Search

Summary: The present study investigates the impact of germination (72 h) on physicochemical, protein solubility, in vitro protein digestibility, antinutrient, antioxidant, and structural properties of sorghum flour. Germination resulted in a reduction of crude protein, fat, fibre, and ash. However, it significantly improved the DPPH (58.42%–69.44%), total phenolic content (1.31–3.58 mg GAE g−1), and total flavonoid content (57.66–80.16 mg QE g−1). Germination also increased in vitro protein digestibility (50.12%–75.52%) and Fe2+ chelating activity (11.18%–48.06%), while reducing antinutrients such as phytic acid (176 to 86 mg/100 g) and tannin (3.53–2.16 mg/100 g). Structural analyses (XRD and FTIR) revealed modifications in crystalline and molecular structures, while scanning electron microscopy showed disrupted starch granules in germinated flour. These findings suggest that germination enhances the functional and nutritional properties of sorghum flour, making it more suitable for various applications in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densified wood (DW) is a carbon-negative and energy-saving structural material with promising applications in high-rise timber buildings. However, its fire safety issues restrict its applications. In this paper, a bio-material, phytic acid, based flame retardant PPBNOH was prepared to improve the flame retardancy of DW. The structure characteristics, thermal stability, flammability, combustion behavior and mechanical performance of flame-retardant DW (PPBNOH/DW) were studied. Results show that the decomposition of PPBNOH catalyzes char formation and enhances thermal stability. Thus, PPBNOH/DW has a 57% reduced peak mass loss rate and a 27.9% increased char yield. Both the wood dense structure and PPBNOH catalyzation synergistically promote the formation of phosphorus-containing, crosslinked and aromatic char during wood combustion, which hinders heat/mass transfers and enhances flame retardancy. Thus, PPBNOH/DW has a 53.2% limiting oxygen index, a V-0 rating of UL-94 test. It presents delayed ignition time, reduced heat release characteristics and lower heat of combustion (5.37 MJ kg−1) in the cone calorimeter test. BNOH improves the smoke suppression performance of PPBNOH/DW with a 38.6% reduced total smoke production. The compatible and thermally insulating char also enhances the high-temperature heating resistance of PPBNOH/DW as it has the highest remaining mechanical strengths after heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global efforts to address malnutrition and hidden hunger, particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, have intensified, with a focus on enhancing the nutritional content of staple crops like rice. Despite serving as a staple for over half of the world's population, rice falls short in meeting daily nutritional requirements, especially for iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Genetic resources, such as wild rice species and specific rice varieties, offer promising avenues for enhancing Fe and Zn content. Additionally, molecular breeding approaches have identified key genes and loci associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains. This review explores the genetic resources and molecular mechanisms underlying Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains. The functional genomics involved in Fe uptake, transport, and distribution in rice plants have revealed key genes such as OsFRO1 , OsIRT1 , and OsNAS3. Similarly, genes associated with Zn uptake and translocation, including OsZIP11 and OsNRAMP1 , have been identified. Transgenic approaches, leveraging transporter gene families and genome editing technologies, offer promising avenues for enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice grains. Moreover, strategies for reducing phytic acid (PA) content, a known inhibitor of mineral bioavailability, have been explored, including the identification of low-PA mutants and natural variants. The integration of genomic information, including whole-genome resequencing and pan-genome analyses, provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of micronutrient traits and facilitates targeted breeding efforts. Functional genomics studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying Fe uptake and translocation in rice. Furthermore, transgenic and genome editing techniques have shown promise in enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice grains through the manipulation of key transporter genes. Overall, the integration of multi-omics approaches holds significant promise for addressing global malnutrition and hidden hunger by enhancing the nutritional quality of rice, thereby contributing to improved food and nutritional security worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunted is a condition of malnutrition caused by inadequate nutrient intake, especially in protein and zinc. Zinc deficiency can lead to impaired growth and increased risk of infectious disease due to inadequate zinc intake and low bioavailability of zinc in food. The purpose of this research was to analyze the nutrient intake and phytate-to-zinc molar ratio in children. This research was an analytical observational study with cross-sectional design. Children aged 6-59 months with stunted (n=61) and non-stunted (n=65) nutritional status were chosen by stratified random sampling in Ciptomulyo Health Center, Malang city. Nutrient and phytate intake were taken using 2x24 hour food recall method, while zinc bioavailability was calculated using phytate-to-zinc molar ratio. The difference of independent variables were analyzed using Independent t-test and Mann Whitney test. The result of this study showed that there were significantly different energy and protein adequacy levels (p=0.018; p=0.001) and phytate intake (p=0.016) among stunted and non-stunted children. On the other hand, fat, carbohydrate, and zinc adequacy level did not show any significant differences. Furthermore, there were no significant difference in phytate-to-zinc molar ratio in the two group (p=0.158) with more than half children had high phytate-to-zinc molar ratio category. In conclusion, the stunted and non-stunted children showed significant differences in energy, protein, and phytate intake, while their zinc intake was not significantly different resulting in similar phytate-to-zinc molar ratio between both groups. This study show that sufficient intake of zinc can help to lower phytate-to-zinc molar ratio regardless of nutritional status of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analog rice is an alternative food diversification that has rice-like characteristics. Various food ingredients can be utilized to produce analog rice as functional and healthy foods. Objectives: This study aims to identify the effect of cooking techniques on the phytic acid and tannin content of analogous rice (made from sorghum, mocaf, glucomannan, and moringa flour) and C4 rice. Methods: This experimental research used RAL for two treatments, namely cooking rice with a steamer and a rice cooker. This research was conducted in October-November 2022 at the Chem-mix Pratama Laboratory. The sample used analog rice and C4 rice for phytic acid and tannin content analysis using the Infrared Spectrophotometry and UV-S Spectrophotometry methods. Results: The highest phytic acid content of analog rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 6.64 mg and 4.75 mg respectively. The highest average tannin content of analog rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 18.35 mg and 19.55 mg respectively. The highest phytic acid content of C4 rice cooked using a rice cooker and a steamer was 7.43 mg and 9.01 mg respectively. The tannin content of C4 rice cooked using e rice cooker and a steamer was 4.45 mg and 9.11 mg respectively. Conclusions: The phytic acid content of analog rice is lower than in C4 rice. The tannin content of analog rice is higher than C4 rice. Tannin content reduction in analog rice needs to be studied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to evaluate push‐out bond strength and apical‐microleakage after application of three different calcium silicate‐based cements with irrigation solutions on simulated immature teeth. 40 maxillary permanent canine teeth were used for push‐out bond strength test, and 120 maxillary permanent incisors were used for microleakage evaluation. 