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With the development of mineral resources, minerals are becoming increasingly difficult to process. In order to utilize these resources more effectively, in-depth research into process mineralogy has become increasingly important in the field of mineralogy, and particle size measurement under the microscope is one of the critical aspects of process mineralogy. At present, the use of scanning electron microscopes and other equipment for measurement is very expensive, and manual measurement has problems such as poor accuracy and low efficiency. In addition, there is a lack of reference materials for the segmentation algorithm of mineral light images. This article proposes a Gaussian pyramid based on bilateral filtering combined with directional maximum intercept to measure mineral particle size under the microscope. In the experiments, different segmentation algorithms were studied, including Gaussian pyramid segmentation based on bilateral filtering, segmentation based on Fuzzy C-Means, and the rapidly developing deep learning segmentation algorithms in recent years. By comparing the segmentation effects of these three algorithms on various mineral thin-section images, the Gaussian pyramid segmentation algorithm based on bilateral filtering was selected as the optimal one. This was then combined with the directional maximum intercept method to measure the particle size of ilmenite and pyrite images. The experimental results show that the segmentation method based on the bilateral filtering Gaussian pyramid technique has higher segmentation accuracy than the other two algorithms, and can accurately measure the particle size of minerals under the microscope. Compared with manual measurement, this method can effectively and accurately measure the microscopic particle size of target minerals, greatly reducing the workload of measurement personnel and reducing the time spent on measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine the binding mechanisms between zein and folic acid in an ethanol – water solution. Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that folic acid quenched the fluorescence intensity of zein by both dynamic and static fluorescence quenching mechanisms, with static quenching playing a prominent role. The binding constants (Ka) of the zein-folic acid complex at 292, 302, and 312 K were evaluated to be 5.97 × 105, 3.00 × 105 and 1.54 × 105 L/mol, respectively. The process of folic acid binding zein was driven by ∆H0 = –51.24 kJ/mol, ∆S0 = –64.90 J/mol•K. Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding primarily governed the formation of the zein-folic acid complex. Confirmation of the complex formation was obtained via UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, which also revealed alterations in the secondary structure of zein upon binding to folic acid. Measurements of particle size and zeta potential demonstrated an enhancement in the stability of the complex system. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed the complex to possess a spherical morphology, with significant changes in the zein's morphology following its binding to folic acid. Additionally, zein increased the photostability of folic acid against UV light radiation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the binding mechanisms involved further, and the results effectively elucidated the observed experimental phenomena. This research establishes a significant theoretical foundation for the utilization of zein as a system for delivering and safeguarding folic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This article reports on the scalability of a combined wet grinding technique applying planetary ball mill and ZrO2 pearls as the grinding medium. After the determination of the parameters in a laboratory scale, the tenfold scale-up method was set. Meloxicam (MEL) was used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intended for per os delivery. During grinding, the PVA solution was used as a dispersion medium. Methods: The influence of the scaling-up on the particle size, morphology, crystallinity, and intra- and interparticulate phenomena has been studied. Formulation investigations of the milled suspensions were carried out. The dissolution test and the cytotoxicity analyses were accomplished. Results: Submicron MEL particle-containing samples were produced in both grinding scales. After the particle size determination was achieved from the suspensions, the wet milled, dried products were studied. The particle size of the dried products fell into the same range for both scales of milling (the maximum particle size was about 580 nm). There was no significant difference in drug crystallinity after the grindings; 70% of MEL remained crystalline in both cases. A remarkable interaction between the components did not develop as a result of milling. The polarity of the products increased, which resulted in a better dissolution, especially in the case of intestinal fluid (~100% in the first 5 min). The products were not found to be toxic. Conclusions: This research demonstrates that the scaling-up of combined wet grinding technique is feasible by adjusting the milling parameters and the adequate amount of excipient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enhance image contrast by interacting with water molecules, thus improving diagnostic capabilities. However, understanding the residual accumulation of GBCA in tissues after administration remains an area of active research. This highlights the need for advanced analytical techniques capable of investigating interactions between GBCAs and biopolymers, such as type I collagen, which are abundant in the body. Objective: This study explores the interactions of neutral and charged GBCAs with type I collagen under physiological pH conditions (pH 7.4) using Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) and frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE). Methods: Collagen from bovine achilles tendon was ground using a vibratory ball mill to achieve a more uniform particle size and increased surface area. Laser granulometry was employed to characterize the size distributions of both raw and ground collagen suspensions in water. TDA was used to assess the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of the soluble collagen fraction present in the supernatant. Results: From the TDA and FACCE results, it was shown that there were no significant interactions between the tested GBCAs and either the ground collagen or its soluble fraction at pH 7.4. Interestingly, we also observed that collagen interacts with filtration membranes, indicating that careful selection of membrane material, or the absence of filtration in the experimental protocol, is essential in interaction studies involving collagen. Conclusion: These findings bring valuable insights into the behavior of GBCAs in biological systems with potential implications for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative method to determine the average particle size of suspensions, from the loss of moisture as function of the time is presented. Consequently, the novelty of the method consists of determining the particle size through weight loss. According to this definition, these bulk variations are collected, by controlling at the same time, parameters as the relative dampness of the chambers and the temperature of the samples under analysis. Additionally, the data are processed in the time domain and Fourier-analyzed to obtain the average particle size. Statistically, the method was calibrated through the comparison with samples previously characterized by transmission electron microscopy, by using polymer latex dispersed in water with an average particle size of 24, 44, 74 and 105 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, providing admixtures to improve the performance of the novel low-carbon-blended cement is needed to meet the requirement for environmentally friendly cements. In this study, calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) nanocomposites which are known as hydration accelerator for Portland cement were employed in such low-carbon cements. The investigation focused on the effect of polycarboxylate ether (PCE) possessing different side-chain lengths on the morphology of C–S–H nanocomposites synthesized from sodium silicate and calcium nitrate via chemical co-precipitation and on their performance (especially early strength enhancement) when applied in a calcined clay-blended cement (OPC substitution rate of 46 wt%). As observed by TEM, addition of PCE effectively controls the size of the C–S–H nanoparticles and delays the transition from C–S–H globules to foils. PCEs with short side-chain (23 EO units) exhibited the highest inhibition effect on the growth of the C–S–H nuclei, which was confirmed by particle size measurements. Additionally, incorporating such C–S–H–PCE nanocomposites into the calcined clay-blended cement (dosage 2.0 % by weight of cement) significantly improved fluidity of the cement pastes. Regarding compressive strength, pristine C–S–H produced only a minor improvement, whereas C–S–H–PCE nanocomposites yielded substantial enhancement, especially after 16 h and 1 day of curing. Remarkably, C–S–H–23PCE pronounced the strongest seeding and strength enhancing effect, owed to its particularly small particle size (d = 21.8 ± 0.3 nm). It also significantly accelerated the hydration of the silicate phases (C3S and C2S) in this blended cement, as was evidenced by isothermal heat flow calorimetry and XRD measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the additives that positively influence the parameters of the electrolyte for lithium-ion cells are ceramic nanoparticles, such as SiO2 and α-Al2O3. However, they tend to agglomerate and sediment, which is an unfavorable phenomenon. An effective strategy to prevent this is to modify the surface of the particles with polymeric compounds, which can increase compatibility and stability in the electrolyte system. To reduce agglomeration and sedimentation, a method was developed to modify aluminum oxide and silica particles using aluminum carboxylate, which chemically combines with inorganic particles that have