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This study investigates the structural, electronic, elastic, and optical properties of the inorganic perovskites Ca3BiI3 and Sr3BiI3 using density functional theory (DFT) with the Wien2k code. The optimized lattice parameters are 6.38 Å for Ca3BiI3 and 6.69 Å for Sr3BiI3. The calculated band gaps using the generalized gradient approximation-Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional are 1.36 eV for Ca3BiI3 and 1.30 eV for Sr3BiI3, which increase to 1.79 eV and 1.61 eV, respectively, after applying the TB-mBJ correction. Both materials are dynamically stable, confirmed through formation energy and phonon dispersion analysis, and mechanically stable based on Born criteria. Optical analysis shows strong absorption in the visible range, with Ca3BiI3 slightly outperforming Sr3BiI3, making both candidates for photovoltaic applications. In the second part, we simulate the performance of these perovskites in single-layer and bilayer solar cells, with Ca3BiI3 as the top absorber and Sr3BiI3 as the bottom. By optimizing the bilayer device, we achieve an efficiency of up to 28.37%, with a VOC of 1.36 V, a fill factor of 89.78%, and a short-circuit current density (J SC) of 23.14 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to mitigate anthropogenic climate impacts the U.S. has established ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% before 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW)—the artificial enhancement of chemical weathering of rocks to accelerate atmospheric CO2 capture—is now widely seen as a potentially promising carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that could help to achieve U.S. climate goals. Grinding rocks to smaller particle size, which can help to facilitate more rapid and efficient CO2 removal, is the most energy-demanding and cost-intensive step in the ERW life cycle. As a result, accurate life cycle analysis of ERW requires regional constraints on the factors influencing the energetic and economic demands of feedstock grinding for ERW. Here, we perform a state-level geospatial analysis to quantify how carbon footprints, costs, and energy demands vary among regions of the coterminous U.S. in relation to particle size and regional electricity mix. We find that CO2 emissions from the grinding process are regionally variable but relatively small compared to the CDR potential of ERW, with national averages ranging between ~5–35 kgCO2 trock−1 for modal particle sizes between ~10–100  μm. The energy cost for feedstock grinding also varies regionally but is relatively small, with national average costs for grinding of roughly 0.95–5.81 $ trock−1 using grid mix power and 1.35–8.26 $ trock−1 (levelized) for solar PV for the same particle size range. Overall energy requirements for grinding are also modest, with the demand for grinding 1 Gt of feedstock representing less than 2% of annual national electricity supply. In addition, both cost and overall energy demand are projected to decline over time. These results suggest that incorporating feedstock grinding into ERW deployment at scale in the coterminous U.S. should generally have only modest impacts on lifecycle emissions, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical formulations are increasingly based on drug nanoparticles or carrier nanoparticles encapsulating drugs or mRNA molecules. Sizes and monodispersity of the nanoparticles regulate bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Microfluidic mixers promise unique conditions for their continuous preparation. A novel microfluidic antisolvent precipitation device was realized by two-photon-polymerization with a mixing channel in which the organic phase formed a sheet with a homogeneous thickness of down to 7 μm completely wrapped in the aqueous phase. Homogeneous diffusion through the sheet accelerates mixing. Optical access was implemented to allow in-situ dynamic light scattering. By centering the thin sheet in the microchannel cross-section, two important requirements are met. On the one hand, the organic phase never reaches the channel walls, avoiding fouling and unstable flow conditions. On the other hand, in the sheet positioned at the maximum of the parabolic flow profile the nanoparticle velocities are homogenized which enables flow-compensated Dynamic Light Scattering (flowDLS). These unique features allowed in-situ particle size determination for the first time. Monitoring of lipid nanoparticle precipitation was demonstrated for different rates of solvent and antisolvent flows. This breakthrough innovation will not only enable feedback control of nanoparticle production but also will provide new insights into the dynamics of nanoparticle precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the bioavailability of baicalin, this article prepared for α-zein loaded with baicalin composites (α-zein@BA) by pH driven method and they were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and measurement of particle size distribution in water solution phase techniques. The digestive behavior and antioxidant activity of composites before and after simulating gastrointestinal fluid in vitro were studied as well. At the same time, molecular dynamics simulation techniques were used to reveal the molecular mechanism behind the formation of the composite between the two. The results indicated that the composites of α-zein@BA were observed to be approximately spherical under a scanning electron microscope, and their particle size was mainly distributed in the range of 94.55-145.10 μm in aqueous solution, whose encapsulation efficiency of baicalin was (86.61 ± 0.71) %. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that α-zein and baicalin mainly formed complexes through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The measurement results of baicalin residue in simulated digestion of gastric and intestinal fluids in vitro are as follows: α-zein@BA > Baicalin, while both significantly increased in the gastric digestion stage (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased in the intestinal digestion stage (P < 0.05). Molecular dynamics simulation studies have shown that baicalin has a promoting effect on protein structural stability, and protein 158SER and GLN196 were mainly formed hydrogen bonds with it, while hydrophobic interactions were mainly manifested between non-polar amino acids such as PHE201 and PRO200. This study indicates that α-zein and baicalin can form stable composites, improving the bioavailability of baicalin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents in situ, high-resolution optical measurements of particle size distributions (PSD) within sediment plumes generated by a pre-prototype deep seabed nodule collector vehicle operating in the abyssal Pacific Ocean. These measurements were obtained using a cutting-edge instrument, the LISST-RTSSV sensor. The data collected in situ reveal marked differences compared to previously reported laboratory-based, ex situ measurements. The grain size and other key particle shape characteristics are found to be dependent on multiple factors, including the collector vehicle maneuvers, the time elapsed following sediment discharge, and the complex hydrodynamic processes that generate the sediment in suspension. Significantly, the PSD from a highly complex succession of straight-line maneuvers converges to that of the canonical case of a simple straight-line driving maneuver within a timescale of ten minutes. Our results underscore the importance of parameterizing sediment plume transport models based on well-informed, comprehensive PSDs of detrained suspended sediment measured in situ at adequate timescales and in regions no longer strongly influenced by active and complex hydrodynamic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit latex resin (JKF) is a cost effective, biocompatible and non-toxic natural polymer. Owing to the physical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of silicon (Si) particles as well as the biocompatibility and environmental safety of the naturally occurring polymeric component are a promising choice for the development of biomaterials. Few investigations on jackfruit latex based biocomposites were reported so far. This research intends to explore the physicochemical, morphological, and cytotoxic properties of Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled with extracted jackfruit latex resin. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the structural properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for thermal parameters, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for morphological as well as elemental analysis and particle size analyzer for particle size measurement. To check out the mechanical performances of the composites, the UTM machine was utilized. Further, to examine the biocompatibility (cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) of fabricated composites, the trypan blue assay, DAPI staining at Drosophila larvae, MTT assay of Osteoblast cells and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogene, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria were performed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Coated drug pellets enjoy widespread use in hard gelatine capsules. In heterogeneous pellets, the drug substance is layered onto core pellets. Coatings are often applied to generate a retarded release or an enteric coating. Methods: In the present study, the thickness of a polymer coating layer on drug pellets was correlated to the drug release kinetics. Results: The question should be answered whether it is possible to stop the coating process when a layer thickness referring to an intended drug release is achieved. Inert pellets were first coated with sodium benzoate and second with different amounts of water insoluble polyacrylate in a fluidized bed apparatus equipped with a Wurster inlet. The whole process was controlled in-line and at-line with process analytical technology by the measurement of the particle size and the layer thickness. The in-vitro sodium benzoate release was investigated, and the data were linearized by different standard models and compared with the polyacrylate layer thickness. With increasing polyacrylate layer thickness the release rate diminishes. The superposition of several processes influencing the release results in release profiles corresponding approximately to first order kinetics. The coating layer thickness corresponds to a determined drug release profile. Conclusions: The manufacturing of coated drug pellets with intended drug release is possible by coating process control and layer thickness measurement. Preliminary investigations are necessary for different formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acacia gum (AG), a polysaccharide biopolymer, has been adopted to improve the strength of three cohesive soils by subjecting them to diverse environmental aging conditions. Being a polysaccharide and a potentially sustainable construction material, the AG yielded flexible film-like threads after 48 h upon hydration, and its pH value of 4.9 varied marginally with the aging of the stabilized soils. The soil samples for the geotechnical evaluation were subjected to wet mixing and were tested under their Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), as determined by the light compaction method. The addition of AG modified the consistency indices of the soils due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in AG, which also led to a rise in OMC and reduction in Maximum Dry Unit weight (MDU). The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were determined under thermal curing at 333 K as well as on the same day of sample preparation. The least performing condition of the soil's CBR was evaluated under submerged conditions after allowing the AG-stabilized specimens to air-cure for a period of 1 week. The UCS specimens tested after 7 days were subjected to the initial 7 days of thermal curing at 333 K. A dosage of 1.5% of AG yielded the UCS of 2530 kN/m2 and CBR of 98.3%, respectively, for the low compressible clay (LCC) after subjecting the sample to 333 K temperature for 1 week. The viscosity of the AG was found to be 214.7 cP at 2% dosage. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and average particle size determination revealed the filling of pores by AG gel solution, adsorption, and hydrogen bonding, which led to improvements in macroproperties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional properties and versatile solution processibility. However, MXene dispersions are prone to various degradation processes, leading to the formation of byproducts that negatively affect its morphological, electrical, and mechanical properties. Through the years, several methods have been developed to mitigate MXene degradation; however, divergent viewpoints on the understanding of degradation mechanisms are prevalent, hindering the development of versatile strategies in producing environmentally stable MXene dispersions. This review provides a chronological analysis of the research efforts aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanisms of MXene degradation and highlights strategies for circumventing this process. This review discusses apparent inconsistencies in experimental findings and theoretical models. These discrepancies prompt further investigation for a clearer understanding of the degradation process in MXene. This narrative allows readers to follow the evolution of dominant theories and disputes and to ultimately stimulate further investigation, aiming for a better understanding of this process. It is anticipated that identifying the fundamental factors affecting the oxidation of MXene dispersions will enable their full‐scale processing into higher‐order structures and practical devices with greater longevity and long‐term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein–polysaccharide–tannin interactions are important in every aspect of red wine production from physical stability to color, astringency, and body. For this model study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as the protein, while carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), mannoproteins, and pectin were the model polysaccharides. Each protein–polysaccharide combination was analyzed for zeta (ζ) potential and particle size at neutral pH and within the wine‐like solution. Mixtures were assessed regarding their protective, affinitive, and aggregative behaviors. Based on their individual ζ‐potentials, pectin and mannoprotein were most stable at lower concentrations. At higher concentrations, they reduced the suspension's stability and increased the aggregate sizes. CMC consistently increased the stability of any solution under neutral pH conditions. However, with increasing concentrations, these large aggregates are expected to precipitate. Fruit pectin (FP) and BSA interactions seemed to be the main factors in the formation of visible precipitates at neutral pH. FP and the mannoprotein decreased stability enough to cause precipitation without haze formation. The mannoprotein decreased particle sizes, in both the suspension and precipitation, which may indicate greater selectivity toward proteins. FP also decreased the suspended particle sizes under wine conditions. These findings demonstrate the use of ζ‐potential and particle size values to characterize macromolecular interactions in model systems and can also be used to indicate effective fining agents. Practical Application: This work demonstrates the capabilities of ζ‐potential analysis paired with size particle measurements to predict and characterize the interactions between macromolecules in complex systems. The interactions between model wine macromolecules can be evaluated with this technology at a level that cannot be reached with any other analytical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The often-perceived limitations of image analysis have for many years impeded the widespread application of such systems as first line characterisation tools. Image analysis has, however, undergone a notable resurgence in the pharmaceutical industry fuelled by developments system capabilities and the desire of scientists to characterize the morphological nature of their particles more adequately. The importance of particle shape as well as size is now widely acknowledged. With the increasing use of modelling and simulations, and ongoing developments though the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence, the utility of image analysis is increasing significantly driven by the richness of the data obtained. Such datasets provide means to circumvent the requirement to rely on less informative descriptors and enable the move towards the use of whole distributions. Combining the improved particle size and shape measurement and description with advances in modelling and simulations is enabling improved means to elucidate the link between particle and bulk powder properties. In addition to improved capabilities to describe input materials, approaches to characterize single components within multicomponent systems are providing scientists means to understand how their material may change during manufacture thus providing a means to link the behaviour of final dosage forms with the particle properties at the point of action. The aim is to provide an overview of image analysis and update readers with innovations and capabilities to other methods in the small molecule arena. We will also describe the use of AI for the improved analysis using image analysis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave propagation in elastic solids is analyzed by a space-time discontinuous Galerkin quadrature element method. First, the space-time quadrature element is conveniently formulated based on the space-time discontinuous Galerkin formulation. This method treats both the spatial and temporal domains in a unified manner, enabling it to handle not only structured space-time meshes but also unstructured ones. It effectively captures discontinuities or sharp gradients in the solution. To transform the formulation into a system of algebraic equations, the Gauss-Lobatto quadrature rule and the differential quadrature analog are utilized. High-order elements are constructed simply by increasing the order of integration and differentiation without the laborious construction of shape functions. Then, dispersion analysis is conducted for one- and two-dimensional elements. The analysis reveals that as the Courant number decreases, the total dispersion error monotonically converges to the spatial dispersion error, which can be reduced by increasing the element order. Additionally, high-order elements nearly eliminate numerical anisotropy in different directions. Finally, several numerical examples of elastic wave propagation validate the method's effectiveness and