120 root slices were divided into four main groups (EDTA, Chitosan, Phytic acid, and Saline) and immersed these solutiouns according to irrigation procedures. Each irrigation group was divided into 3 subgroups (Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and NeoPUTTY). The prepared teeth were divided into four groups according to irrigation procedure for microleakage test. EDTA irrigation with Biodentine group showed highest push‐out bond strength value and saline group with Neoputty showed the lowest push‐out bond strength value. The highest microleakage value was seen in saline group with MTA Repair HP, while the lowest microleakage value was observed chitosan with Biodentine group. Chitosan and phytic acid solutions can be recommended as an alternative irrigation solution to 17% EDTA in single‐session apexification treatment, since they are non‐toxic, naturally occurring materials, effectively remove the smear layer, and have a positive effect on bond strength and apical leakage. Research Highlights: One of the factors affecting the long‐term success of root canal treatment is a hermetic seal. Non‐hermetic or inadequate filling triggers a chronic inflammatory reaction in periapical tissues, causing fluids to enter the spaces and negatively affecting the success of the treatment. Therefore, this study will help clinicians choose the right biomaterial and irrigation solution that will affect the success of root canal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an unmet demand for plant‐based ingredients with desirable nutritional, techno‐functional properties, and health benefits. In this study, the composition, nutritional quality, and bioactives in industrial hempseed flours and protein isolate generated by milling, germination, isoelectric precipitation (IEP), and enzyme‐assisted extraction (EAE) were evaluated. Moisture, ash, fat, protein, phytic acid, tannin, and trypsin inhibitor content of the hempseed flours and protein isolate were 2.80%–6.46%, 5.07%–28.89%, 0.00%–31.44%, 22.71%–89.94%, 0.55%–1.05%, 274.24–1300.76 μg/g, and 0.00–42.66 U/g, respectively. IEP resulted in the highest protein content (89.94%), indicative of its effective to isolate hempseed protein. Germination and IEP significantly reduced phytic acid and tannin contents by 1.53‐ and 3.63‐fold, respectively. All processing methods improved in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). SDS‐PAGE analysis revealed comparable band patterns in milled and protein isolate, with a strong 50 kDa band attributed as edestin. Amino acid analysis showed that EAE augmented total essential amino acids, particularly protease. Milling and pronase treatment yielded the highest and lowest IVPD‐corrected amino acid score (IVPDCAAS) of 76% and 47%, respectively. Milled and germinated flours contained varying amounts of γ‐tocopherol, lutein, zeaxanthin, α‐carotene, and β‐carotene. Germinated flour exhibited elevated levels of total phenolic (14.36 mg/g), and flavonoid (1.76 mg/g) contents, FRAP, TEAC, and DPPH compared to the other flours suggesting superior antioxidant capacity. Strong positive correlations (r >0.70) were found between IVPD and phytic acid for the protein isolate, total phenolic content, and FRAP for IEP and germinated flours. Overall, hempseed flours with diverse properties could be produced using non‐thermal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly and highly flame-retardant coatings for cotton fabrics urgently need to develop, but still faces significant challenges including the inadequacy of organic flame retardants, the adverse effects of high-load inorganic flame retardants on cotton fabrics, and the flammability of adhesives. Hence, this study describes a sandwich-like nanocoating for the fabrication of highly flame-retardant cotton fabric. Phytic acid (PA), a bio-based polyacid, was employed to prepare phosphorus-containing waterborne polyurethane (P-WPU) as the flame-retardant adhesive. With the help of multi-metallic layered double hydroxide (CoMnAl-LDH) and PA, six types of sandwich-like nanocoatings were constructed on cotton fabrics. Evaluation of their flame retardancy through vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests revealed that the sandwich-like nanocoating composed of PA as the top layer, P-WPU as the middle layer, and LDH as the bottom layer demonstrated exceptional flame retardancy in cotton fabric. It self-extinguishes within 5 s and the highest LOI value of 31.5% in all fabric samples, representing an increase of 89.76% over the pristine fabric. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR, 82.60 kW/m2) and total heat release (THR, 1.67 MJ/m2) were significantly reduced by 71.65% and 54.74%, respectively, relative to those of the pristine fabric. A synergistic flame-retardant mechanism was proposed that involved multiple barrier effects, catalyzing carbonization, and the release of non-flammable gases. Overall, this work may provide valuable insights for constructing highly flame-retardant cotton fabric, offering potential solutions to solve industry challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent wood has the potential to be a sustainable alternative to glass in the building and construction industry. However, it is crucial to consider the fire hazard in building applications. In this study, we applied a green strategy to treat the wood aerogel with an intumescent flame retardant coating. The coating consisted of positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) and melamine, as well as negatively charged phytic acid. The treated wood aerogel demonstrated excellent flame retardancy. Subsequently, we incorporated the flame-retardant wood aerogel into epoxy resin to examine its impact on the thermal stability and fire resistance of the epoxy. The wood aerogel, with two bilayers of PEI + melamine/phytic acid, significantly enhanced the fire resistance of the epoxy. This was evident through notable reductions in peak heat release rate (42%) and total heat release (15%). By characterizing the char residue of the epoxy/wood-2 composite, we observed the formation of a continuous network within the epoxy matrix, effectively impeding the transfer of combustible gases and heat. Our work presents a simple and environmentally friendly approach to producing multifunctional transparent wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping of brushite cements with metal ions can entail many positive effects on biological and physicochemical properties. Cu2+ ions are known to exhibit antibacterial properties and can additionally have different positive effects on cells as trace elements, whereas high Cu2+ concentrations are cytotoxic. For therapeutical applications of bone cement, a combination of good biocompatibility and sufficient mechanical properties is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate different physicochemical and biological aspects, relevant for application, of a brushite cement with Cu2+‐doped β‐tricalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and phytic acid as setting retarder. Additionally, the ion release was compared with a cement with citric acid as setting retarder. The investigated cements showed good injectability coefficients, as well as compressive strength values sufficient for application. Furthermore, no antibacterial effects were detected irrespective of the Cu2+ concentration or the bacterial strain. The cell experiments with eluate samples showed that the viability of MC3T3‐E1 cells tended to decrease with increasing Cu2+ concentration in the cement. It is suggested that these biological responses are caused by the difference in the Cu2+ release from the hardened cement depending on the solvent medium. Furthermore, the cements showed a steady release of Cu2+ ions to a lesser extent in comparison with a cement with citric acid as setting retarder, where a burst release of Cu2+ was observed. In conclusion, despite the anticipated antibacterial effect of Cu2+‐doped cements was lacking and mammalian cell viability was slightly affected, Cu2+‐concentrations maintained the physicochemical properties as well as the compressive strength of cements and the slow ion release from cements produced with phytic acid is considered advantageous compared to citric acid‐based formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of single- (Lactobacillus fermentum) or mixed-strain (Lactobacillus fermentum, Kluyveromyces marxianus) fermentation of red bean with or without wheat bran on sourdough bread quality and nutritional aspects were investigated. The results showed that, compared to unfermented controls, the tannins, phytic acid, and trypsin inhibitor levels were significantly reduced, whereas the phytochemical (TPC, TFC, and gallic acid) and soluble dietary fiber were increased in sourdough. Meanwhile, more outstanding changes were obtained in sourdough following a mixed-strain than single-strain fermentation, which might be associated with its corresponding β-glucosidase, feruloyl esterase, and phytase activities. An increased specific volume, reduced crumb firmness, and greater sensory evaluation of bread was achieved after mixed-strain fermentation. Moreover, diets containing sourdough, especially those prepared with mixed-strain-fermented red bean with wheat bran, significantly decreased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and improved the lipid profile, HDL/LDL ratio, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity of mice. Moreover, gut microbiota diversity increased towards beneficial genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium), accompanied with a greater increase in short-chain fatty acid production in mice fed on sourdough-based bread diets compared to their controls and white bread. In conclusion, mixed-strain fermentation's synergistic effect on high fiber-legume substrate improved the baking, sensory quality, and prebiotic effect of bread, leading to potential health benefits in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus drupacea is a fruit-bearing tree that is distributed in Southeast Asia and Australia. The objective of this research was to ascertain the following with regard to ripened fruits: (i) their nutritional value, (ii) their mineral