hydroxyl groups on their surface through an alkoxide bond. This method allows the introduction of oligooxyethylene groups to the ceramic surface, thus obtaining more stable systems. The effectiveness of this modification was confirmed through dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of particle size in liquid organic solvents, which are potential solvents for liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion cells. The modified nanosilica and aluminum oxide particles were then used as additives to solid polymer electrolytes made of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). This led to higher conductivity values compared to the use of unmodified fillers. The obtained values of lithium transference number for solid polymer electrolyte with PEO/CF3SO3Li and nanosilica or aluminum oxide modified with aluminum carboxylate are equal to 0.32–0.40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient noise surface wave exploration is one of the fields of interest in geophysical research. Extracting dispersion curves and inverting the S-wave velocity structure from the dispersion characteristics is also of primary importance. The accuracy of dispersion curves has great significance for the subsequent inversion result and its interpretation. The phase-shift method is widely used in dispersion imaging of surface waves. This method possesses advantages on stability but also suffers a lot from low resolution and low noise resistance. Therefore, we propose an improved phase-shift method based on semblance coefficients. This method replaces linear stacking in the traditional phase-shift method by calculating semblance coefficients and, therefore, can effectively improve the resolution and noise resistance of surface wave dispersion spectrum imaging. Tests are implemented on both synthetic ambient noise data and field data recorded by a short-period dense seismic array located in the ChangbaiShan region to evaluate the proposed method. The dispersion spectrum imaging results of the model and field data show that the semblance phase-shift (SPS) method has better noise resistance and computational accuracy than the traditional phase-shift method. The inversion results indicate that it is possible to obtain a reasonable S-wave velocity structure by inverting the dispersion curves resulting from the semblance phase-shift method. By constructing a 3 km deep and 4.8 km long S-wave velocity image, the velocity structure and abnormal conditions beneath the array in the ChangbaiShan region are presented. The results indicate a significant low-velocity anomaly at a depth of 1 km. It is inferred that it may be a fluid-rich structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Safflower is an oil seed crop that can form seeds in extreme conditions, so it can be used as an alternative to sunflower because their growing technologies are similar. Weeds cause significant damage to the safflower crop. The safflower crop does not tolerate chemicals used to control weeds, so the study was devoted to alternative methods of weed control in its crops, namely the effect of seeding rates on weed infestation and seed yield. The goal is optimal seeding rate and its effect on weed infestation of safflower crops. Methods: The experimental site was laid out on the right bank of the Volga River, Kamyshinsky district, Volgograd region, in a dry steppe zone of chestnut soils with a hydrothermal coefficient of 0.6-0.4. Safflower seeds were sown with three seeding rates: 25, 30, 35 kg/ha in triplicate, with row spacing of 15 cm. The experimental results were presented graphically and processed by dispersion analysis. Result: The research results showed that in the area with a sowing rate of 35 kg/ha of viable seeds there was the least weed in the safflower crops, and the seed yield was higher than in other areas with lower sowing rates. Statistical analysis determined that the seeding rate has a 51.1% effect on safflower yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and reliable analysis of liquid dispersions of 2D materials is essential for fully harnessing their potential, allowing size and quality validation before subsequent processing or device fabrication. Existing UV‐VIS extinction spectroscopy‐based metrics, particularly those related to thickness, have shown promise but rely on manual data processing, which can introduce irreproducibility and user errors. To address this challenge and enable uniform analysis across laboratories, a freely available program is developed for the reproducible analysis of nanosheet dispersions. Specifically, a smoothing routine is applied to the spectral data, takes the second derivative, and use integral areas to find the wavelength of exciton transitions. This program enables rapid measurement of nanosheet concentration, length, and thickness by UV‐VIS spectroscopy and thickness metrics are refined for eight common 2D nanomaterials. The program and methodology are freely available for use and allow metrics for new materials to be implemented easily in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants are crucial for water management, enabling water reuse, recycling, and regulating pollutant levels. Their operation varies based on factors such as season, wastewater type, and treatment volume, impacting electricity and material consumption. Despite their longstanding use, chemical agents are often applied at constant ratios, resulting in excessive use and environmental impact. A model was employed to analyse plant operation, focusing on optimising polymer concentration and electricity demand. Polymer reduction was monitored through sedimentation kinetics at different concentrations, incorporating zeta potential measurement and particle size distribution. Sedimentation data were interpreted using a TurbiScan Lab®, examining the effect of sample collection and analysis time on sedimentation kinetics. The optimal cationic polyacrylamide concentration for treating wastewater with approximately 5 mg/L suspended particles and 5.525 mg/mL phosphorus ranged from 0.1 mg/mL to 1.3 mg/mL. In-line sensing of suspended particles can optimise polymer use. Additionally, a novel electricity operation mode was tested in a Finnish plant, presenting a model that can be extrapolated to enhance global wastewater treatment operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Obtaining the ideal particle size is a vital factor in dust processes, from turning wheat into flour to cement and calcite production. However, the technology to measure particle size instantaneously during the production phase is still an area under development. These measurements made with electrooptical methods have limited use in industry due to their difficulties and excessive costs. Studies conducted with innovative acoustic emission sensors offer new hopes in particle size detection. These sensors can successfully measure the dimensions of a wide range of materials, from coal dust to metal powders to grass particles. Our study shows that these sensors can also measure the size of light flour particles instantaneously. Using developed method, the dimensions of five types of flour mixtures in the size ranges of 0-80 µm, 80-118 µm, 118-150 µm, 150-180 µm and 180-212 µm could be measured and classified with 100% success. Considering its potential to increase the efficiency of the milling process, this technology could revolutionize the milling industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown algae contain bioactive components meroterpenoids, fucoidan, and phlorotannins. Although research has explored the effects of fucoidan on cell differentiation and proliferation, studies on its topical application for hair growth, particularly in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia, remain limited. The crude fucoidan extract from brown algae has low solubility in water and acidic environments and possesses a high molecular weight, factors that reduce its skin penetration efficacy due to increased viscosity. This study aimed to develop a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) formulation of brown algae fucoidan extract to enhance skin penetration, targeting hair follicles and dermal papilla cells, while maintaining high physical quality and stability. The NLC formulation of brown algae fucoidan using the emulsification sonication method with monostearin, oleic acid, and tween 80. The optimization method used is Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). Optimization parameters included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and morphology analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Formula optimization and analysis were conducted using Design Expert software (version 10.0.1) and validated by one sample T-test. The results showed that NLC has good characterization with optimum formula components of monostearin, oleic acid and Tween 80 of 2.01%, 2.20% and 7.79%. Predicted responses yielded a mean pH of 5.10, particle size of 452.52 nm, PDI of 0.43, and entrapment efficiency of 94.83%. Verification of the optimized formula showed no significant differences in pH, particle size, or PDI, though enntrapment efficiency varied significantly. The zeta potential was measured at -23.08 mV, and TEM analysis confirmed a spherical morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop a transdermal gel formulation of Nigella Sativa L. seed extract using phytosomes for the management of acne vulgaris. The optimized formulation was prepared and evaluated for various parameters. Nigella Sativa-loaded phytosomes were created using the rotary vacuum evaporator method by mixing Nigella Sativa L. extract and lecithin in a 1:1 ratio, with a stirring speed ranging from 25 to 150 rpm. Design Expert software was employed for optimization, utilizing a central composite factorial design. Spreadability and viscosity were selected as dependent variables, while Carbopol 934P and PEG 400 were independent variables. The optimized gel formulation was further characterized through in vitro skin permeation studies, skin irritation tests, antimicrobial assays and stability studies. The Nigella Sativa-loaded phytosomal formulation had a particle size of 202.5 nm with a zeta potential of -2.43. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform structure, and confocal laser microscopy demonstrated enhanced penetration of the phytosomes into deeper skin layers. MTT assay results confirmed that the optimized gel is non-irritant to the skin. Antibacterial studies showed that the Nigella Sativa phytosomal gel effectively reduced the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, an acne-causing bacterium, in both MIC and MBC tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic and pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCB) injections into the stratosphere perturb the aerosol layer and can have important radiative and chemical impacts on timescales spanning from months to several years. Repeated in situ balloon‐borne measurements of aerosol size and number concentration (>140 nm in diameter), ozone, water vapor, and atmospheric state variables made at midlatitudes in the southern hemisphere (SH) since 2019 enable us to better characterize such events. We use this record and coincident lidar extinction profiles to study several moderate to large stratospheric perturbations in the SH between 2019 and 2022 in detail, including the Australian New Year Super Outbreak (ANYSO) pyroCB in 2020. Median vertical profiles of aerosol number concentration, effective radius, and surface area in SH midlatitudes are also compared with those recorded in Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes under baseline conditions using an identical payload. These data depict the variability in stratospheric aerosol properties in the SH midlatitudes during this period and provide a benchmark for global sectional aerosol models. They reveal that sulfate particle size distributions under baseline conditions and in volcanic plumes are relatively well represented in the Community Earth System Model—Community Aerosol Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CESM‐CARMA), but more observations of biomass burning plumes are needed to improve model skill in simulating pyroCB. Comparisons between in situ and lidar observations also highlight a need for more observations of aerosol composition and refractive index in both fresh and aging biomass burning plumes. Plain Language Summary: Particles in the atmosphere scatter incoming sunlight and can influence surface temperatures. When large wildfire and volcanic plumes occasionally reach the upper atmosphere, they can alter the number and size of particles in this region of the atmosphere for months to years. Here, we describe results from repeated balloon‐based measurements, ground‐based measurements and model simulations of particle number, size, and other optical properties in the Southern Hemisphere between 2019 and 2022 to better understand the impact of such events. We also compare these measurements to similar ones made in the Northern Hemisphere to probe for interhemispheric differences. Key Points: Lower‐stratospheric perturbations over SH midlatitudes are linked to Australian New Year's Super Outbreak pyrocumulonimbus and volcanic eruptionsMedian stratospheric aerosol number concentration, surface area and effective radius are similar over SH and NH midlatitudes in 2019–2022Balloon particle size distribution measurements indicate work remains to correctly simulate aerosol microphysics in large wildfire plumes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow and environmental dispersion are necessary in water management systems. To better understand contaminant transport in wetland flows with adjacent aquatic vegetation and riparian buffers, a two-zone-model wetland is considered to characterize the water flow and environmental dispersion. Many researchers developed a dispersion model to characterize the mean concentration subject to the first-order degradation effect, present study attempts to derive an analytical dispersion model to discuss the transverse mean concentration of pollutants subject to second-order degradation effects in a width-dominated wetland flow. In addition, this study attempts to highlight the effect of environmental parameters like vegetation, viscous friction, and relative width on flow velocity. Also, the transverse mean concentration in the longitudinal direction is derived based on Mei’s multi-scale perturbation approach and analyzed with different degradation reaction rates. In a second-order reaction, higher degradation rate at a high concentration zone, contaminants degrade more effectively at the source than in a first-order reaction. It is conveyed that the pollutant transport is influenced by various parameters such as Peclet number, tortuosity, vegetation constraint, and dispersion time. For a specific water quality standard in wetlands, the maximal length and duration of the affected area for the common pollutant lead (Pb) is assessed and presented graphically; also, compared with a single zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The efficiency of potato production depends to a large extent on the production of quality seeds that meet the requirements of the growing region. The main component of this production includes breeding, which creates the genetic basis of seeds. The process of establishing patterns between the amount of fertilizer application ("Aquarin 12," "Bona Forte," "Osmocote Exact High K"), their type, and biometric characteristics of potato plants of the studied varieties "Guliver," "Beauty of Meshchera," and "Grand" was explored. Methods: During the experimental studies, the methods of variation statistics, the technique of field experiment with the corresponding transformations to achieve normal distribution, and subsequent dispersion analysis were used. Results: The results of the research on the evaluation of potato structural elements depending on the plant nutrition system of the studied varieties testify to the expediency of using nutrient solutions in potato cultivation irrespective of their type. In addition, it has been established that increasing the concentration of the nutrient base solution from 75 to 125% of the nutrient formula improves the quality indicators of minitubers, namely the content of starch, sugars, dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus, specific gravity, and ash content, which can contribute to obtaining high-quality potatoes. Discussion: Thus, the use of morphological and physiological tools in closed ecosystems is informative for predicting key agricultural characteristics of potato plants. Additionally, integrating organic amendments and biofertilizers, as supported by other studies, could further enhance nutrient uptake and plant health, especially under conditions of low irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effects of nanostructured composite powders (WC-Ni), nickel binder content, and sintering techniques on the morphology and mechanical properties of tungsten carbide. An alternative low-temperature gas-solid reaction route with a short reaction time was employed to produce nanostructured composite powders with 5 and 15 wt% Ni. The powders were consolidated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) and conventional vacuum furnace sintering at temperatures of 1350 °C and 1450 °C. The composite powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size measurements. The expansion/contraction of the compacted nanocomposite powders was studied through dilatometric analysis. The composite powders exhibited a uniform distribution of Ni, in both compositions. For the WC-5 wt% Ni nanocomposite powders, the average crystallite sizes for WC and Ni were 41.6 nm and 46.2 nm, respectively. While, for the WC-15 wt% Ni nanocomposite, the crystallite sizes for WC and Ni were 45.6 and 38.4 nm. The sintered composites were evaluated through XRD, SEM, measurements of density and Vickers hardness. The enhanced sinterability of the nanostructured powders enabled their consolidation into (WC-Ni) hard metal with densities approaching the theoretical relative density of 96.07 %, even with low binder content (5 wt% Ni). This is attributed to the uniform distribution of Ni and an extensive Ni-WC interface present prior to sintering. The SPS process at 1350 °C produced sintered bodies (WC-5 wt% Ni and WC-15 wt% Ni) with higher Vickers hardness (2322 HV and 1512 HV, respectively) and superior microstructural quality compared to samples produced by conventional vacuum furnace techniques. These results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the system WC-Ni processed by SPS are superior to those obtained by vacuum furnace. Therefore, WC-Ni hard metals processed by this approach is a promising alternative to conventional hard metals (WC-Co) for a wide range of applications. [Display omitted] • Impact of the preparation technique on the characteristics of WC-Ni composite powders. • WC-Ni nanocomposite prepared by gas-solid reaction at low temperature and short reaction time. • WC-Ni composites with relative density of 97.67 % and Vickers hardness of 2322 HV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the dispersion and explosion of liquid hydrogen (LH 2) in leakage accidents are investigated using the Flame Accelerator Simulator (FLACS) code. The study focus was a liquid hydrogen research facility in Gimhae, South Korea. Simulations were conducted under various conditions by varying the mass flow rates (0.61 and 0.3 kg/s), directions (lateral in areas with minimal structures, lateral towards a tube trailer truck, and downward), and durations (90 and 180 s) of leakage. The results indicated that higher leakage mass flow rates produce a larger flammable cloud volume (FCV), resulting in higher maximum overpressures than that caused by lower flow rates. Downward leakage generally resulted in a larger FCV and higher overpressure than lateral leakage. The explosion characteristics were also influenced by geometry of LH 2 facility, including the presence of structures in the leakage path. Contrastingly, leakage duration had a minimal effect on the maximum overpressure because an increased duration causes a greater dilution of hydrogen, only slightly expanding the FCV. According to the overpressure–impulse diagram, higher leakage flow rates cause severe health risks, approaching thresholds for lung rupture and 100% fatality. Contrary to the minor damages