high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections pose a significant challenge in numerous developing nations and worldwide, necessitating urgent solutions. Oral administration of antifungal medications often leads to severe adverse reactions. Hence, employing topical delivery systems is preferred to ensure efficient dermal delivery of antifungal agents while minimizing side effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of penetration enhancers into nanocarriers loaded with antifungal agents has demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combating mycotic infections. Consequently, ultra-deformable penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) were developed to explore this promising approach. In this study, Labrasol® and Transcutol® were used as penetration enhancers in formulating ultra-deformable PEVs containing the antifungal agent Fluconazole (FCZ). The PEVs underwent comprehensive characterization, including measurements of particle size (PS), charge, and entrapment efficiency (EE%). The results revealed that the size of tested PEVs ranged from 100 to 762 nm. All particles exhibited a negative charge, with a minimum zeta potential (ZP) of −38.26 mV, and an intermediate entrapment efficiency (EE%) that reached approximately 40%w/w. Ex-vivo studies demonstrated the ability of PEVs to deliver FCZ to the dermis while minimizing transdermal delivery. The selected formula was tested in-vivo using candidiasis-induced rat model and showed a superiority in its antifungal effect against Candida Albicans compared to the drug control. Stability studies were executed for the selected formula, and revealed good stability shown by the insignificant change in the PS, ZP& EE% over a six-month period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface radiative cooling in polar regions can generate persistent stability in the atmospheric boundary layer. Stable layers below clouds can decouple the cloud layer from the near-surface environment. Under these conditions, surface aerosol measurements are not necessarily representative of the near-cloud or intra-cloud aerosol populations. To better understand the variability in the vertical structure of aerosol properties over the central Greenland Ice Sheet, in situ measurements of aerosol particle size distributions up to cloud base were made at Summit Station in July and August 2023. These measurements identified distinct vertical aerosol layers between the surface- and cloud-base-associated thermodynamic decoupling layers. Such decoupling layers occur 49 % of the time during the summer in central Greenland, suggesting that surface aerosol measurements are insufficient for describing the cloud-relevant aerosol population half of the time. Experience during this first measurement season demonstrated the ability of a tethered-balloon platform to operate effectively under icing conditions and at low surface pressure (< 680 hPa). The results presented here illustrate the value of vertically resolved in situ measurements of aerosol properties in developing a nuanced understanding of the aerosol effects on cloud properties in polar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of a sublethal dose of ionized radiation and a toxic dose of cobalt and their combined effect on the state of immunity in laboratory rats, as a biological object of research. For this purpose, three experimental and one control group of animals are formed on the principle of pairs of analogues to examine these factors. Therewith, immunological research methods are used. Methods: The main immunosuppressive manifestation of the toxic dose of cobalt on the humoral component of the immune response is noted. Results: There is a decrease in the concentration of immunoglobulins (Igs) of the main classes in blood serum by 17%–30% (P < 0.05). A combined negative effect of both factors is observed on the activity of humoral immunity. As a result, the serum levels of Ig A in Group 3 animals are reduced by 30.5% (P < 0.05), Ig M – by 35.7% (P < 0.05), and Ig G – by 30.7% (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Conclusion: Thus, the conducted studies allow determining the dependence of the immunosuppressive state of the urban population of Kazakhstan on a number of factors in a deteriorating environmental situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulation of elastic-wave equation helps us better understand the information of underground structures and elastic-wave imaging has attracted the widespread attention of researchers. Using elastic-wave imaging requires separating the compressional and shear wavefields. Therefore, we develop a novel explicit optimized scheme to simulate the separated elastic wavefield. We construct a kind of 1-norm objective function directly utilizing the dispersion error and employ the simulated annealing algorithm to acquire improved finite-difference operators, whose optimal coefficients can effectively suppress spatial numerical dispersion. Meanwhile, we introduce a rotated staggered-grid (RSG) approach to enhance computational stability. Then, our proposed scheme, called the optimized RSG approach, is applied to the elastic-wave equations and decoupled elastic-wave equations to simulate the decoupled compressional and shear wavefield propagation. Numerical dispersion analysis is consistent with numerical results. The waveform comparison shows that the optimized RSG approach possesses higher accuracy, and several complex models are used to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the presented scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WHAMP (Rönnmark, 1982, https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig%5fq=RN:14744092) and LEOPARD (Astfalk & Jenko, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023522) dispersion relation solvers were used to evaluate the growth rate and scale size for mirror mode (MM) and ion cyclotron (IC) instabilities under plasma conditions resembling Saturn's magnetosheath in order to compare observations to predictions from linear kinetic theory. Instabilities and waves are prevalent in planetary magnetosheaths. Understanding the origin and conditions under which different instabilities grow and dominate can help shed light on the role each instability plays in influencing the plasma dynamics of the region. For anisotropic plasmas modeled with bi‐Maxwellian particle distribution, the dispersion, growth rate, and scale size of MM and IC were studied as functions of proton temperature anisotropy, proton plasma beta, and oxygen ion abundance. The dispersion solvers showed that the IC mode dominated over MM under typical conditions in Saturn's magnetosheath, but that MM could dominate for high enough O+ ${O}^{+}$ abundance >40%ne $\left(> 40\%\ {\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)$. These water ion‐rich plasma conditions are occasionally found in Saturn's magnetosheath (Sergis et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50164). The maximum linear growth rates γm/Ωp $\left({\gamma }_{m}/{{\Omega }}_{p}\right)$ for MM ranged from 0.02 to 0.2, larger than expected from observations. The scale size at maximum growth rate ranged from 4 to 12 ρp ${\rho }_{\mathrm{p}}$, smaller than expected from observations. These inconsistencies could potentially be attributed to diffusion and non‐linear growth processes. Plain Language Summary: Plasma instabilities have well‐defined relationships between the wavevector and the frequency captured in the dispersion relation. Linear kinetic theory provides a basis for interpreting instability growth rates and scale sizes in simulations and observations with small plasma fluctuations. However, it cannot describe the fate of the instability such as the maximum amplitude, nor its interactions with other modes. The ion cyclotron (IC) and mirror mode (MM) instabilities lead to fluctuations of different frequencies and spatial scales. Their growth occurs when the plasma exhibits temperature perpendicular‐to‐magnetic‐field greater than some threshold of the temperature parallel‐to‐magnetic‐field direction known as temperature anisotropy. Each instability has a role to play in influencing the plasma dynamics of the region. This study investigates the growth and scale size of IC and MM instabilities in conditions resembling Saturn's magnetosheath. Key Points: Dispersion solvers indicate ion cyclotron (IC) mode dominates over mirror mode (MM) at Saturn, but MM prevails with high O+ abundanceThe predicted MM linear growth rates at Saturn were 0.02–0.2, exceeding the inferred maximum rate of 0.008 from observationsThe scale size of MM at maximum linear growth rate was 4–12 ρp, smaller than the inferred size of 18–38 ρp from observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residues from selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia after the extraction of protein were still rich in polysaccharides. Thus, the recovery of selenium polysaccharides (SePSs) was compared using hot water extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques. The yield, extraction rate, purity, specific energy consumption, and content of total and organic selenium from different SePS extracts were determined. The results indicated that at conditions of 250 W (ultrasonic power), 30 °C, and a liquid-to-material ratio of 30:1 extracted for 60 min, the yield of SePSs was 3.97 ± 0.07%, the extraction rate was 22.76 ± 0.40%, and the purity was 65.56 ± 0.35%, while the total and organic selenium content was 749.16 ± 6.91 mg/kg and 628.37 ± 5.93 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to traditional hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction significantly improves efficiency, reduces energy use, and boosts both total and organic selenium content in the extract. Measurements of particle size, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition, along with infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, revealed that ultrasonic-assisted extraction breaks down long-chain structures, decreases particle size, and changes monosaccharide composition in SePSs, leading to lower molecular weight and reduced dispersity. The unique structure of SePSs, which integrates selenium with polysaccharide groups, results in markedly improved antioxidant activity and reducing power, even at low concentrations, due to the synergistic effects of selenium and polysaccharides. This study establishes a basis for using SePSs in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper derivation of CH3NH3PbX3 (MAPbX3; where X = Cl−, Br−, I−) optical constants is a critical step toward the development of high‐performance perovskite devices. To date, the optical dispersions at all wavelengths have been inconsistently characterized by under‐approximating or omitting anomalous spectral features. Herein, a rigorous optical dispersion data analysis of single‐crystal MAPbBr3 involving variable‐angle spectroscopic ellipsometry data appended with transmission intensity data is presented. This approach yields a more robust derivation of the refractive index and extinction coefficient for both anomalous (absorptance) and normal (no absorptance) optical dispersion regimes. Using the derived optical constants, illustrative modeled perovskite solar cell device designs are presented in relation to nonrealistic designs prepared using representative optical constants reported in the literature. In comparison, the derived optical constants enables the modeling of layer thicknesses to maximize absorption by the active layer (MAPbBr3) and minimize parasitic optical absorptance by the nonactive layers at broad angles of incidence (≈0°–70°). This robust derivation of MAPbBr3 optical constants is expected to impact the optical dispersion data analysis of all perovskite analogs and expedite targeted development of, for example, solar cell, light‐emitting diode, photo‐ and X‐ray/γ‐ray detector, and laser system technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel antimalarial ganaplacide combined with lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation (LUM‐SDF) was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in adults, adolescents, and children in a multinational, prospective, randomized, active‐controlled Phase II study conducted between August 2017 and June 2021 (EudraCT 2020‐003284‐25, Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03167242). Pharmacokinetic data from that study are reported here.The trial comprised three parts: a run‐in part in 12 adult/adolescent patients treated with a single dose of ganaplacide 200 mg plus LUM‐SDF 960 mg assessed potential pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between ganaplacide and lumefantrine; in Part A, adult/adolescent patients received one of the six ganaplacide‐LUM‐SDF regimens or artemether‐lumefantrine; and in Part B, three dose regimens identified in Part A, and artemether‐lumefantrine, were assessed in children aged 2 to <12 years, with body weight ≥10 kg. A rich blood sampling schedule was used for all 12 patients in the PK run‐in part and a subset of patients (N = 32) in Part A, with sparse sampling for remaining patients in Parts A (N = 275) and B (N = 159). Drug concentrations were determined by a validated protein precipitation and reverse phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection method. Parameters including AUCinf, AUClast, AUC0–t, Cmax, and tmax were reported where possible, using non‐compartmental analysis.In the PK run‐in part, there was no notable increase in ganaplacide or lumefantrine exposure when co‐administered. In Parts A and B, ganaplacide exposures increased with dose, but lumefantrine exposure was numerically under dose‐proportional. Lumefantrine exposure was higher with ganaplacide‐LUM‐SDF than with artemether‐lumefantrine, although high variability was observed. Ganaplacide and lumefantrine exposures (Cmax and AUC0–24 h) were comparable across age and body weight groups. Drug exposures needed for efficacy were achieved using the dose regimen 400 mg ganaplacide plus lumefantrine 960 mg once daily for 3 days under fasted conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upstream propagating waves are observed to correlate with the reflected ions in the foot of a high Mach number quasi‐perpendicular collisionless shock. The respective wavefronts show time varying amplitude matching the variation of the reflected ions and the shock reformation cycles. We interpret this process in terms of the fast two‐stream instability and investigate the results of the PIC simulation as compared with the prediction of the linear analysis. Evidence for upstream propagating whistler waves supported by two‐stream instability is continuously growing, see for example, recent surveys based on MMS in‐situ observations of the Earth bow‐shock. The present study suggests that upstream propagating waves are consistent with and in particular supported by the mechanism of fast two‐stream instability developing in the upstream region of the shock foot. Plain Language Summary: By using particle‐in‐cell simulations, a highly non‐stationary quasi‐perpendicular collisionless shock exhibits reformation cycles characterized by extensions and compressions of the foot, ramp, and overshoot. Waves with upstream propagation are crossing the foot, with large variation of their phase velocities with respect to the rest frame of the shock, repeated periodically. Additionally, strong downstream propagating waves driven by incoming ions ‐ incoming electrons two‐stream instability (or slow two‐stream instability) are observed close to the end of each shock cycle. In a system attached to the electron flow (regarded as proxy for the system used in the study of two‐stream instabilities), the variations of the phase velocities appear to be significantly smaller. The linear theory based on dispersion analysis supports, in our case, the use of a 1‐D code for exploring upstream whistler propagation driven by the fast two‐stream instability, associated by former studies with 2‐D configuration. At the same time, the analytical examination of the real part of the dispersion relation shows good agreement with the simulation results, while the imaginary part indicates a significant local growth rate of the fast two‐stream instability, that can presumably compensate the otherwise strong damping of the oblique whistler waves. Key Points: Fast two‐stream instability excited in the foot of a collisionless shock by using 1‐D PIC simulationsCyclic emissions of whistler waves in the foot of the shocks are supported by fast and slow two‐stream instabilityConvergence of three independent approaches: simulations, analytical, and observations (MMS) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the remarkable performance of SnSe‐based compounds in thermoelectrics, a strontium‐tin‐selenium (SrSnSe2) compound is theoretically designed, observing anisotropic Rashba spin‐orbital splitting and strong four‐phonon scattering behavior. Through comprehensive analyses of elastic constants, phonon dispersion, and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, the mechanical, dynamic, and thermal stability of SrSnSe2 is demonstrated. Electronic calculations reveal that the anisotropic band is decomposed into two distinct bands (heavy and light) due to anisotropic Rashba spin splitting, significantly impacting the electrical transport properties for n‐type and p‐type systems. Moreover, phonon dispersion analysis shows an avoided‐crossing behavior in SrSnSe2, attributed to the expression of the 5s2 lone pair. Notably, four‐phonon scattering in SrSnSe2 lacking phonon bandgap is particularly pronounced compared to SnSe, which is ascribed to the Jahn‐Teller‐like distortion of the SrSe6 octahedron. Combining multiple scattering mechanisms, the optimal thermoelectric performance is evaluated, achieving a ZT of ≈2.57 at 900 K for n‐type and ≈2.47 at 900 K for p‐type SrSnSe₂ under different carrier concentrations and temperatures. The results discover the underlying unusual transport mechanisms in SrSnSe2 thermoelectrics, providing a theoretical case for manipulating anisotropic Rashba band splitting and phonon scattering selection rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative concept of metabarrier is presented for seismic Rayleigh wave attenuation, which consists of a periodic array of cylindrical water tanks acting as resonant units above the soil surface. A pertinent theoretical framework is developed and implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. The framework treats the dynamics of the water tank by a well-established three-dimensional linear, pressure-based model for fluid-structure interaction under earthquake excitation, accounting for the flexibility of the tank wall; furthermore, the soil is idealized as a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Floquet-Bloch dispersion analysis of the unit cell demonstrates the presence of relevant band gaps in the low-frequency range below 20 Hz and in the