status, (iii) the fatty acid composition of fruit and seed oil, (iv) their phytochemical makeup, and (v) their antioxidant properties. The ripened fruits contained 3.21%, 3.25%, 0.92%, 1.47%, and 2.20% carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and fiber, respectively. Fruits had an energy content of 30.18 kcal/100 g. In terms of mineral content, the fruit was rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen, with values of 21.03, 13.24, 11.07, and 4.13 mg/g DW. Iron, zinc, manganese, and boron had values of 686.67, 124.33, 114.40, and 35.78 µg/g DW, respectively. The contents of oxalate and phytate were 14.44 and 2.8 mg/g FW, respectively. The fruit and seed oil content were 0.67 and 8.07%, respectively, and the oil's physicochemical properties were comparable to those of fig fruit and seed oils. Omega-3 (α-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid), and omega-9 (oleic acid) fatty acids were abundant in the oils. Fruit extracts in acetone, methanol, and water have greater concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays demonstrated increased antioxidant activities in close correlation with the higher concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The results of this study demonstrate that the fruits of F. drupacea are a strong source of nutrients and phytochemicals, and they merit more investigation and thought for possible uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytic acid, a naturally occurring compound predominantly found in cereals and legumes, is the focus of this review. This review investigates its distribution across various food sources, elucidating its dual roles in foods. It also provides new insights into the change in phytic acid level during food storage and the evolving trends in phytic acid management. Although phytic acid can function as a potent color stabilizer, flavor enhancer, and preservative, its antinutritional effects in foods restrict its applications. In terms of management strategies, numerous treatments for degrading phytic acid have been reported, each with varying degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms of action. These treatments encompass traditional methods, biological approaches, and emerging technologies. Traditional processing techniques such as soaking, milling, dehulling, heating, and germination appear to effectively reduce phytic acid levels in processed foods. Additionally, fermentation and phytase hydrolysis demonstrated significant potential for managing phytic acid in food processing. In the future, genetic modification, due to its high efficiency and minimal environmental impact, should be prioritized to downregulate the biosynthesis of phytic acid. The review also delves into the biosynthesis and metabolism of phytic acid and elaborates on the mitigation mechanism of phytic acid using biotechnology. The challenges in the application of phytic acid in the food industry were also discussed. This study contributes to a better understanding of the roles phytic acid plays in food and the sustainability and safety of the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fe 3 O 4 @P-C 3 N 4 can activate the PMS-assisted photocatalysis (PAP) system. • P doping and tubular morphology enhance the light response and carrier separation. • Heterogeneous electron acceptors promote the formation of reactive species. • The Fe 3 O 4 @P-C 3 N 4 /PAP system exhibits low toxicity and stability for TC removal. • This system has strong adaptability to actual water environments. Photocatalytic wastewater purification is essential for environmental remediation, but rapid carrier recombination and limited oxidative capacity hinder progress. This study proposes an innovative strategy by integrating homogeneous and heterogeneous electron acceptors into a g-C 3 N 4 −based photocatalytic system, significantly enhancing the multipath utilization of photogenerated electrons. A novel Fe 3 O 4 @P-C 3 N 4 was developed to activate an advanced peroxymonosulfate−assisted photocatalysis (PAP) system, achieving complete degradation and significant mineralization of tetracycline (TC) in real water environments, outperforming others reported in the last five years. Phytic acid, as a key precursor, modifies the hollow tubular morphology and introduces phosphorus (P) heteroatoms as electronic trapping centers, enhancing the visible light response and carrier separation, thereby promoting the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle and the formation of reactive species. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations pinpointed TC's vulnerable sites and synergically identified reactive species, revealing almost non-toxic degradation processes. Moreover, the recyclable magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @P-C 3 N 4 /PAP system demonstrates practical application potential and leaching stability in cyclic and continuous testing. This study offers unique insights into the strategic design of photocatalysts and catalytic environments, potentially advancing practical wastewater remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilizes the reaction of phytic acid (PA) and urea (UM) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution to synthesize flame retardant gasses (CO2, NH3) for the preparation of PVA composite films containing flame retardant microbubbles. The flame retardancy of PVA composite films was assessed using methods including limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL 94), and cone calorimetry. The results indicated an increase in the LOI of the PVA composite film containing flame retardant microfoam from 20% to 30% compared with the pure PVA film, and that UL 94 reached VTM‐0. Furthermore, its peak exothermic rate and total exothermic amount were reduced by 36.25% and 38.92%, respectively, compared with the pure PVA film. The investigation of the flame‐retardant mechanism employed thermogravimetric‐infrared (TG‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the CO2 and NH3 flame retardant microbubbles within the composite film render it less ignitable at the initial stage, and that the internal UM of the composite film continues to decompose, releasing CO2 and NH3 upon heating. In addition, the acidic substances decomposed by PA during combustion promote the dehydration, cross‐linking, and cyclization of PVA, generating chemical structures such as POC, POP, and PO4 with enhanced thermal stability. This encourages the formation of a continuous, dense charcoal layer and impedes the transfer of oxygen and heat into the interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a key environmental element that affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and quality. Control and drought-treated rice grain (milled) and bran fractions of two contrasting rice genotypes (N22-drought-tolerant and IR64-drought-sensitive) were evaluated based on proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, and nutritional quality indices. Except for carbohydrates and amylose content, bran from both genotypes had higher concentrations of all parameters (proximate, minerals, vitamins, phenols, amino acids, and phytic acid) analyzed in this study. Protein level ranged from 9–11% in grain to 13–15% in bran. Macronutrients (Na, Ca, K, Mg, P) increased after drought in both genotypes. Under drought, thiamine level ranged from 0.07 to 1.97 mg/100 g, riboflavin level from 0.02 to 0.43 mg/100 g, and α-tocopherol from 1.67 to 8.34 mg/100 g in both fractions. N22 showed higher amylose (20.44% and 4.84%) and phenol (0.46 mg/GAE and 2.54 mg/GAE) content in both grain and bran fractions under drought condition. Proline accumulated at higher concentration (2.732 g/100 g) than other amino acids in N22 under drought. Phytic acid ranged from 0.213 to 2.752 g/100 g in drought. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first preliminary report on nutritional quality analysis of rice grain and bran under drought stress. The current findings may help breeders in development of high-quality, drought-tolerant rice varieties, and will also provide a strong foundation for utilizing bran as an essential food ingredient to improve human nutrition and may help breeders to use this tolerant genotype as better parents in further crossings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated phytic acid (IP6) effect on chemical, structural, and mechanical characteristics of nickel–titanium (NiTi) files. The tested files were equally divided into groups according to the immersion protocol: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), IP6, EDTA followed by NaOCl, and IP6 followed by NaOCl. These groups were then compared in terms of Ni, Ti, and chromium (Cr) ions release from the files. Microstructural changes using field emission scanning electron microscope (Fe-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and surface roughness were analyzed. The mechanical characterization was conducted using cyclic fatigue resistance test. Fractured segments were scanned under SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results showed that NaOCl caused significant release of Cr, followed by IP6 and EDTA (P

Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate/IP6) is a versatile chemical that is abundant in nature and is required for a variety of biological processes. It is harnessed in a wide range of fields, including drug discovery, daily supplies, chemical industries, medicine, and dentistry. IP6 is becoming increasingly popular in dentistry, with promising results. Several properties, such as cariostatic ability, beneficial impact on enamel disintegration, and anti-plaque, anti-tartar, and dental adhesive-forming properties, have been investigated thus far. Due to many constraints in the literature, there was a point in time when IP6 received less attention, which impacted knowledge in this field. Nevertheless, the positive outcomes of the flourishing of IP6 have recently been reconsidered from a number of papers that have improved our understanding of its modes of action in the aforementioned applications. The role of phytic acid in refining the properties and manoeuvring of dental resources is being investigated in novel endeavors in treating diseases of pulp and tissues supporting tooth structure, but to show its novel therapeutic potential, more precisely calibrated clinical trials are needed. This review examines and discusses the various uses proposed in the literature, as well as the applications of IP6 in dentistry.

AbstractEnhanced electrical conductivity and pressure sensing functionalities of phytic acid-doped polyaniline ink (PPhyA) incorporated with SnO2 (PPhyAS) and graphite flakes (PPhyAG) as reported in our previous article, encouraged us to explore the electrical conduction mechanism and associated optical properties. In order to realize the enhanced electrical conduction in the reported inks, detailed studies were carried out in our research described here in comparison with normal HCl-doped polyaniline (PANI). This can be attributed to the formation of a highly ordered molecular arrangement with high crystallinity, a change in the hopping pathway between two adjacent molecules and the hopping activation energy of the PANI chain in the phytic acid-doped ink systems. Optical parameters, such as absorption edge, Urbach energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical conductivity and optical dielectric constants, were estimated from the result of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of these studies showed enhancement of the optical properties of the phytic acid-doped ink systems (PPhyA, PPhyAS and PPhyAG) in the low photon energy range as compared to HCl-doped PANI. Phytic acid-doped ink systems are paintable on a variety of flexible surfaces, such as paper and plastics. Hence, we suggest that the phytic acid-doped ink systems have a great potential for developing flexible and foldable circuitry for infrared optics and remote sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising cathode material, olivine-structured LiMnPO4 holds enormous potential for lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we demonstrate a green biomass-derived phytic-acid-assisted method to synthesize a series of LiMn1−xFexPO4/C composites. The effect of Fe doping on the crystal structure and morphology of LiMnPO4 particles is investigated. It is revealed that the optimal Fe doping amount of x = 0.2 enables a substantial enhancement of interfacial charge transfer ability and Li+ ion diffusion kinetics. Consequently, a large reversible capacity output of 146 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C and a high rate capacity of 77 mAh g−1 at 2 C were acquired by the as-optimized LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4/C cathode. Moreover, the LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4/C delivered a specific capacity of 68 mAh g−1 at 2 C after 500 cycles, with a capacity retention of 88.4%. This work will unveil a green synthesis route for advancing phosphate cathode materials toward practical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant senescence is a highly coordinated process that is intricately regulated by numerous endogenous and environmental signals. The involvement of phytic acid in various cell signaling and plant processes has been recognized, but the specific roles of phytic acid metabolism in Arabidopsis leaf senescence remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana the multiple inositol phosphate phosphatase (AtMINPP) gene, encoding an enzyme with phytase activity, plays a crucial role in regulating leaf senescence by coordinating the ethylene signal transduction pathway. Through overexpressing AtMINPP (AtMINPP–OE), we observed early leaf senescence and reduced chlorophyll contents. Conversely, a loss-of-function heterozygous mutant (atminpp/+) exhibited the opposite phenotype. Correspondingly, the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) was significantly upregulated in AtMINPP–OE but markedly decreased in atminpp/+. Yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the EIN3 transcription factor directly binds to the promoter of AtMINPP. Genetic analysis further revealed that AtMINPP–OE could accelerate the senescence of ein3–1eil1–3 mutants. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which AtMINPP regulates ethylene-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis, providing insights into the genetic manipulation of leaf senescence and plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Developing effective adsorbents for uranium extraction from natural seawater is strategically significant for the sustainable fuel supply of nuclear energy. Herein, stable and low-cost supramolecular complexes (PA-bPEI complexes) were facilely constructed through the assembly of phytic acid and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine based on the multiple modes of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The PA-bPEI complexes exhibited not only high uptake (841.7 mg g−1) and selectivity (uranium/vanadium selectivity = 84.1) toward uranium but also good antibacterial ability against biofouling. Mechanism analysis revealed that phosphate chelating groups and amine assistant groups coordinated the uranyl ions together with a high affinity. To be more suitable for practical applications, powdery PA-bPEI complexes were compounded with sodium alginate to fabricate various macroscopic adsorbents with engineered forms, which achieved an extraction capacity of 9.0 mg g−1 in natural seawater after 50 days of testing. Impressively, the estimated economic cost of the macroscopic adsorbent for uranium extraction from seawater ($96.5 ∼ 138.1 kg−1 uranium) was lower than that of all currently available uranium adsorbents. Due to their good uranium extraction performance and low economic cost, supramolecular complex-based adsorbents show great potential for industrial uranium extraction from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Aerogels, as a unique porous material, are expected to be used as insulation materials to solve the global environmental and energy crisis. Using chitosan, citric acid, pectin and phytic acid as raw materials, an all-biomass-based aerogel with high modulus was prepared by the triple strategy of ionic, physical and chemical cross-linking through directional freezing technique. Based on this three-dimensional network, the aerogel exhibited excellent compressive modulus (24.89 ± 1.76 MPa) over a wide temperature range and thermal insulation properties. In the presence of chitosan, citric acid and phytic acid, the aerogel obtained excellent fire safety (LOI value up to 31.2%) and antibacterial properties (antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached 81.98% and 67.43%). In addition, the modified aerogel exhibited excellent hydrophobicity (hydrophobic angle of 146°) and oil–water separation properties. More importantly, the aerogel exhibited a biodegradation rate of up to 40.31% for 35 days due to its all-biomass nature. This work provides a green and sustainable strategy for the production of highly environmentally friendly thermal insulation materials with high strength, flame retardant, antibacterial and hydrophobic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes, rich in protein, fiber, and micronutrients, are increasingly popular in pulse-based and gluten-free foods despite global consumption stagnating at 21 g/day due to taste, low protein digestibility, anti-nutrients, and long cooking times. Bean resistance to cooking causes textural defects like the hardshell and hard-to-cook phenomena. The pectin–cation–phytate hypothesis explains why soaking beans in sodium salts reduces cooking time by enhancing pectin solubility in water. Gradoli Purgatory beans (GPB), from Italy′s Latium region, were malted, reducing phytic acid by 32% and oligosaccharides by 63%. This study evaluated the hardness of cooked GPB seeds in various conditions, including decorticated or malted states, using a modified standard method. Cooking at 98 °C for 7–75 min on an induction hob with a water-to-seed ratio of 4 g/g was tested. Soaking was applied before cooking for conventional seeds only, followed by texture analysis. Conventional GPBs were adequately cooked if their cotyledons disintegrated upon pressing, requiring a force peak of 250 to 220 N and cooking times of 52 to 57 min. Malted, decorticated, and split GPBs cooked similarly to raw decorticated and split ones, with times of 32 and 25 min, respectively. Faster cooking was due to bean coat removal and splitting, not chemical changes. Sodium or