caused by lower leakage flow rates. High flow rates, particularly with downward leaks, can cause significant structural damage in brick buildings, potentially leading to partial demolition. • Higher leakage mass flow rates result in larger flammable cloud volumes and increased maximum overpressures. • Downward hydrogen leaks lead to larger flammable clouds and higher overpressures than lateral leaks. • Facility geometry and structures significantly affect explosion overpressure magnitude and distribution. • Leakage duration has a minimal effect on maximum overpressure due to hydrogen dilution during leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origami folding structures are vital in shaping programmable mechanical material properties. Of particular note, tunable dynamical properties of elastic wave propagation in origami structures have been reported. Despite the promising features of origami metamaterials, the influence of the kinematics of tessellated origami structures on elastic wave propagation remain unexplored. This study proposes elastic metamaterials using connected Miura-ori tubes, the kinematics of which are coupled by folding and unfolding motions in a tubular axis; achieved by periodically connecting non-rotated and rotated Miura-ori tubes. The kinematics generate wave modes with localized deformations within the unit cell of the metamaterials, affecting the global elastic deformation of Miura-ori tubes via the coupling of wave modes. Dispersion analysis, using the generalized Bloch wave framework based on bar-and-hinge models, verifies the influence of kinematics in the connected tubes on elastic wave propagation. Furthermore, folding the connected tubes changes the coupling strength of wave modes between the kinematics and global elastic deformation of the tubes by breaking the ideal kinematics. The coupling of wave modescontributes to the formation of the band gaps and their tunability. These findings enable adaptive and in situ tunability of band structures to prohibit elastic waves in the desired frequency ranges. This article is part of the theme issue 'Origami/Kirigami-inspired structures: from fundamentals to applications'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Sediment concentration is one of the most crucial physical parameters for the soil and water loss and soil erosion. However, it is still lacking on the accurate and rapid measurement on the sediment concentration at present. In this study, the novel device was designed with a constant volume sampling bottle. Three subsystems included the fixed-volume overflow sampling, weighing measurement and control subsystem. The developed device was small and easy to carry for the sediment concentration measurement. According to the volume-mass conversion, sediment concentration was calculated to accurately measure the volume and mass of the water-sediment mixture. Specifically, the total mass of runoff sample was the sum of sediment and water mass, and the total volume was equal to the sediment volume plus water volume. In order to avoid the impact of sediment particle size on measurement, the total mass of runoff sample was determined by a weighing sensor; the total volume of runoff sample was equal to the sampling bottle volume. The sampling bottle volume was precisely determined to fill the chamber with the distilled water at different temperatures. The results showed that the sampling bottle volume was averaged 1.01 L, and the volume varied from 0.96 to 1.05 L, with an average Coefficient of Variation of 3.46%. After that, the experiment was conducted on the samples with different sediment concentrations, in order to test the sensitivity and accuracy of the device. The result showed that the concentrations of 20 g/L were measured for 40 times, and the average concentration was 19.94 g/L. The histograms of the two target sediment concentrations showed the normal distributions, indicating a high precision of the device. Then, a linear regression was fitted to measure the concentrations with a slope of 0.981 and R 2 of 0.999. Additionally, the sediment concentrations were measured with the averaged relative error of 3.64% and the highest precision of 99.75%. Specifically, the averaged relative errors were 0.81% for the high sediment concentration group in the range from 8 to 800 g/L. While the sediment concentration of 1 and 2 g/L was resulted in the lager errors of 16.00% and 15.67%, indicating that this device was limited to the sediment concentrations less than 2 g/L. The better confidence was achieved in the high repeatability and accuracy of the device. The frequency distribution of relative errors showed that the small value was observed in the most relative errors, where the samples with the relative errors ＜5% were accounted for 74.36% of the total. Moreover, the developed device was used to collect and measure the instantaneous sediment content of Yarlung Zangbo River from Lhasa to Shigatse and some reaches of Lhasa River and Nianchu River. Meanwhile, the oven drying and the device were used to carry out synchronous sampling and measurement. The results show that the sediment concentration measured by the developed device was much higher than that by oven drying, with the average relative error of 6.13%. Furthermore, the average instantaneous sediment concentration was 9.82 g/L measured by the development device. The average instantaneous sediment content of Yarlung Zangbo River was significantly higher than that of Lhasa River and Nianchu River, which were 12.95, 7.19 and 8.91 g/L, respectively. Filed experiment showed that the instantaneous measurement on sediment concentrations in different rivers was extremely higher than the rest from previous studies, indicating the intensified soil and water loss in this region. The device can be expected to measure the sediment concentration with the high accuracy in near real-time. The finding can provide a strong reference for the regional soil erosion as an alternative way with the excellent potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPoroelastic materials have gained prominence due to their beneficial characteristics, prompting the authors to investigate their behavior in wave propagation. Additionally, the balance beam used in gymnastics is a classic example of a beam structure. It is designed to support the weight of the gymnast while providing stability and strength. This paper focuses on analyzing wave dispersion behavior in a hygrothermally excited poroelastic gymnastics beam. It is considered that the beam is made of a composition of Alumina and Aluminum as ceramic and metallic phases, respectively. Initially, the basic characteristics are determined using an improved power-law homogenization scheme. Subsequently, a poroelastic beam is modeled based on a refined higher-order shear deformation theory, and based on it and Hamilton’s principle, the kinetic relations are obtained. The obtained governing equations are then solved through analytical schemes using harmonic functions, and the outcomes are presented. These results are afterward verified through comprehensive comparisons with existing literature. Furthermore, this paper findings shows that the phase velocity and wave frequency of the beam are influenced by gradient parameters, porosity, and environmental factors like temperature and humidity to gain further insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In landslide studies, particle size is a key quantitative indicator, reflecting the formation and development of the sliding zone. It plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms and evolutionary processes that lead to landslide occurrences. Precise measurement of particle size is crucial. This study centered on soil samples from the Lanniqing landslide in Southwest China. To begin, seven distinct methods were used to preprocess the soil samples. Next, the particle size frequency distribution was measured using the Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. Key parameters, including median particle size, mean particle size, sorting coefficient, skewness, and kurtosis, were then compared and analyzed to determine the most appropriate preprocessing method for evaluating the characteristics of the soil samples. The mechanism of landslide occurrence was subsequently analyzed by examining the particle size characteristics, mechanical properties, and mineral composition of the soil samples. The results suggested that method C provides the most reliable analysis of particle size characteristics in soil samples. The observed coarsening of coarse particles, along with a significant increase in clay content within the sliding zone, indicates that the sliding surface has undergone multiple shear and compression events. The interplay of the upper traffic load and slope cutting at the front edge set the stage for the Lanniqing landslide, prompting the initial development of potential sliding surfaces. Rainfall acts as a catalyst for slope instability. The high clay content, combined with the formation of a low-permeability layer rich in clay minerals on the sliding surface, leads to excessive pore water pressure and mineral lubrication. These factors inherently trigger and accelerate the occurrence of the landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, breakthroughs in deep hydrocarbon exploration have been continuously achieved in the Tarim Basin of China. The Ordovician carbonate stratum has been shown to contain vast oil and gas resources. However, challenges remain in understanding the seismic response characteristics and accurately identifying the hydrocarbon reservoirs. These challenges can be attributed to factors including the significant burial depth of the target layers and complex geologic structures. To effectively support hydrocarbon exploration and resource assessment in the Tarim Basin, this study focused on the following three aspects in Region Y. First, according to the analysis of prestack amplitude versus offset (AVO) characteristics in well‐adjacent seismic traces and seismic forward modeling, we demonstrated that different fluid‐filled reservoirs have distinctly different AVO characteristics. This means that the hydrocarbon reservoirs in the study area can be identified by AVO