higher frequency range as well. The dispersion analysis is validated by comparison with the frequency-domain analysis of a soil domain with a finite array of water tanks. The band gaps are of interest to attenuate seismic Rayleigh waves and, more generally, Rayleigh waves caused by other ground vibration sources such as road or railway traffic. The water-tank resonant units are readily tunable by varying the water level, which allows changing opening frequencies/widths of the wave attenuation zones. This is a remarkable advantage over alternative seismic metamaterials that, in general, are not designed to be tunable. This article is part of the theme issue 'Current developments in elastic and acoustic metamaterials science (Part 2)'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime industry is exploring ammonia as an alternative fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the high toxicity of ammonia poses significant safety challenges for onboard handling and storage. This study investigates ammonia dispersion and toxicity levels from vent mast releases on ships, aiming to enhance safety measures for future ammonia-fueled vessels. Using CFD analysis on a 31,000-dwt general cargo ship model, the research examines various release scenarios, considering regulatory requirements, vent mast design, and environmental conditions. Results show that direct ammonia release from the vent mast poses fatal risks to the crew in the accommodation area and on adjacent ships, regardless of current regulatory stipulations. The study recommends installing an ammonia-catching system to reduce concentrations to safe levels of 30 ppm before release. These findings offer crucial insights for improving the safety of using ammonia as marine fuel through risk assessment and management. [Display omitted] • Provides key safety recommendations for the toxic release of ammonia from the ships. • Critically examines existing regulatory gaps related to ammonia release via vent mast. • Investigates dispersion scenarios considering different environmental conditions, vent mast designs, and release rates. • Regardless of vent mast location and height, direct ammonia release poses a fatal threat to humans onboard the ship. • Recommends the installation of an ammonia catch system before releasing ammonia into the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuarine sediments serve as significant reservoirs for mercury (Hg) and methylmercury(MeHg), which can also interconvert in the external environment. The release of Hg in response to human activities raises concerns about its potential ecological and human health effects. Sediment samples were collected in December 2021 from four locations (sites), and Hg cycling by measuring the concentrations of, and controls on, the spatial distribution of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in high-tidal zone (HTZ) and mid-tidal zone (MTZ) sediments of a mangrove forest (MF) and oyster farm (OF) was examined in northwestern Zhanjiang Bay, including simultaneous determination of sediment particle size, oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), pH, total organic carbon (TOC), sulfide concentration (S2-), and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The research results indicated that concentrations of both THg and MeHg ranged between 20.0–104.0 ng/g and 0.011–0.277 ng/g in the sediments, respectively. The highest methylation potentials within the MF and OF were in sediments located approximately 10–15 cm below the surface. MeHg in the HTZ of the OF was likely derived from exogenous inputs as Hg methylation appears limited, and the formation of MeHg depended not only on the amount of inorganic mercury available for methylation in SRB, but also on the TOC, pH, Eh and S2- content in the sediment. A risk assessment of MeHg during the anthropogenic disturbance of this estuaries conducted on individuals eating oysters demonstrated that health risks are low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As artificially engineered subwavelength periodic structures, terahertz (THz) metasurface devices exhibit an equivalent dielectric constant and dispersion relation akin to those of natural materials with specific THz absorption peaks, describable using the Lorentz model. Traditional verification methods typically involve testing structural arrays using reflected and transmitted optical paths. However, directly detecting the dielectric constant of individual units has remained a significant challenge. In this study, we employed a THz time-domain spectrometer-based scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (THz-TDS s-SNOM) to investigate the near-field nanoscale spectrum and resonant mode distribution of a single-metal double-gap split-ring resonator (DSRR) and rectangular antenna. The findings reveal that they exhibit a dispersion relation similar to that of natural materials in specific polarization directions, indicating that units of THz metasurface can be analogous to those of molecular structures in materials. This microscopic analysis of the dispersion relation of artificial structures offers new insights into the working mechanisms of THz metasurfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized using 3-aminopropylthiosilane-methacrylic acid monomer (APTES-MAA) as the functional monomer and 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) as the template, based on computer simulation. The hybrid molecularly imprinted polymers (HMIPs) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, particle size measurement, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It has been shown that HMIPs are irregularly shaped and porous, with particle sizes ranging mainly from 130 to 211 nm. At 298 K, the HMIPs exhibit a maximum adsorption capacity of 8.35 mg·g−1 for HCPT and demonstrate good adsorption specificity (α = 5.38). The pseudo-second-order reaction mechanism suggests that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of HCPT on HMIPs is 8.11 mg·g−1. Finally, HCPT was successfully separated and enriched from the extract of Camptotheca acuminata Decne. seeds using HMIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The gravity-induced depth-dependent elastic properties of a granular half-space result in multiple dispersive surface modes and demand the consideration of material heterogeneity in metabarrier designs to suppress surface waves. Numerous locally resonant metabarrier configurations have been proposed in the literature to suppress Rayleigh surface waves in homogeneous media, with little focus on extending the designs to a heterogeneous half-space. In this work, a metabarrier comprising partially embedded rod-like resonators to suppress the fundamental dispersive surface wave modes in heterogeneous granular media known as first order PSV (PSV1; where P is the longitudinal mode and SV is the shear-vertical mode) and second order PSV (PSV2) is proposed. The unit-cell dispersion analysis, together with an extensive frequency-domain finite element analysis, reveals preferential hybridization of the PSV1 and PSV2 modes with the longitudinal and flexural resonances of the resonators, respectively. The presence of the cutoff frequency for the longitudinal-resonance hybridized mode facilitates straightforward suppression of the PSV1 mode, while PSV2 mode suppression is possible by tailoring the hybridized flexural resonance modes. These PSV1 and PSV2 bandgaps are realized experimentally in a granular testbed comprising glass beads by embedding 3D-printed resonator rods. Also explored are novel graded metabarriers capable of suppressing both PSV1 and PSV2 modes over a broad frequency range for potential applications in vibration control and seismic isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme climate events are occurring frequently under global warming. Previous studies primarily focused on isolated extreme climate events, whereas research on the synergistic changes between extreme cold (EC) and extreme warm (EW) events remains limited. This study conducted trend, correlation, and dispersion analyses on EC and EW, as well as their synergistic changes, in the Sanjiang Plain from 1960 to 2019, using inverse distance weighting, statistical methods, and the Mann–Kendall test. The results indicated that cold-to-warm (C2W) and warm-to-cold (W2C) events were significantly and positively correlated with elevation, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.76 and 0.84, respectively. Meanwhile, C2W showed a significant negative correlation with latitude (r = −0.55), while W2C also exhibited a significant negative correlation with latitude (r = −0.71). However, there was a significant positive correlation between (EC) and latitude (r = 0.65). After 1980, both the declining trend of EC and the increasing trend of EW slowed down, and the trends in C2W and W2C changed from decline to increase. The dispersion of EC and EW shows an increasing trend, while the dispersion of C2W and W2C exhibits a decreasing trend. This study provides important references for studying temperature fluctuations and addressing extreme climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the development of new amino-functionalized magnetic Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites with varying silicate shell ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2) for the efficient elimination of Hg2+ ions found in solutions. The Fe2O3/SiO2–NH2 adsorbents were characterized for their