potassium carbonate/bicarbonate at 1–2 g/L improved cooking efficiency, with 2 g/L of sodium carbonate reducing cooking time to 13 min. Higher concentrations caused non-uniform cooking. Cooking malted, decorticated, and split GPBs in sodium-carbonated water reduced greenhouse gas emissions from 561 to 368 g CO2e/kg, meeting the demand for eco-friendly and nutritionally enhanced plant protein sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted a comparison of the nutritional content and lipid composition of five different varieties of quinoa (QL-1, SJ-1, SJ-2, KL-1, and KL-2) from Qinghai Province, China. Each of the five varieties exhibited varying levels of essential nutrients, including crude protein, dietary fiber, and crude fat. The QL-1 variety has the highest concentration of phytic acid, measuring 1.66 g/100 g. A non-targeted lipomics analysis discovered a total of 16 lipid categories and 383 individual lipids in quinoa. Out of the several substances, glyceride had the highest concentration, exceeding 70%, with phospholipids coming next. The percentage of fatty acids and fatty acid esters was between 5 and 11%. The glycerides in all five kinds exhibited a similar composition, with unsaturated glycerides constituting over 99% of the total glycerides. Phospholipids constituted over 11% of the overall lipid content, with lecithin comprising more than 80% and cephalin ranging from 16.70 to 18.61%. The results establish a solid basis for the utilization of quinoa in processing, particularly in lipid processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, necessitating the exploration of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Dietary interventions have gained substantial attention due to their potential to modulate cancer risk and progression. Millets, a group of small-seeded grasses, have emerged as promising candidates in this regard, owing to their rich nutritional composition and diverse bioactive compounds. Among these bioactive compounds, phytate antinutrients have garnered considerable interest for their potential health benefits. This review aims to unravel the intricacies of phytate antinutrients in millets and their therapeutic implications in breast cancer. Phytates are naturally occurring compounds present in various plant-based foods, including millets, and are known for their ability to chelate minerals and inhibit their bioavailability. However, recent research has shed light on the multifaceted properties of phytates, highlighting their potential as functional bioactive molecules. Phytates exhibit various anticancer properties, including “antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects”, which have been shown to inhibit the growth and progression of breast cancer cells. Additionally, phytates have been reported to modulate key signaling pathways involved in cancer development, such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB, thereby exerting their anticancer effects. Moreover, phytates demonstrate the potential to enhance the efficacy of conventional breast cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, while mitigating their adverse effects. Furthermore, the bioavailability and metabolism of phytates are complex processes influenced by factors such as food processing, gut microbiota composition, and genetic variations. Understanding these intricacies is crucial for harnessing the full potential of phytates in breast cancer prevention and treatment. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate roles of phytate antinutrients in millets and their therapeutic implications in breast cancer. The findings suggest that millets, as a rich source of phytates, could be incorporated into dietary strategies to reduce breast cancer risk and complement existing therapeutic approaches. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action, optimal dosage, and potential synergistic effects with other bioactive compounds. The information that is given here is supported by accurate facts and arguments that have undergone rigorous scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg, Myristica fragrans is used as a spice or medicinal plant to manage ailments. This study evaluated the nutritional and safety assessment of an aqueous extract of Myristica fragrans in Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 180 - 240 g were randomly distributed into five groups: Control received distilled water, while 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg body weight represented the treatment groups, respectively. The extract was orally administered to the animals for 28 days and then euthanized under anesthesia. Blood, serum, and liver homogenates from rats were used for biochemical analysis. The phytate and tannin contents were 0.38 mg/100 g and 0.15 mg/100 g, respectively. The calculated phytic acid to zinc ratio was 0.12. The respective percentage proximate components of the extract include moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrates: 10.61%, 45.42%, 5.95%, 1.81%, 13.78%, and 22.43%, respectively. Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and lead were present in the extract. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and acid phosphatase (ALP) activity in the groups treated with the extract compared to the control groups. Similarly, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum total bilirubin and albumin concentrations in the extract treatment groups compared to control groups. On the contrary, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the liver AST and ALP activity in the treatment groups compared to the control. The liver total protein and albumin concentrations showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the extract treatment groups compared to the control. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the pack cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), Mean cell volume (MCV), and platelet (PLT) levels in the animals in the extract treatment groups compared to the control group. Myristica fragrans is abundant in essential nutrients crucial for maintaining optimal physiological functions within the body, however, it is important to avoid excessive dosage or prolonged consumption which might be toxic to liver cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In acidic paddy fields of South China, rice (Oryza sativa L.) faces the dual challenges of cadmium (Cd) toxicity and silicon (Si) deficiency. Although previous studies have highlighted the functions of Si application timing and strategies in mitigating Cd-stressed rice, the precise mechanisms underlying the health restoration of Cd-toxic rice and the assurance of grain safety remain elusive. This study explored Cd translocation and detoxification in the shoots of rice regulated by various Si fertilization regimes: Si(T) (all Si added before transplanting), Si(J) (all Si added at jointing), and Si(TJ) (half Si added both before transplanting and at jointing). The findings revealed that the regime of Si(TJ) was more beneficial to rice health and grain safety than Si(T) and Si(J). The osmotic regulators such as proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were significantly boosted by Si(TJ) compared to other Si treatments, and which enhanced membrane integrity, balanced intracellular pH, and increased Cd tolerance of rice. Furthermore, Si(TJ) was more effective than Si(T) and Si(J) on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall, Cd bio-passivation, and the down-regulated expression of the Cd transport genes. The concentrations of Cd in the xylem and phloem treated with Si(TJ) were reduced significantly. Additionally, Si(TJ) facilitated much more Cd bound with the outer layer proteins of grains, and promoted Cd chelation and complexation by phytic acid, phenolics, and flavonoids. Overall, Si (TJ) outperformed Si(T) and Si(J) in harmonizing the phycological processes, inhibiting Cd translocation, and enhancing Cd detoxification in rice plant. Thereby the split Si application strategy offers potential for reducing Cd toxicity in rice grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prevent the browning and softening of young cantaloupe prefabricated food during processing, this study utilized young cantaloupe as the raw material, and optimized through a combination of single factor test and orthogonal test for NaHCO3 blanching conditions, green-preserving reagents (citric acid, D-sodium erythorbate and phytic acid) and crispness-preserving reagents (CaCl2, calcium lactate and sodium alginate) formula, and the Δa*, PPO activity, POD activity, and hardness were analyzed. The results indicated that the optimal blanching conditions were NaHCO3 mass fraction 0. 08%, and a blanching time of 60 seconds. The optimal green and crispness preserving reagents formula were 0. 3% citric acid, 0. 4% D-ascorbic acid, 0. 3% phytic acid, 0.4% CaCl2, 0. 6% calcium lactate and 0. 3% sodium alginate. Under this formula for 20 minutes, Δa* of young cantaloupe prefabricated food was 0. 93, the hardness was 5 188. 75 g, PPO activity was 11. 35 U/ g, POD activity was 8. 49 U/ g, and sensory score was 89. 