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This article deals with simultaneous scheduling of machines and tools in a multimachine flexible manufacturing system to generate best optimal sequences that minimise makespan. As flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is an integrated manufacturing facility, simultaneous scheduling of different components of FMS is essential. In this research work, attempts have been made to integrate machines and tools. The aim of this article is to address combined machine and tool scheduling in a FMS consisting of machines and a central tool magazine. Four heuristics, priority dispatching rules, modified nondelay schedule generation algorithm with six different priority dispatching rules, modified Giffler and Thompson algorithm and artificial immune system (AIS) algorithm, have been proposed for solving combined machine and tool problems with makespan as objective. The proposed heuristics are numerically tested on various problems and the results are compared. The result shows that AIS algorithm yields better results for simultaneous scheduling of machines and tools. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: In order to gain exposure to hospital practice earlier in the education of doctor of pharmacy students, a recent curricular change by the faculty of pharmacy prioritized institutional sites for year two early practice experiences (EPE2s). The goal of this study was to assess whether year two student pharmacists were adequately equipped by the faculty to apply clinical concepts when providing direct patient care in an institutional setting., Methods: At the study institution, four students rated the relevancy of clinical concepts covered in five pharmacotherapy courses to their EPE2 practice using a relevance score tool. Students self-evaluated their ability-to-practice (AP) these concepts at the start and end of the rotation using an AP score tool., Results: The students determined that all pharmacotherapy courses covered at least one clinical concept that was occasionally seen and applied to practice at the study institution, except for dermatology/ears, eyes, nose, and throat. All AP scores for relevant clinical concepts improved post-rotation except for dyslipidemia, which remained unchanged., Conclusions: The year two students who participated in the pilot study had sufficient knowledge to apply pharmacotherapy concepts when performing supervised direct patient care at the study institution., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The incidence of preventable adverse drug events (ADE) is approximately one medication error per patient per hospital-day. A quality medication reconciliation (MedRec) process is a crucial intervention used to reduce ADE in the hospital and community setting. Amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, preventing medication errors is vital to avoid patient readmission, reduce disease complications, and reduce cost and patient burden on the healthcare system., Objectives: To develop a standardized MedRec framework that can be implemented in all healthcare settings to reduce patient and staff harm during COVID-19. Also, to create a standardized auditing tool used to assess the quality of the MedRec process and allow for continuous quality improvement., Methods: A multi-site gap analysis (MGA) was performed to collect observational data that were collected from four different healthcare sites (two hospitals, a long-term care facility, and a community pharmacy). MGA consists of collecting data across several sites which answer a standardized questionnaire. A standardized MedRec framework and auditing tool were developed based on the gaps observed in each site and literature reviews., Results: A standardized MedRec process was not implemented in any of the observed sites. The healthcare sites lacked a designated MedRec team and training related to the MedRec process leading to multiple discrepancies at discharge. Patients were not counselled on changes to home medications, and a discharge report was often not provided upon discharge. Communication mechanisms between community pharmacies and hospital physicians are not available or easily accessible., Conclusion: The proposed structured MedRec framework is vital to reduce medication errors and patient harm amid COVID-19. Moreover, the comprehensive auditing tool developed in this study allows for continuous quality improvement resulting in superior quality care, reduction of workflow inefficiencies, cost savings on hospital readmissions, and overall enhanced healthcare system performance.

Deprescribing aims to reduce polypharmacy, especially in the elderly population, in order to maintain or improve quality of life, reduce harm from medications, and limit healthcare expenditure. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has led to a pandemic and has changed the lives many throughout the world. The mode of transmission of this virus is from person to person through the transfer of respiratory droplets. Therefore, non-essential healthcare services involving direct patient interactions, including deprescribing, has been on hiatus to reduce spread. Barriers to deprescribing before the pandemic include patient and system related factors, such as resistance to change, patient's knowledge deficit about deprescribing, lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescriber's attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy. Some of these barriers can be mitigated by using the following interventions:patient education, prioritization of non-pharmacological therapy, incorporation of electronic health record (EHR), continuous prescriber education, and development of research studies on deprescribing. Currently, deprescribing cannot be delivered through in person interactions, so virtual care is a reasonable alternative format. The full incorporation of EHR throughout Canada can add to the success of this strategy. However, there are several challenges of conducting deprescribing virtually in the elderly population. These challenges include, but are not limited, to their inability to use technology, lack of literacy, lack of assistance from others, greater propensity for withdrawal effects, and increased risk of severe consequences, if hospitalized. Virtual care is the future of healthcare and in order to retain the benefits of deprescribing, additional initiatives should be in place to address the challenges that elderly patients may experience in accessing deprescribing virtually. These initiatives should involve teaching elderly patients how to use technology to access health services and with technical support in place to address any concerns., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the fight against COVID-19, frontline health workers have been vital to keeping the pandemic at bay, but recognition of individual professions' efforts have been inconsistent at all levels. Pharmacists around the world have continued to provide direct patient care and perform frontline duties for their communities during this pandemic, but are often relegated to the background and overlooked when frontline workers are heralded. Community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare practitioners, which is further proven during the pandemic as they continued to provide direct patient care despite restrictions imposed by the government due to the pandemic. Due to the inaccessibility of other healthcare practitioners during this time, community pharmacists have reduced the burden on the healthcare system by diverting the influx of patients away from hospitals through triaging and screening patients. Community pharmacists have played various roles in supporting the healthcare system during COVID-19: delivering medications to patients, educating patients on telehealth services, assessing patients for renewal of chronic medications, performing consultations on minor ailments, clarifying misconceptions about COVID-19 treatments, and contributing to COVID-19 screening. Alongside ICU nurses, physicians, and respiratory therapists, hospital pharmacists have been part of the COVID-19 efforts and their roles include management of drug shortages, development of treatment protocols, participation of patient rounds, interpretation of lab results for COVID-19, participant recruitment for clinical trials, exploration of new drugs, medication management advice, and antimicrobial stewardship. Further support from pharmacists will be needed once a vaccine is launched in order to reach population-wide coverage. Amid COVID-19, pharmacists have not stopped working as frontline workers and they should be recognized as such., Competing Interests: Competing interestsNo known competing interest to declare., (© The Author(s) 2020.)