structural, surface, and magnetic properties using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Braunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta-potential, and particle size measurement. We investigated the adsorption circumstances, such as pH, dosage of the adsorbent, and duration of adsorption. The pH value that yielded the best results was determined to be 5.0. The Fe2O3/SiO2–NH2 adsorbent with a silicate ratio of (1:2) exhibited the largest amount of adsorption capacity of 152.03 mg g−1. This can be attributed to its significantly large specific surface area of 100.1 m2 g−1, which surpasses that of other adsorbents. The adsorbent with amino functionalization demonstrated a strong affinity for Hg2+ ions due to the chemical interactions between the metal ions and the amino groups on the surface. The analysis of adsorption kinetics demonstrated that the adsorption outcomes adhere to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The study of adsorption isotherms revealed that the adsorption followed the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption of Hg2+ ions with the adsorbent occurred as a monomolecular layer adsorption process. Furthermore, the thermodynamic analyses revealed that the adsorption of Hg2+ ions using the adsorbent was characterized by a spontaneous and endothermic process. Additionally, the adsorbent has the ability to selectively extract mercury ions from a complex mixture of ions. The Fe2O3/SiO2–NH2 nanocomposite, which is loaded with metal, can be easily recovered from a water solution due to its magnetic properties. Moreover, it can be regenerated effortlessly through acid treatment. This study highlights the potential use of amino-functionalized Fe2O3/SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles as a highly efficient, reusable adsorbent for the removal of mercury ions from contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel locally resonant metamaterial structure and proposes a method to analyze its elastic wave dispersion properties. The structure is conceived as a multiple beam system with parallel beams transversely interconnected by periodic arrays of small resonators, each consisting of a spring-mass-spring subsystem in parallel with a couple of springs. Inserting the resonators between the beams, instead of attaching them as external appendages like in some alternative examples of locally resonant beams in the literature, makes the structure appealing for practical realization and use; furthermore, hosting several arrays of resonators gives the possibility to open multiple band gaps. The proposed method is a homogenization approach for flexural wave dispersion analysis, which removes the equations for the resonators from the set governing the dynamics of the system and reverts the original structure to an equivalent one featuring a tri-diagonal effective mass matrix with frequency dependent terms. The advantage of the homogenization approach is twofold: (1) it demonstrates that the band gaps arise in the frequency ranges where the effective mass matrix is negative definite, generalizing the well-established concept of band gaps attributable to negative mass effects in single locally resonant beams; (2) it provides dispersion curves and band gaps very efficiently, and the band gaps are identified upon calculating the eigenvalues of the tri-diagonal effective mass matrix. Analytical expressions of the band gap edges are obtained for the baseline case of a double beam system, to be readily used for design. Additionally, the exact transfer matrix method in conjunction with the Bloch theorem is formulated as alternative to the homogenization approach for wave dispersion analysis. Finally, the proposed concept of locally resonant structure and pertinent homogenization approach are validated by calculating the transmittance properties of the corresponding finite structure, via the standard finite element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An updated version of the Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument, termed PALMS-NG (-Next Generation), has been designed to characterize particles in the troposphere and stratosphere. Two PALMS-NG instruments have been built: a Purdue University version, which has flown on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ER-2 and DC-8, and a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) version, which has flown on the NASA WB-57F. The general design and construction are nearly identical. New features and construction techniques are described here. These include a new inlet, optics for an extended size range of particle measurement, and a unique bipolar s-shaped mass spectrometer with higher resolution. These make the -NG instrument a significant improvement over the original flight PALMS which was first flown 25 years ago. Copyright © 2024 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-of-the-art numerical models describing the kinetics of aerosol particle nucleation and growth from a cooling vapor primarily use a nodal method, in which particles that are smaller than the critical size are omitted from consideration because they are thermodynamically unfavorable. This omission is based on the assumption that most newly formed particles are above the critical size, so that subcritical-size particles are not important to take into account. Due to the nature of the nodal method, it suffers from numerical diffusion, which can cause an artificial broadening of the cluster size distribution leading to a significant overestimation of the number of large-size particles. To address these issues, we propose a more accurate numerical method that explicitly models particles of all sizes, and uses a special numerical scheme that substantially reduces the numerical diffusion and provides high solution accuracy and numerical stability. We extensively compare this novel method to the commonly used nodal solver of the general dynamic equation (GDE) for particle growth and demonstrate that it offers GDE solutions with higher accuracy with low numerical diffusion. Incorporating small subcritical clusters into the solution is crucial for: 1) more precise determination of the entire particle size distribution function and 2) wider applicability of the model to experimental studies with non-monotonic temperature variations leading to particle evaporation. The computational code implementing this numerical method in Python is available upon request. Copyright © 2024 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize cereal cultivation in the agro-systems of Fez-Meknes, Morocco, this study emphasizes the importance of soil texture and organic matter for cereal productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates. The objective is to develop a comprehensive index based on five parameters of particle size properties (percentage of clay, fine silt, coarse silt, sand, and organic matter) to predict the yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Utilizing 298 independent experimental sites in the agricultural region of Fez-Meknes, wheat yields were analyzed in relation to soil texture. The analysis involved a complete compositional simplex (S5), a log-centered transformation, and the calculation of five cumulative variance functions of the components, resulting in five cubic models. By identifying inflection points in these models linking cumulative functions to wheat yields, a critical yield of 24 quintals per hectare was determined, distinguishing between more and less productive wheat populations. The developed global particle size imbalance index, named r²granulo, exhibited a theoretical value of 3.1 and a value validated by the Cate-Nelson partitioning method of 5.2. These results indicate that the r²granulo index can serve as a reliable indicator for evaluating soil suitability for cereal production in arid and semi-arid regions. An index value below 5.2 suggests favorable soil conditions for cereal cultivation. This index offers a practical tool for farmers and agronomists to optimize cereal yields by effectively assessing and managing soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractionation of airborne particles based on multiple characteristics is becoming increasingly significant in various industrial and research sectors, including mining and recycling. Recent developments aim to characterize and fractionate particles based on multiple properties simultaneously. This study investigates the fractionation of a technical aerosol composed of a mixture of micron-sized copper and silicon particles by size and material composition using a classifying aerodynamic lens (CAL) setup. Particle size distribution and material composition are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for samples collected from the feed stream (upstream of CAL) and product stream (downstream of CAL) at varying operational pressures. The experimental findings generally agree with the predictions of an analytical fractionation model but also point to the importance of particle shape as a third fractionation property. Moreover, the results suggest that material-based fractionation is efficient at low operational pressures, even when the aerodynamic properties of the particle species are similar. This finding could have significant implications for industries where precise particle fractionation is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive discrete element method (DEM) simulation approach for the stretching of a filter fiber with