19 points. The product exhibited uniform color, crispness and delicious, and good quality. After 30 days of storage, the sensory score of the young cantaloupe prefabricated food were maintained at 84~89 points, indicating that it possessed better storage stability and market promotion potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed at examining the effect of Iron (Fe) management strategies on the redistribution of Fe fractions in soil and on the Fe bioavailability and phytic acid (PA) content in lentil grains. A pot experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with 8 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were Control (no fertilizer); Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 20:40 (N: P2O5); RDF + Fe (basal application @10 kg/ha); RDF + Fe (foliar@ 1% (w/v) solution); RDF + Fe (basal + foliar); RDF + FeSB (biopriming with Fe solubilizing bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae strain BAU3) @ 5 mL/kg seed (1 x109 cfu mL−1)); RDF + Fe (seed nutripriming with 1% (w/v) solution); and RDF + (biopriming + nutripriming). Fe source for the treatments was Fe-EDDHA chelate. Higher Fe release from these fractions was observed under biopriming + nutripriming with water soluble Fe of 21.09 and 20.82 mg kg−1, respectively for the biopriming + nutripriming and sole biopriming treatments; and organically bound Fe of 230.95 and 211.36 mg kg−1 for the same treatments. These fractions contributed toward higher Fe uptake which was highest under biopriming + nutripriming. Values were statistically significant for biopriming and nutripriming and basal + foliar treatment. Lowest PA values in lentil grains as well as PA/Fe ratio were estimated under basal + foliar and biopriming + nutripriming treatments. Combined basal and foliar application of Fe esp. in chelated form and use of seed priming strategies have immense potential in enhancing the Fe bioavailability in grains from soil, seed or foliage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is hindered by the trade-off between proton conductivity and ion selectivity. To optimize its performance, the metal-organic frameworks loaded with phytic acid (PA-UiO-66-NH2) are introduced into the SPEEK matrix to construct a proton-selective transport channel. Better proton conductivity and ion selectivity are achieved in composite membranes due to the unique porous structure and chemical characteristics of PA-UiO-66-NH2 fillers. When the PA-UiO-66-NH2 content is at 2 wt%, the S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 membrane exhibits higher proton conductivity (35.3 mS cm−1) and ion selectivity (41.0 × 103 S min cm−3) compared to other composite membranes, pristine SPEEK and commercial Nafion 212 membranes. As a result, the S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 membrane shows excellent energy efficiencies (88.1%-74.0%) at current densities ranging from 60 to 180 mA cm−2. The cell efficiencies maintain stability during the 300 times charge-discharge cycle, proving the outstanding stability and durability of the S/PA-UiO-66-NH2-2 membrane in a strong acidic and oxidizing environment. These results suggest that the combination of phytic acid and metal-organic framework can effectively improve the performance of the membranes, and it also can be further utilized to solve other challenges in the membrane separation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet) is a highly productive plant used for sustainable cultivation. However, beans are currently underutilized. A complete database including physicochemical characteristics is important for developing new foods derived from komak beans. This study aimed to determine the physical (weight, dimensions and color) and chemical (macromolecules, amino acids, sugars, minerals, phytic acid, tannin and volatile compounds) profiles, as well as the trypsin inhibitory activity of different varieties of komak beans, viz. white and black beans. The levels of the studied parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the beans. However, the common profile of komak beans was characterized by a moderate level of protein (26 %), high carbohydrate (66 %) and low fat (2 %), with a weight ranging from 25 to 45 g and low anti-nutritional factor expressed as trypsin inhibitory activity (2 TIU/mg). Additionally, analytical results using HS-SPME-GC/MS revealed that 1-octen-3-ol and benzyl alcohol were the main unpleasant volatile compounds produced upon heating beans. The major mineral compound in black beans is potassium, whereas the white variety contains higher amounts of magnesium, calcium and iron. Interestingly, both beans provided favorable compounds contributing to the umami taste, as the most dominant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. Finally, as white beans were lower in antinutritive compounds (phytic acid and tannin), this measure may encourage further studies to expand the development of this variety to promote underutilized beans as alternative food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate/IP6) is a versatile chemical that is abundant in nature and is required for a variety of biological processes. It is harnessed in a wide range of fields, including drug discovery, daily supplies, chemical industries, medicine, and dentistry. IP6 is becoming increasingly popular in dentistry, with promising results. Several properties, such as cariostatic ability, beneficial impact on enamel disintegration, and anti-plaque, anti-tartar, and dental adhesive-forming properties, have been investigated thus far. Due to many constraints in the literature, there was a point in time when IP6 received less attention, which impacted knowledge in this field. Nevertheless, the positive outcomes of the flourishing of IP6 have recently been reconsidered from a number of papers that have improved our understanding of its modes of action in the aforementioned applications. The role of phytic acid in refining the properties and manoeuvring of dental resources is being investigated in novel endeavors in treating diseases of pulp and tissues supporting tooth structure, but to show its novel therapeutic potential, more precisely calibrated clinical trials are needed. This review examines and discusses the various uses proposed in the literature, as well as the applications of IP6 in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Nutrition & Food Security is the property of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Nutrition & Food Security Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The domestic and industrial utilization of cotton fiber is largely restricted primarily due to its highly flammable nature. Although halogen-based molecules impart appreciable flame retardancy to cotton, they have notable disadvantages. This review offers comprehensive coverage of naturally derived flame-retardant molecules as an effective alternative to halogen-based flame-retardants. The source of each type of naturally derived flame-retardants, their structural significance, advantages, and role of additives in enhancing the flame-retardant properties were discussed in detail. Apart from highlighting the significance of lignin, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), phytic acid, casein, etc., this review article also discusses flame-retardants derived from chicken feathers, egg shells, and hydrophobins. In addition, this review highlights the limitations associated with the naturally derived flame-retardants and provides future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antinutrients, also known as anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), are compounds found in many plant-based foods that can limit the bioavailability of nutrients or can act as precursors to toxic substances. ANFs have controversial effects on human health, depending mainly on their concentration. While the positive effects of these compounds are well documented, the dangers they pose and the approaches to avoid them have not been discussed to the same extent. There is no dispute that many ANFs negatively alter the absorption of vitamins, minerals, and proteins in addition to inhibiting some enzyme activities, thus negatively affecting the bioavailability of nutrients in the human body. This review discusses the chemical properties, plant bioavailability, and deleterious effects of anti-minerals (phytates and oxalates), glycosides (cyanogenic glycosides and saponins), polyphenols (tannins), and proteinaceous ANFs (enzyme inhibitors and lectins). The focus of this study is on the possibility of controlling the amount of ANF in food through fermentation. An overview of the most common biochemical pathways for their microbial reduction is provided, showing the genetic basis of these phenomena, including the active enzymes, the optimal conditions of action, and some data on the regulation of their synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Health Sciences / İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Gelisim Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Yuksekokulu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phytic acid (PA) modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes for heavy metal adsorption were fabricated using electrospinning for the first time, and its mechanical properties and heavy metal adsorption under various conditions were tested. The results demonstrated that PA modification improved the mechanical properties of PAN nanofiber membranes at low modification ratio due to