inversion. Second, based on the theory that seismic waves exhibit amplitude attenuation and velocity dispersion when propagating through fluid‐filled media, the seismic dispersion AVO inversion technique was developed to obtain equations for the attributes of primary (P) and shear (S) seismic wave dispersion. Finally, this technique was applied in Region Y and further verified using actual drilling data from single wells and well profiles. The application results demonstrate that hydrocarbon reservoirs can be effectively identified using this technique and provide a technical reference for reservoir identification in other areas of the Tarim Basin. The AVO characteristic analysis is the prerequisite for the successful application of this method; the key is to find accurate inversion equations and parameters to recognize the AVO response patterns in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate measurement of suspended particle concentration in pipelines is essential for analyzing the fluid mixing density and particle settlement. However, measuring concentration distributions along the flow path poses significant challenges due to the inherent complexity and variability of liquid–solid two-phase suspensions. In this study, we developed a sensor measurement system based on multi-frequency acoustic emission technology and a self-receiving single probe. The effects of suspended particle size, concentration, and ultrasonic transducer dimensions on acoustic wave propagation were analyzed using the COMSOL Multiphysics system. For multi-frequency echo signals, variational mode decomposition and the sparrow search algorithm were employed to decompose and optimize the signal, followed by reconstruction using the Pearson correlation coefficient. By combining the energy ratio method with the minimum concentration difference method, we propose a new approach for simultaneous measurement of particle size and concentration along the pipeline transmission path. Experimental results indicate that along the transmission path, the mean absolute percentage error is 18.74%, and 77.55% of the predicted results exhibit relative errors below 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel bifocal imaging method enabling three-dimensional particle tracking and size determination employing a single camera only. The method is based on double refraction causing a particle to be imaged twice, each particle image of different blur. From these double images, a linear calibration function can be derived allowing to determine the three-dimensional particle position unambiguously over the entire depth of measurement volume. As this calibration function is independent of the particle size used, the particle size can be determined simultaneously by relating size of the double images and depth position of the particle. To prove the applicability, a co-laminar flow of two particle suspensions with particles of 1.14 μ m and 2.47 μ m in diameter was measured in a Y-shaped microchannel. While the laminar flow field was measured with very low uncertainty and independent of the particle size, the particle size distributions determined reproduced reliably the size distributions expected for the co-laminar flow applied, with a precision of about 98.6 % regarding the particle size discrimination. The progress for research is a new method readily to implement in common optical setups, promising, for example, valuable insights in polydisperse suspension flows—the vast majority of flows in fundamental research and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of high catalyst loading is required for most of the organocatalyzed asymmetric aldol reactions in organic synthesis, and this often presents challenges during purification and difficulties in catalyst recovery from the reaction mixture. The immobilization of the catalyst onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can change the structural conformations of the catalyst, thereby improving its catalytic activity and reusability. Herein we report on the synthesis of aldolase mimetic peptide coupled to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as efficient organocatalysts for asymmetric aldol reaction. AuNPs were synthesized using the Turkevich method. The conjugation of the peptide to AuNPs was characterized using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for particle size determination. The produced nanoparticles, whose sizes depended on the reduction method, were quasi-spherical with a relatively narrow size distribution. The peptide–AuNP conjugates were evaluated for aldol reaction catalytic activity between carbonyls p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone. The products were obtained with good yields (up to 85%) and enantioselectivity (up to 94%). The influence of organic solvents, pH and buffer solutions was also investigated. The results showed that the buffer solutions regulated the colloidal stability of AuNPs, resulting in a significant enhancement in the catalytic rate of the peptide–AuNP conjugate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the literature, soliton solutions of the Heimburg–Jackson model have been proposed by Drab et al. (2022), but for the considered models, i.e. Eq.(1) and Eq.(2), the existence of solitons, the dispersion analysis and the pseudospectral method have been studied (Engelbrecht et al., 2006, 2018, 2020; Tamm et al., 2017, 2022; Peets et al., 2013). Therefore, the gap should be filled by this work. Design/methodology/approach: When nonlinear terms, dissipative terms and forcing terms are ignored, the system (Eq.(2)) reduces to a single, sixth-order partial differential equation (Tamm et al., 2022). In this work, our aim is to propose analytical solutions in the explicit form via ansatz-based method. Therefore, the parameter effects in wave profile will be proposed clearly in figures. Findings: While progress has been made in signal propagation in nerves, thanks to many experimental studies and theoretical predictions over the last two centuries, the results obtained in this study may answer new questions that arise. Originality/value: In the literature, the existence of solitons, dispersion analysis and pseudospectral method have been investigated for the Heimburg-Jackson model (Engelbrecht et al., 2006, 2018, 2020; Tamm et al., 2017, 2022; Peets et al., 2013), and this study fills the gap in soliton solutions. Additionally, when nonlinear terms, dissipative term and forcing terms are ignored, the system (Eq.(2)) reduced to a single equation that is sixth-order partial differential equation (Tamm et al., 2022). In this work, our aim is to propose analytical solutions in the explicit form via ansatz-based method. Therefore, the parameter effects in wave profile will be proposed clearly in figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been extensively used in areas such as optoelectronics, solar cells, and photocatalysis, among others. Modifying the optical properties of ZnO through different processes can potentially improve the performance of devices based on this material. This work presents the biosynthesis of ZnO by Beaucarnea gracilis leaf extract. The natural extract was mixed with zinc nitrate hexahydrate, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O resulting in a precipitate. Then the precipitate was calcined for 2 h at 400 °C, resulting in a yellowish-ZnO powder. Diffraction laser measurements showed a particle size average of 419 nm. The material exhibited high absorption in the UVA region with photoluminescence at 530 nm. Moreover, from the Tauc plot, a 2.7 eV band gap was obtained. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results confirmed the ZnO synthesis through 550 cm−1 and 667 cm−1 absorption peaks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that ZnO has been synthesized by the endemic plant Beaucarnea gracilis. A major difference with conventional ZnO is significant reduction in the band gap from 3.3 eV to 2.7 eV. Moreover, the material exhibited photoluminescence at 530 nm by exposure to UV light which is attributed to oxygen vacancies. The increase in the optical absorbance in the UV–Visible region and the reduction in the optical band gap could enhance the performance in solar cells based on ZnO and in photocatalysis processes, allowing the use of visible light sources in addition to UV light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the development of ozonated liposomes loaded with curcumin for targeted treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Topics include the formulation and characterization of the liposomes, their physicochemical properties such as particle size and encapsulation efficiency, and their sustained drug release and stability for potential ocular applications.