a separated polydisperse particle structure on top. For a realistic interaction between the fiber surface and the particles, the original surface of the polymer fiber was projected onto the surface of the fiber cylinder using surface imaging technologies (atomic force microscopy (AFM) and white-light interferometry). In addition, the adhesive forces between particle–fiber and particle–particle contacts were calibrated in the DEM domain using values from self-conducted AFM measurements. Fiber stretching was implemented by the linear motion of small periodic fiber elements. Discretization problems were resolved through studying the stretching of a fiber segment at the size of 8 mm. A critical fiber element length was discovered to be ≈100 μm for minimizing discretization dependencies during the cracking of the particle structure. The number and density of particle–particle contacts within the particle loading on the fiber were obtained at two different elongation rates. Effects such as densification of the particulate structure and increased detachment due to additional air flow were demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Froth flotation predominantly separates particles according to their differences in wettability. However, other particle properties such as size, shape or density significantly influence the separation outcome as well. Froth flotation is most efficient for particles within a size range of about 20–200 μm, but challenges arise for very fine or coarse particles that are accompanied by low recoveries and poor selectivity. While the impact of particle size on the separation behavior in flotation is well known by now, the effect of particle shape is less studied and varies based on the investigated zone (suspension or froth) and separation apparatus used. Beyond these complexities, many particle properties are correlated, making it challenging to analyze the isolated impact of individual properties on the separation behavior. Therefore, a multidimensional perspective on the separation process, considering multiple particle properties, enhances the understanding of their collective influence. In this paper, the two-dimensional case is studied; i.e., a parametric modeling approach is applied to determine bivariate Tromp functions from scanning electron microscopy-based image data of the feed and the separated fractions. With these functions it is possible to characterize the separation behavior of particle systems. Using a model system of ultrafine (<10 μm) particles, consisting of either glass spheres or glass fragments with different wettability states as the floatable fraction and magnetite as the non-floatable fraction, allows for the investigation of the influence of descriptor vectors consisting of size, shape and wettability, on the separation. In this way, the present paper contributes to a better understanding of the complex interplay between certain descriptor vectors for the case of ultrafine particles. Furthermore, it demonstrates the benefits of using multivariate Tromp functions for evaluating separation processes and points out the limitations of SEM-based image measurements by means of mineral liberation analysis (MLA) for the studied particle size fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of powders on a bulk scale are heavily influenced by both the material properties and the size of their primary particles. Throughout the stages of storage and transportation in the powder processing industry, various forms of deformation and stress, such as pressure and shear, impact these materials. Recognizing the point at which a powder undergoes yielding becomes particularly significant in numerous applications. There are also times when the level of stress needed to maintain it must be understood. The measurement of powder yield and flow properties remains a challenge and is addressed in this study. As part of the European collaborative project, a number of shear experiments were performed using two shearing devices: the Schulze ring shearing device and the Anton Paar Powder Cell (APCC). These experiments have three purposes: (i) test reproducibility/consistency between two shear devices and test protocols; (ii) relate bulk behavior to microscopic particle properties, focusing on bulk density and thus the effect of cohesion between particles; and (iii) investigate the influence of the temperature of heated powders on the powder's flow properties, which is important for industrial reactors. Interestingly, for samples with small particle sizes, bulk cohesion increases slightly, but bulk friction increases significantly because of particle interaction effects. The experimental data not only provide useful insight into the role of microscopically attractive van der Waals gravitational and/or compressive forces on the macroscopic flow behavior of bulk powders but also have industrial relevance. We also provide robust data of cohesive and attritional fine powder for silo design used for calibration and validation of silos, models, and computer simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active control of heat transfer in nanostructured materials is crucial for the development of microelectronic devices. Thermal switch is a typical heat management device, which has attracted widespread attention. In this work, based on first-principles calculations, we propose a two-dimensional thermal switch based on the strain-induced ferroelectric phase transition in α-PbS. It is found that thermal conductivity can be significantly reduced by external strain and a room temperature two-dimensional thermal switch with a switch ratio of 3.7 can be constructed. The calculated phonon lifetime and scattering rate reveal that phonons around 2 THz frequency range predominantly contribute to the modulation in thermal conductivity when the strain is smaller than 2.0%. A detailed analysis on phonon dispersion indicates that these phonons are LO2 and TO3 branches. When the strain is larger than 2.0%, the decrease in phonon group velocity leads to the reduction in thermal conductivity. Our work elucidates the mechanisms for changes in the thermal conductivity of α-PbS under strain and provides a low-dimensional thermal switch, which is promising for future applications in microelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallographic image analysis is vital in the field of metal science due to its potential to automate the sensing process for grain and particle size estimation. To ensure the good quality and reliability of metal products, analysis of the integrity of metallic components is required. In contemporary manufacturing processes, microscopic analysis is a crucial step, mainly when complex systems like gearboxes, turbines, or engines are assembled using various components from multiple suppliers. A final product's quality, durability, and lifespan are determined via the quality analysis of properties of a material with proper tolerances. A flaw in a single component can cause the breakdown of the entire finished product. To ensure the good quality of a material, micro-structural analysis is necessary, which includes the routine measurement of inclusions. The particle and grain sizes of particulate samples are the most crucial physical characteristics of metals. Their measurement is routinely conducted across various industries, and they are frequently considered essential parameters in the creation of many products. This paper discusses the role of sensors in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of metallographic image analysis, as well as the challenges and limitations associated with this technology. The paper also highlights the potential applications of sensor-assisted metallographic image analysis in various industries, such as aerospace, automotive, and construction. The paper concludes by identifying future research directions for this emerging field, including the development of more sophisticated algorithms for grain and particle size estimation, the integration of multiple sensors for more accurate measurements, and the exploration of new sensing modalities for metallographic image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to regulate the surface properties of calcined kaolinite for the purpose of achieving uniform distribution within various polar dispersion media, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and phenyl glycidyl ether were employed to chemically modify calcined kaolinite. The grafting rate, surface properties, and dispersion properties of calcined kaolinite particles in different polar organic media were changed by varying the dosage of the modifiers. FT-IR analysis confirmed successful surface modification, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated a maximum graft coverage of 18.44 μmol/m2 for the modified particles. Contact angle measurements and particle size distribution analyses demonstrated the effective adjustment of surface characteristics by the modifiers. Specifically, at a mass ratio of 1.0 of modifier to kaolinite particles, the modified particles exhibited a contact angle of around 125°, achieving uniform dispersion in different polarity media. Particle size distribution ranged from 1600 nm to 2100 nm in cyclohexane and petroleum ether, and from 900 nm to 1200 nm in dioxane, ethyl acetate, and DMF, showcasing a significant improvement in dispersion performance compared to unmodified particles. Concurrently, to improve the mechanical properties of PBAT, modified particles were incorporated into the PBAT matrix, and the effect of modified particle addition on the tensile strength and fracture tensile rate of the composites was investigated. The optimal amount of modified particles is 6 wt.