increased intermolecular hydrogen bonds and cross‐linking. The highest breaking strength and elongation at break were 70.1% and 31.5% over PAN without modification when the PA:PAN ratio was close to 1:5. The Pb2+ absorption tests in the water solutions demonstrated that the optimal PA:PAN ratio was 1:1, the optimal temperature was 30°C, and the optimal pH was 7. With the optimal parameters, the adsorption capacity reached the maximum and equilibrium after 4 h. The adsorption capacities increased with higher initial Pb2+ concentrations. The highest adsorption capacity in this study was approximately 240.1 mg g−1 at the initial Pb2+ concentration of 750.72 mg L−1. In addition, after de‐adsorption process, the 1:1 PA modified membranes maintained 91.9% re‐adsorption capacities compared to primary adsorption. Consequently, the PA‐modified PAN nanofiber membranes showed promising potentials of metal ion adsorption in wastewater treatment. Highlights: Phytic acid modified polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes were fabricated.Low ratio modification improved the mechanical properties.The optimal modification ratio for Pb2+ adsorption is 1:1.The maximum Pb2+ adsorption capacity was 240.1 mg g−1 in this study.The membranes maintained 91.9% capacities at re‐adsorption tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antinutrients in rice tend to impair nutrient bioavailability; hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of cooking and simulated digestion on the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of white and brown rice, as well as the bioavailability of some minerals. The rice grains were cooked in a pressure cooker, using a 1:2 (w/v) rice-to-water ratio. The digestion of the cooked rice grains was then simulated using pepsin and pancreatin systems. The phenolic (total, free, and bound) and flavonoid content; antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP); phytic acid and tannin levels; and mineral HCl-extractability were all determined in the raw, cooked, and digested grains. The cooking process significantly lowered (p ≤ 0.05) the phenolic content of the white rice; however, the phenolic content increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) when these cooked grains were digested. The phenolic content of brown rice decreased at a higher rate during cooking than that of white rice, and it recovered at a lower rate after digestion. The flavonoid content in both cooked and digested white and brown rice followed a similar trend with the phenolic content. This reduction in the phenolic and flavonoid content in both types of rice after cooking was associated with a large decrease in antioxidant activity, whereas, after digestion, it was associated with a considerable increase. After cooking, the levels of phytate and tannin in both types of rice decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), and this drop was even more pronounced in the digested grains. Although the mineral content in the cooked samples of white and brown rice decreased, it recovered after digestion; however, the mineral content remained lower than that of the raw samples. Despite this, there was also a rise in the bioavailability of the minerals in the cooked rice after digestion (p ≤ 0.05), which was considerably higher than the rise in the mineral content itself. The findings indicate that, while cooking rice decreases its phenolic content and antioxidant activity, it also lowers its antinutrient content. Additional benefits were also noted following the simulated digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Defatted melon seed, a major by-product from melon oil processing chain, is scarcely utilsed. However, it has high potential value and can be used as novel ingredient in food products production. In line with zero waste policy and food sustainability, exploring and utilisation of this oil processing by-product can reduce food waste, and is key to moving towards a more sustainable food system. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional profile and functional properties of three varieties of defatted melon seeds (Galia, Cantaloupe, and Honeydew), and then compare them with defatted pumpkin seeds (as control group). Results: In this study, three varieties of melon seeds (Galia, Cantaloupe, and Honeydew) and pumpkin seeds (as control group) were defatted using Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether; subsequently, their functional properties and nutritional components were assessed. The defatted melon seeds contained high level of protein (51.1–54.2%, w/w), dietary fibre (29.4–33.2%, w/w), potassium (1181.0–2373.1 mg/100 g), and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid, 1.4–4.3 mmol/kg), whereas in terms of anti-nutritional compounds, they contained a relatively high amount of phytic acid (5.0%—5.8%, w/w). They also exhibited good in water/oil absorption capacity and emulsifying capacity. The phenolics were mainly free phenolics (FP) fraction (75%–77%), followed by the conjugated phenolics (CP) fraction (15%–16%), and the bound phenolics (BP) fraction (about 8%); the antioxidant capacity of each fraction followed the same sequence (FP > CP > BP). Conclusion: Considering the nutritional composition, functional properties, and the presence of potentially bioactive compounds, defatted melon seeds have considerable potential to be used as a functional food ingredient for the reformulation of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macro-element for plant growth, and its low availability in soil is a major obstacle to crop production. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is the least available form in the soil, while organic phosphate (Po) is the most dominant one, up to 80% of which exists as inositol hexakisphosphate, also known as phytic acid (PA) that cannot be absorbed by plant roots unless hydrolyzed by microbial phytases. Similar to phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a relevant role in phosphate turnover. In our study, we screened a series of PGPR strains for phytase activities using PA as a sole source of P. Three strains (named C2, N4, and S10) with relatively high phytase activities ranging from 42.84 to 100.55 Units g−1 were selected for barley growth assays. When barley plants grown in poor sandy soil and irrigated with a PA-containing solution were inoculated with each of these PGPR isolates, a significant growth enhancement was observed. This positive effect was well illustrated by an increase in root growth, plant height, and chlorophyll contents. In addition, the inoculated barley plants accumulated significantly higher Pi contents in leaves and roots compared to non-inoculated plants. Finally, the expression of a number of high-affinity Pi transporter genes (PHT1.1, PHT1.4, PHT1.8, and PHT1.6) in inoculated barley plants was downregulated especially in roots, compared to non-inoculated plants. This difference is most likely due to the bacterial phytases that change the P availability in the rhizosphere. In summary, these three strains can improve barley growth under phosphate-limited conditions and should be considered in developing eco-friendly biofertilizers as an alternative to conventional P fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bio-based flame retardant nickel phytate (PA-Ni) was synthesized and combined with soybean oil-based polyol (SO) to create a green rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) with enhanced compressive strength, good thermal stability and flame retardant. The results showed that the RPUF-SO2/Ni3 with 3 wt% PA-Ni had the highest initial and termination temperature, maximum thermal decomposition rate temperature and carbon residue, and better thermal stability. Its limiting oxygen index was increased by 2.6% compared with RPUF-SO2 without PA-Ni added, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were reduced by 14.92% and 19.92%, respectively. In addition, RPUF-SO2/Ni3 had the lowest Ds under the conditions of flame (18.90) and flameless (22.41), and had the best smoke suppression effect. And the compressive strength of RPUF-SO/Ni3 was significantly enhanced by the addition of PA-Ni. The results show that the improvement of flame retardancy of RPUF is mainly the result of the combined effect of gas-phase and condensed-phase flame retardancy, among which the flame retardancy of RPUF-SO/Ni3 was the best. The current findings offer a practical way to produce green and low-carbon RPUF as well as promising prospects for the material's safe application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that participates in several plant metabolisms. Soil application of Zn is an effective strategy to increase the productivity and Zn concentration in maize grains, but the effect of Zn fertilizers on the nutrients uptake and biofortification still needs more studies. In this study, a greenhouse plot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the optimum Zn fertilizer doses (0, 5.7, and 11.4 kg ha−1) on the nutrients uptake and Zn biofortification of maize crops. Zn applications were found to increase significantly the transpiration rate; photosynthesis rate, Zn, and P concentration in the maize shoot at the VT (Tasseling) stage as well as the grain Zn and maize grain yield. P, Mg, and phytic acid (PA) concentration