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The subsurface condition of Addis Ababa City is heterogeneous and distinctly varies from place to place, ranging from very soft soil formation to competent rock mass units. This study characterized subsurface variations and estimated site-specific average shear wave velocity changes within the upmost 30 m (Vs30) geological medium at representative sites. We implemented combined active-source Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and passive-source Microtremor Array Measurements (MAM) surface wave methods to effectively characterize and estimate the shear wave velocity (Vs) of shallow and deep subsurface materials at nine selected sites in the city. The Vs30 of geological profile at the selected sites was attained by joint dispersion inversion analysis of active and passive surface wave data. The result shows that the Vs30 calculated at the selected sites in the city ranges from 256 to 1787 m/s. The study results were used for site classification of near-surface geological materials according to the Vs30 classification guideline proposed by the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NERHP) and Eurocode-8 (EC-8) classification. Based on Vs30 results, the near-surface materials at the representative sites of the study area are categorized as site types C and D as per NEHRP and as site types B and C as per EC-8. Exceptionally, the rocky Arat Killo site is classified as a site type A in accordance with both NEHRP and EC-8. In addition, we validated acquired shear wave velocity profiles with local geological and engineering geological mapping and geotechnical boreholes proximate to measured sites to control the final inversion quality of Vs values to the corresponding layers. Since this study is the first in Addis Ababa City, the findings will be used for preliminary local site characterization and site specific seismic response analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between wine proteins and polysaccharides have the capacity to regulate the stability, shelf-life, and turbidity of red wines. Understanding these macromolecular interactions helps with maintaining stability and reproducing high quality wines. Model polysaccharides (carboxymethyl cellulose, mannoproteins, and fruit pectin) and model proteins (egg white and oat protein) were selected to assess protein–polysaccharide interactions within a model wine solution. The wine-like solution was created to simulate the correct pH, ethanol strength, and pigment content. Any interactions with polymeric pigments—anthocyanins and tannins—can also be investigated in this matrix. To analyze the aggregative potential of the macromolecules, particle size and Zeta-potential (ζ-potential) measurements were recorded for the samples with increasingly complex compositions. Carboxymethyl cellulose was found to increase particle sizes, likely binding more than proteins, but also improved the overall stability of the solution. Fruit pectin and mannoprotein were effective at causing precipitation while not removing the color of the model wine. The use of mannoprotein ensued in overall smaller particles for both suspended aggregate and precipitate sizes, indicating higher selectivity. Fruit pectin increased precipitate sizes and decreased suspended aggregate sizes. This study implements model proteins to evaluate complex macromolecular interactions using measurements of ζ-potential and particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Dynamic light scattering is one of the effective methods to determine the average hydrodynamic diameter and particle size distribution of nanoparticles in suspension. It is widely used in various fields, such as materials, chemical engineering, biology, and medicine. Due to the influence of different instruments and personnel, the measurement results between different laboratories may have certain differences. Therefore, it is necessary to organize interlaboratory comparisons to examine the comparability of data between laboratories. This helps each participating laboratory identify deficiencies, analyze differences, and effectively prevent them, continuously improving laboratory detection capabilities. [Methods] Taking the 2023 interlaboratory comparison project "Determination of Nanoparticle Particle Size by Dynamic Light Scattering Method" as an example, the project selected polystyrene nanoparticles as the comparison sample and conducted multiple investigations on the uniformity and stability of the samples. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the particle size of the test results to verify the uniformity of the samples. Then, the t-test method was used to analyze the particle size of the test results to test the stability of the samples. At the same time, considering temperature changes during transportation and daily testing, the short-term stability of the samples was examined under room temperature and high-temperature storage environments. A detailed standard operation procedure has been prepared, including sample information, testing methods, testing criteria, results, and evaluation instructions. In addition, the dispersant has been uniformly prepared to provide a basic guarantee for the comparability of experimental results. The data were analyzed using robust statistical techniques, and the results were evaluated by Z-ratio scores. [Results] The results of the sample uniformity test show that there was no significant difference between the samples, indicating that these samples were uniform. The stability test results of the samples indicate that there was no significant difference between the two average values of the samples, indicating that these samples were stable. The comparison results showed that a total of 27 laboratories and 28 instruments participated in this comparison, with a preliminary pass rate of 92.9%. This verified the comparability of nanoparticle size analysis data between different laboratories, comprehensively analyzed the factors affecting the consistency of results, and identified existing problems from the aspects of original records and testing reports, instrument equipment influence, quality control of the testing process, and uncertainty evaluation. Relevant technical suggestions were provided. Interlaboratory comparison activities are one of the effective methods to improve laboratory quality control work. The dynamic light scattering method for measuring the particle size comparison of nanoparticles was the first organized comparison activity among university laboratories. Before conducting the comparison, the samples were thoroughly screened, and multiple inspections were conducted to ensure that the samples were uniform and stable. The objective was to reduce the uncertainty caused by the sample and provide assurance for the consistent evaluation of the comparison results. In the comparison activity, there were certain challenges posed to the proficiency of personnel in operating instruments, such as sample pretreatment and control of testing conditions, as well as the judgment of test results. Therefore, this comparison can comprehensively judge the laboratory's testing ability. [Conclusions] By comparing and analyzing the results, some issues are identified, and relevant technical recommendations are provided. Each laboratory can identify and fill in gaps based on its own situation, establish prevention mechanisms, and take corrective measures when necessary. In summary, the implementation of this comparison activity is conducive to continuously improving the technical testing capabilities and laboratory quality management level of each laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to mitigate anthropogenic climate impacts the U.S. has established ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% before 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW)—the artificial enhancement of chemical weathering of rocks to accelerate atmospheric CO2 capture—is now widely seen as a potentially promising carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that could help to achieve U.S. climate goals. Grinding rocks to smaller particle size, which can help to facilitate more rapid and efficient CO2 removal, is the most energy-demanding and cost-intensive step in the ERW life cycle. As a result, accurate life cycle analysis of ERW requires regional constraints on the factors influencing the energetic and economic demands of feedstock grinding for ERW. Here, we perform a state-level geospatial analysis to quantify how carbon footprints, costs, and energy demands vary among regions of the coterminous U.S. in relation to particle size and regional electricity mix. We find that CO2 emissions from the grinding process are regionally variable but relatively small compared to the CDR potential of ERW, with national averages ranging between ~5–35 kgCO2 trock−1 for modal particle sizes between ~10–100  μm. The energy cost for feedstock grinding also varies regionally but is relatively small, with national average costs for grinding of roughly 0.95–5.81 $ trock−1 using grid mix power and 1.35–8.26 $ trock−1 (levelized) for solar PV for the same particle size range. Overall energy requirements for grinding are also modest, with the demand for grinding 1 Gt of feedstock representing less than 2% of annual national electricity supply. In addition, both cost and overall energy demand are projected to decline over time. These results suggest that incorporating feedstock grinding into ERW deployment at scale in the coterminous U.S. should generally have only modest impacts on lifecycle emissions, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical formulations are increasingly based on drug nanoparticles or carrier nanoparticles encapsulating drugs or mRNA molecules. Sizes and monodispersity of the nanoparticles regulate bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Microfluidic mixers promise unique conditions for their continuous preparation. A novel microfluidic antisolvent precipitation device was realized by two-photon-polymerization with a mixing channel in which the organic phase formed a sheet with a homogeneous thickness of down to 7 μm completely wrapped in the aqueous phase. Homogeneous diffusion through the sheet accelerates mixing. Optical access was implemented to allow in-situ dynamic light scattering. By centering the thin sheet in the microchannel cross-section, two important requirements are met. On the one hand, the organic phase never reaches the channel walls, avoiding fouling and unstable flow conditions. On the other hand, in the sheet positioned at the maximum of the parabolic flow profile the nanoparticle velocities are homogenized which enables flow-compensated Dynamic Light Scattering (flowDLS). These unique features allowed in-situ particle size determination for the first time. Monitoring of lipid nanoparticle precipitation was demonstrated for different rates of solvent and antisolvent flows. This breakthrough innovation will not only enable feedback control of nanoparticle production but also will provide new insights into the dynamics of nanoparticle precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the bioavailability of baicalin, this article prepared for α-zein loaded with baicalin composites (α-zein@BA) by pH driven method and they were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and measurement of particle size distribution in water solution phase techniques. The digestive behavior and antioxidant activity of composites before and after simulating gastrointestinal fluid in vitro were studied as well. At the same time, molecular dynamics simulation techniques were used to reveal the molecular mechanism behind the formation of the composite between the two. The results indicated that the composites of α-zein@BA were observed to be approximately spherical under a scanning electron microscope, and their particle size was mainly distributed in the range of 94.55-145.10 μm in aqueous solution, whose encapsulation efficiency of baicalin was (86.61 ± 0.71) %. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that α-zein and baicalin mainly formed complexes through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The measurement results of baicalin residue in simulated digestion of gastric and intestinal fluids in vitro are as follows: α-zein@BA > Baicalin, while both significantly increased in the gastric digestion stage (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased in the intestinal digestion stage (P < 0.05). Molecular dynamics simulation studies have shown that baicalin has a promoting effect on protein structural stability, and protein 158SER and GLN196 were mainly formed hydrogen bonds with it, while hydrophobic interactions were mainly manifested between non-polar amino acids such as PHE201 and PRO200. This study indicates that α-zein and baicalin can form stable composites, improving the bioavailability of baicalin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents in situ, high-resolution optical measurements of particle size distributions (PSD) within sediment plumes generated by a pre-prototype deep seabed nodule collector vehicle operating in the abyssal Pacific Ocean. These measurements were obtained using a cutting-edge instrument, the LISST-RTSSV sensor. The data collected in situ reveal marked differences compared to previously reported laboratory-based, ex situ measurements. The grain size and other key particle shape characteristics are found to be dependent on multiple factors, including the collector vehicle maneuvers, the time elapsed following sediment discharge, and the complex hydrodynamic processes that generate the sediment in suspension. Significantly, the PSD from a highly complex succession of straight-line maneuvers converges to that of the canonical case of a simple straight-line driving maneuver within a timescale of ten minutes. Our results underscore the importance of parameterizing sediment plume transport models based on well-informed, comprehensive PSDs of detrained suspended sediment measured in situ at adequate timescales and in regions no longer strongly influenced by active and complex hydrodynamic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acacia gum (AG), a polysaccharide biopolymer, has been adopted to improve the strength of three cohesive soils by subjecting them to diverse environmental aging conditions. Being a polysaccharide and a potentially sustainable construction material, the AG yielded flexible film-like threads after 48 h upon hydration, and its pH value of 4.9 varied marginally with the aging of the stabilized soils. The soil samples for the geotechnical evaluation were subjected to wet mixing and were tested under their Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), as determined by the light compaction method. The addition of AG modified the consistency indices of the soils due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in AG, which also led to a rise in OMC and reduction in Maximum Dry Unit weight (MDU). The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were determined under thermal curing at 333 K as well as on the same day of sample preparation. The least performing condition of the soil's CBR was evaluated under submerged conditions after allowing the AG-stabilized specimens to air-cure for a period of 1 week. The UCS specimens tested after 7 days were subjected to the initial 7 days of thermal curing at 333 K. A dosage of 1.5% of AG yielded the UCS of 2530 kN/m2 and CBR of 98.3%, respectively, for the low compressible clay (LCC) after subjecting the sample to 333 K temperature for 1 week. The viscosity of the AG was found to be 214.7 cP at 2% dosage. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and average particle size determination revealed the filling of pores by AG gel solution, adsorption, and hydrogen bonding, which led to improvements in macroproperties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit latex resin (JKF) is a cost effective, biocompatible and non-toxic natural polymer. Owing to the physical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of silicon (Si) particles as well as the biocompatibility and environmental safety of the naturally occurring polymeric component are a promising choice for the development of biomaterials. Few investigations on jackfruit latex based biocomposites were reported so far. This research intends to explore the physicochemical, morphological, and cytotoxic properties of Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled with extracted jackfruit latex resin. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the structural properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for thermal parameters, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for morphological as well as elemental analysis and particle size analyzer for particle size measurement. To check out the mechanical performances of the composites, the UTM machine was utilized. Further, to examine the biocompatibility (cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) of fabricated composites, the trypan blue assay, DAPI staining at Drosophila larvae, MTT assay of Osteoblast cells and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogene, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria were performed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional properties and versatile solution processibility. However, MXene dispersions are prone to various degradation processes, leading to the formation of byproducts that negatively affect its morphological, electrical, and mechanical properties. Through the years, several methods have been developed to mitigate MXene degradation; however, divergent viewpoints on the understanding of degradation mechanisms are prevalent, hindering the development of versatile strategies in producing environmentally stable MXene dispersions. This review provides a chronological analysis of the research efforts aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanisms of MXene degradation and highlights strategies for circumventing this process. This review discusses apparent inconsistencies in experimental findings and theoretical models. These discrepancies prompt further investigation for a clearer understanding of the degradation process in MXene. This narrative allows readers to follow the evolution of dominant theories and disputes and to ultimately stimulate further investigation, aiming for a better understanding of this process. It is anticipated that identifying the fundamental factors affecting the oxidation of MXene dispersions will enable their full‐scale processing into higher‐order structures and practical devices with greater longevity and long‐term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ore particle size information is an important basis for mining enterprises to regulate crushing parameters, due to the complex and harsh environment during the acquisition of ore images on the conveyor belt, resulting in the existence of a variety of composite noise interference in the motion target image, the surface texture characteristics of the ore and the edge of the fuzzy and other problems, thus affecting the effective acquisition of ore particle size information. To address the above issues, an image-denoising network based on global and local feature extraction and an edge enhancement algorithm for texture feature weakening is proposed. The denoising network consists of a shallow local feature extraction module and a Transformer-based U-Net global feature extraction module, which aims to combine the powerful global modeling capability of the Transformer with the local modeling advantage of convolutional network, and reconstructs the image resolution through the dual up-sampling structure, to realize the accurate output of contextual detail information. A texture weakening method based on wavelet transform and fast non-local averaging is proposed to smooth the image and weaken the texture characteristics of the ore surface, and edge sharpening is combined with Bilateral-USMR to enhance the edges of the ore particles to realize the preprocessing of the ore image. The preprocessing results were objectively evaluated and experimentally verified. The results show that the image preprocessing method improves the accuracy of image segmentation and the applicability of the ore particle size measurement technology in complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Coated drug pellets enjoy widespread use in hard gelatine capsules. In heterogeneous pellets, the drug substance is layered onto core pellets. Coatings are often applied to generate a retarded release or an enteric coating. Methods: In the present study, the thickness of a polymer coating layer on drug pellets was correlated to the drug release kinetics. Results: The question should be answered whether it is possible to stop the coating process when a layer thickness referring to an intended drug release is achieved. Inert pellets were first coated with sodium benzoate and second with different amounts of water insoluble polyacrylate in a fluidized bed apparatus equipped with a Wurster inlet. The whole process was controlled in-line and at-line with process analytical technology by the measurement of the particle size and the layer thickness. The in-vitro sodium benzoate release was investigated, and the data were linearized by different standard models and compared with the polyacrylate layer thickness. With increasing polyacrylate layer thickness the release rate diminishes. The superposition of several processes influencing the release results in release profiles corresponding approximately to first order kinetics. The coating layer thickness corresponds to a determined drug release profile. Conclusions: The manufacturing of coated drug pellets with intended drug release is possible by coating process control and layer thickness measurement. Preliminary investigations are necessary for different formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein–polysaccharide–tannin interactions are important in every aspect of red wine production from physical stability to color, astringency, and body. For this model study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as the protein, while carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), mannoproteins, and pectin were the model polysaccharides. Each protein–polysaccharide combination was analyzed for zeta (ζ) potential and particle size at neutral pH and within the wine‐like solution. Mixtures were assessed regarding their protective, affinitive, and aggregative behaviors. Based on their individual ζ‐potentials, pectin and mannoprotein were most stable at lower concentrations. At higher concentrations, they reduced the suspension's stability and increased the aggregate sizes. CMC consistently increased the stability of any solution under neutral pH conditions. However, with increasing concentrations, these large aggregates are expected to precipitate. Fruit pectin (FP) and BSA interactions seemed to be the main factors in the formation of visible precipitates at neutral pH. FP and the mannoprotein decreased stability enough to cause precipitation without haze formation. The mannoprotein decreased particle sizes, in both the suspension and precipitation, which may indicate greater selectivity toward proteins. FP also decreased the suspended particle sizes under wine conditions. These findings demonstrate the use of ζ‐potential and particle size values to characterize macromolecular interactions in model systems and can also be used to indicate effective fining agents. Practical Application: This work demonstrates the capabilities of ζ‐potential analysis paired with size particle measurements to predict and characterize the interactions between macromolecules in complex systems. The interactions between model wine macromolecules can be evaluated with this technology at a level that cannot be reached with any other analytical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The often-perceived limitations of image analysis have for many years impeded the widespread application of such systems as first line characterisation tools. Image analysis has, however, undergone a notable resurgence in the pharmaceutical industry fuelled by developments system capabilities and the desire of scientists to characterize the morphological nature of their particles more adequately. The importance of particle shape as well as size is now widely acknowledged. With the increasing use of modelling and simulations, and ongoing developments though the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence, the utility of image analysis is increasing significantly driven by the richness of the data obtained. Such datasets provide means to circumvent the requirement to rely on less informative descriptors and enable the move towards the use of whole distributions. Combining the improved particle size and shape measurement and description with advances in modelling and simulations is enabling improved means to elucidate the link between particle and bulk powder properties. In addition to improved capabilities to describe input materials, approaches to characterize single components within multicomponent systems are providing scientists means to understand how their material may change during manufacture thus providing a means to link the behaviour of final dosage forms with the particle properties at the point of action. The aim is to provide an overview of image analysis and update readers with innovations and capabilities to other methods in the small molecule arena. We will also describe the use of AI for the improved analysis using image analysis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave propagation in elastic solids is analyzed by a space-time discontinuous Galerkin quadrature element method. First, the space-time quadrature element is conveniently formulated based on the space-time discontinuous Galerkin formulation. This method treats both the spatial and temporal domains in a unified manner, enabling it to handle not only structured space-time meshes but also unstructured ones. It effectively captures discontinuities or sharp gradients in the solution. To transform the formulation into a system of algebraic equations, the Gauss-Lobatto quadrature rule and the differential quadrature analog are utilized. High-order elements are constructed simply by increasing the order of integration and differentiation without the laborious construction of shape functions. Then, dispersion analysis is conducted for one- and two-dimensional elements. The analysis reveals that as the Courant number decreases, the total dispersion error monotonically converges to the spatial dispersion error, which can be reduced by increasing the element order. Additionally, high-order elements nearly eliminate numerical anisotropy in different directions. Finally, several numerical examples of elastic wave propagation validate the method's effectiveness and high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is expected in the future that soil particle size distribution (PSD) measurements by laser diffraction method (LDM) may replace sieve-pipette sedimentation methods (SPM) as they are faster, require less sample, and are accurate and reproducible. LDM measurement result is a continuous function of PSD, which can facilitate the conversion between the various limits (by countries, by scientific field) of the calculated particle size fractions (PSF - e.g. clay, silt, sand). Currently, there is no standard method for LDM PSD measurement. Many different types of instruments and preparation devices are currently used in laboratories, with various sample preparation, pre-treatment and measurement methods (duration, chemical and/or mechanical dispersion, settings, etc.). In soil LDM PSD measurements, researchers put relatively little emphasis on the choice of the type of aqueous media used. Thus, it is still questionable to what extent the results of the LDM measurement depend on the selection of the dispersion method and the aqueous media. For our research, eight soil samples with various physical and chemical properties were collected in Hungary. The particle size fractions (clay, silt, sand) determined with LDM (Malvern Mastersizer 3000) measured in three types of aqueous media (distilled, deionized and tap water), in different combinations of two dispersion methods (no treatment, ultrasonic or chemical dispersion with Calgon and their combination) were compared. For the comparison, PSF results of the conventional sieve pipette method (SPM) were used as a reference. Our results showed that LDM measurement can achieve various degrees of dispersion with different preparations, in many cases only partial dispersion, disaggregation, sometimes re-aggregation, and flocculation of soil particles were observed as compared to full preparation (in SPM). The "disaggregation pattern" of the soil samples also depended on the quality of the aqueous media and the properties of the soil investigated, because several types and degrees of interactions could occur in the various soil-liquid-dispersant/disaggregation effect systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residues from selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia after the extraction of protein were still rich in polysaccharides. Thus, the recovery of selenium polysaccharides (SePSs) was compared using hot water extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques. The yield, extraction rate, purity, specific energy consumption, and content of total and organic selenium from different SePS extracts were determined. The results indicated that at conditions of 250 W (ultrasonic power), 30 °C, and a liquid-to-material ratio of 30:1 extracted for 60 min, the yield of SePSs was 3.97 ± 0.07%, the extraction rate was 22.76 ± 0.40%, and the purity was 65.56 ± 0.35%, while the total and organic selenium content was 749.16 ± 6.91 mg/kg and 628.37 ± 5.93 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to traditional hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction significantly improves efficiency, reduces energy use, and boosts both total and organic selenium content in the extract. Measurements of particle size, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition, along with infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, revealed that ultrasonic-assisted extraction breaks down long-chain structures, decreases particle size, and changes monosaccharide composition in SePSs, leading to lower molecular weight and reduced dispersity. The unique structure of SePSs, which integrates selenium with polysaccharide groups, results in markedly improved antioxidant activity and reducing power, even at low concentrations, due to the synergistic effects of selenium and polysaccharides. This study establishes a basis for using SePSs in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulation of elastic-wave equation helps us better understand the information of underground structures and elastic-wave imaging has attracted the widespread attention of researchers. Using elastic-wave imaging requires separating the compressional and shear wavefields. Therefore, we develop a novel explicit optimized scheme to simulate the separated elastic wavefield. We construct a kind of 1-norm objective function directly utilizing the dispersion error and employ the simulated annealing algorithm to acquire improved finite-difference operators, whose optimal coefficients can effectively suppress spatial numerical dispersion. Meanwhile, we introduce a rotated staggered-grid (RSG) approach to enhance computational stability. Then, our proposed scheme, called the optimized RSG approach, is applied to the elastic-wave equations and decoupled elastic-wave equations to simulate the decoupled compressional and shear wavefield propagation. Numerical dispersion analysis is consistent with numerical results. The waveform comparison shows that the optimized RSG approach possesses higher accuracy, and several complex models are used to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the presented scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]