%~8 wt.%. This article aims at synthesizing modifier molecules containing different hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups to chemically graft onto the surface of calcined kaolinite. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups on the modified particles can adapt to dispersed systems of different polarities and achieve good distribution within them. The modified particles are added to PBAT to achieve good compatibility and enhance the mechanical properties of the composite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CYSZ (CeO 2 -Y 2 O 3 -ZrO 2) coatings were prepared via PS-PVD (plasma spray physical vapor deposition) using untreated YSZ and CeO 2 blend powders instead of commercially CYSZ powders. 8YSZ was mixed with different proportions of CeO 2 (10, 20and 30 wt%). CYSZ agglomerated composite powders were then produced via spray drying and CYSZ coatings were deposited through PS-PVD spraying. Microstructures of composite powders and coatings were observed using SEM and EDS, and characterization of powders and coatings were evaluated via XRD, laser particle size measurement and XPS. Results showed agglomerated composite powders possessed high percentages of particles with optimum size and were suitable for subsequent PS-PVD process. The coatings prepared with reactive deposition had a typical columnar structure as current coating method. The coatings exhibited uniform distribution of all elements and consisted mainly of the t-ZrO 2 phase. Crystal structure and properties of coatings were identical to coating deposited via solid phase reactive powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explains the preparation of spherical agglomerates (SA) of telmisartan (TLS), a BCS class II drug used to improve it's physicochemical and bulk properties. Drugs of this class could potentially exhibit dissolution rate limited absorption. TLS spherical agglomerates were designed using hydrophilic polymer (PVP K-30), dimethyl formamide (DMF), water and ethyl acetate (bridging liquid) by solvent change method and evaluated for micromeritic properties. The SA were characterized by particle size determination, FTIR, PXRD and SEM. The results of micromeritic studies indicated that SA showed improved flow properties due to their spherical shape and bigger size. Absence of strong interaction at molecular level and alteration in the crystal structure of TLS with modification in crystallinity was confirmed by FTIR and PXRD respectively. TLS solubility characteristics were improved by this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of spread formulation and the structural/lubricant properties of six different commercial hazelnut and cocoa spreads on sensory perception. Rheology, tribology, and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was assessed by also evaluating the correlation coefficients between the quality descriptor and the rheological and textural parameters. The viscosity was evaluated at different temperatures to better simulate conditions before and after ingestion. Tribological analysis was executed at 37°C to mimic the human oral cavity. The effect of saliva presence and the number of runs on tribological behaviors was investigated. Moreover, textural, calorimetric, and particle size distribution measurements were performed to reinforce the correlation between structural/thermal parameters (e.g., firmness, stickiness, sugar melting point) and sensory aspects. "Visual viscosity," defined as a sensory attribute evaluated prior to consumption, negatively correlated with apparent viscosity measured at 20°C and 10 s−1, whereas "body," defined during oral processing and related to creaminess, positively correlated with apparent viscosity measured at 37°C and 50 s−1. These attributes were mainly influenced by particulate microstructure and solid volume fraction within the formulation. Textural stickiness positively correlated with sensory "adhesiveness" and was related to fat composition and milk powder addition, while "sweetness" was related to sucrose content and sugar melting enthalpy. Tribological data provided meaningful information related to particle‐derived attributes, as well as after‐coating perception (fattiness/oiliness), thus better predicting food evolution during oral consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-isotherm n(p, T90) results are reported for the gases Ar, N2, H2O, and D2O at vacuum wavelength λ = 1542.383 (1) nm. The argon and nitrogen isotherms were measured near 303 K; the water isotherms were measured near 373 K. Combined with the two previous articles of this series, the present results beget several insights via dispersion analyses. The argon result is highly consistent with static measurement plus ab initio calculation of dispersion polarizability. The nitrogen result is nominally consistent with one recent experiment and the dipole oscillator strength distributions, but the present work offers a refined estimate of the molar refractivity at optical wavelengths. For ordinary and heavy water, the dispersion trend is nominally consistent with existing liquid measurements. However, water's absorption features in the near-infrared preclude a reliable comparison of the present result with literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cities in China are facing the dual challenge of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution. There is an urgent need to develop a cost-effective method that can apportion both with high-time resolution. A novel and practical apportionment method is presented in this study. It combines the measurement of particle mass size distribution (PMSD) with an optical particle counter (OPC) and the algorithm of normalized non-negative matrix factorization (N-NMF). Applied in the city center of Baoding, Hebei, this method separates four distinct pollution factors. Their sizes (ordered from the smallest to largest) range from 0.16 μm to 0.6 μm, 0.16 μm to 1.0 μm, 0.5 μm to 17.0 μm, and 2.0 μm to 20.0 μm, respectively. They correspondingly contribute to PM2.5 (PM10) with portions of 26% (17%), 37% (26%), 33% (41%), and 4% (16%), respectively, on average. The smaller three factors are identified as combustion, secondary, and industrial aerosols because of their high correlation with carbonaceous aerosols, nitrate aerosols, and trace elements of Fe/Mn/Ca in PM2.5, respectively. The largest-sized factor is linked to dust aerosols. The primary origin regions, oxidation degrees, and formation mechanisms of each source are further discussed. This provides a scientific basis for the comprehensive management of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite-difference (FD) method is the most extensively employed numerical modeling technique. Nevertheless, when using the FD method to simulate the seismic wave propagation, the large spatial or temporal sampling interval can lead to dispersion errors and numerical instability. In the FD scheme, the key factor in determining both dispersion errors and stability is the selection of the FD weights. Thus, How to obtain appropriate FD weights to guarantee a stable numerical modeling process with minimum dispersion error is critical. The FD weights computation strategies can be classified into three types based on different computational ideologies, window function strategy, optimization strategy, and Taylor expansion strategy. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of these three strategies by presenting their fundamental theories. We conduct a set of comparative analyses of their strengths and weaknesses through various analysis tests and numerical modelings. According to these comparisons, we provide two potential research directions of this field: Firstly, the development of a computational strategy for FD weights that enhances stability; Secondly, obtaining FD weights that exhibit a wide bandwidth while minimizing dispersion errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a phenolic extract derived from the Pimpinella affinis plant underwent nanoencapsulation. The nanoencapsulation process employed chitosan, Salvia macrosiphon gum (SMG), and a chitosan–SMG complex (1:1) (CCS) as coating agents. The evaluation of nanoemulsions encompassed measurements of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ‐potential, encapsulation efficiency, and intensity distribution parameters. The overall results of these assessments indicated that the nanoemulsion coated with CCS exhibited the most favorable characteristics when compared to other treatments. Subsequently, this specific nanoencapsulated sample was utilized to enhance the oxidative stability of canola oil at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 ppm (parts per million). Oxidative stability tests, assessed through the total oxidation value (TOTOX) index, highlighted the superior performance of the nanoencapsulated extract, particularly at a concentration of 300 ppm. This enhancement can be attributed to the increased release of phenolic compounds from the CCS coating into the canola oil. The findings illustrate that the nanoencapsulation process can significantly enhance the efficacy of P. affinis extract in improving the oxidative stability of canola oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]