in grains was also increased with a Zn application of 11.4 kg ha−1. The PA/Zn molar ratio in grains decreased due to the Zn application doses as compared with the control treatment, but there was no significant difference between Zn 5.7 and 11.4 kg ha−1 doses, while Zn 5.7 kg ha−1 achieved a higher PA/Fe molar ratio in maize grains compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Low phytic acid (lpa) crop is considered as an effective strategy to improve crop nutritional quality, but a substantial decrease in phytic acid (PA) usually has negative effect on agronomic performance and its response to environment adversities. Myo‐inositol‐3‐phosphate synthase (MIPS) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in PA biosynthesis pathway, and regarded as the prime target for engineering lpa crop. In this paper, the rice MIPS gene (RINO2) knockout mutants and its wild type were performed to investigate the genotype‐dependent alteration in the heat injury‐induced spikelet fertility and its underlying mechanism for rice plants being imposed to heat stress at anthesis. Results indicated that RINO2 knockout significantly enhanced the susceptibility of rice spikelet fertility to heat injury, due to the severely exacerbated obstacles in pollen germination and pollen tube growth in pistil for RINO2 knockout under high temperature (HT) at anthesis. The loss of RINO2 function caused a marked reduction in inositol and phosphatidylinositol derivative concentrations in the HT‐stressed pollen grains, which resulted in the strikingly lower content of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐diphosphate (PI (4,5) P2) in germinating pollen grain and pollen tube. The insufficient supply of PI (4,5) P2 in the HT‐stressed pollen grains disrupted normal Ca2+ gradient in the apical region of pollen tubes and actin filament cytoskeleton in growing pollen tubes. The severely repressed biosynthesis of PI (4,5) P2 was among the regulatory switch steps leading to the impaired pollen germination and deformed pollen tube growth for the HT‐stressed pollens of RINO2 knockout mutants. Significance Statement: For engineering lpa rice, the knockout of RINO2 significantly enhanced susceptibility of spikelet fertility to heat injury at anthesis, which was mostly ascribed to the heat injury‐induced obstacle in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. High temperature significantly reduced the concentrations of inositol and PI (4,5) P2 concentration in pollen grains, this occurrence was strongly responsible for the disorder Ca2+ gradient and actin filament cytoskeleton in growing pollen tubes. These findings provide new understanding for the regulatory mechanism by which the loss of RINO2 function negatively affects pollen germination and pollen tube growth in response to HT exposure at anthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, a biomass derived polymer, has gained considerable recognition as a highly promising precursor of hard carbon primarily due to its ample reserve, eco‐friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, lignin‐derived hard carbon via direct carbonization generally yields suboptimal performance for sodium storage due to the unsuitable microstructure. Herein, a simple phytic acid activation combined high‐temperature annealing strategy is proposed to regulate the microstructure of lignin‐derived hard carbon for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) anode. Phytic acid activation not only reduces the ordering and creates abundant closed pores through improving the crosslinking degree and thermal stability of lignin but also introduces P heteroatoms to effectively expand the interlayer spacing of the derived hard carbon. High‐temperature carbonization further increases the size of closed pores, leading to a more favorable sodium storage in the plateau region. Consequently, the optimal phytic acid activating lignin derived hard carbon (PLHC 1300) delivers a high capacity of 380.3 mAh g−1 with an enhanced plateau capacity ratio of near 68.1% at 30 mA g−1, and achieves a capacity retention of near 100% after 150 cycles at 1 A g−1. This work significant advances the application of lignin in energy storage and contributes to the progression of commercial SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of polyurethane composites with significant flame retardancy and corrosion resistance for widening its practical application is a great importance. In this study, supramolecular wrapped α‐ZrP (MCP@ZrP) was prepared via self‐assembly of melamine, cobalt ions (Co2+) and phytic acid (PA) on the surfaces of α‐zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP). It was found that both compatibility and dispersion of α‐ZrP sheets in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrices were improved with the incorporation of organic supramolecular components in TPU/MCP@ZrP nanocomposites. Moreover, their fire‐retardant characteristic was significantly enhanced, along with effective suppression of smoke and toxic gas emission. By adding 5 wt% MCP@ZrP, peak heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke production, and total CO production of such nanocomposites were reduced by 35.66%, 18.01%, 15.52%, and 41.42%, respectively. The generation of a continuous and dense char layer benefited from well‐dispersed MCP@ZrP nanohybrids, which resulted in tortuous effect to impede heat diffusion and prevent the evaporation of volatile gasses. By means of the barrier effect of ZrP, TPU/MCP@ZrP composite films also showed improved anticorrosion performance. Effective interfacial adhesion, achieved by combining MCP supermolecules and α‐ZrP sheets, offers a viable approach to improve protective properties of TPU nanocomposites. Highlights: Supramolecular‐wrapped α‐ZrP was prepared via self‐assembly strategy.MCP@ZrP showed good dispersion and interface adhesion within TPU matrices.MCP@ZrP enhanced the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of TPU.MCP@ZrP preventing smoke and toxic gas evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continual removal of phosphorus (P) by the crop gradually decreases soil fertility and drives the need for fertilizer inputs for agricultural production. Phytate is considered as the major storage pool for P in the seeds, but its contribution to human nutrition is low. The objective of this study was to characterize quantitative P concentrations (phytate, inorganic P and total P) of 50 native maize genotypes of Zea mays L. of the Patzcuaro lake, Michoacan, Mexico. The average total P and phytate concentration observed across all the genotypes was 3,1, 2,64, and 0,43 mg g-1, respectively. The relationship between phytate and total P was strong (r= 0,98**). This clearly suggests that with an increase in total P there is a corresponding increase in phytate concentration. Cluster analysis of data indicated five distinct groups with 1, 14, 11, 15 and 9 genotypes, respectively. Clusters I and II contained low phytate genotypes (1,74 mg g-1 ) while cluster V grouped most of the high phytate (4,9 mg g-1 ) contenting genotypes. Principal component analysis and F test showed the attributes more influencing group separation. Those attributes were total P and phytate. The first two components explained the 95% of the accumulation variation among groups. The race of the genotypes, however, was no clearly related to the group differentiation. These observations provide the first study on the genetic variety for breeding maize with lower P concentration to reduce P extraction from maize field at harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of growth performance, nutrient content, and digestibility of different triticale varieties to ruminant diets and to indirectly assist farmers in feed production. The experiment utilized five triticale varieties. The study was designed as a randomized complete block design with split plots and three replications. The digestibility values were determined in vitro after 48 h of incubation using an Ankom Daisy II incubator. Rumen liquid was obtained from dairy cows slaughtered at the Yeşil Vadi Meat Integrated Facility. Nutrient values, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and yield traits of forages were measured. The highest levels of dry matter and organic matter were observed during the physiological maturity stage, followed by the dough and milk development stages (p < 0.05). The DM values in the milk, dough, and physiological maturity stages were 43.11%, 61.94%, and 91.41%, respectively (p < 0.05). The triticale varieties had the highest crude protein (CP) values during the milk development stage and the lowest values during the physiological maturity stage (p < 0.05). The highest dry matter digestibility (DMD) rates were observed in the physiological maturity stage across all varieties. The DMD rates for triticale varieties Alperbey, Tatlıcak 97, Karma 2000, Ümranhanım, and Mikham 2002 were 84.74%, 86.55%, 84.19%, 86.20%, and 85.10%, respectively. No significant differences in the amount of phytic acid content were found among the triticale varieties used in the study (p > 0.05). Therefore, it is believed that triticale varieties can provide highly digestible forage and grain feed for ruminants if the harvesting time is well managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]