of reworking become political in certain landscapes. Everyday spatial politics, then, is not always 'serious business' of political coordination – it can also arise from spontaneous intra-active play with the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]