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A menopausa é um período da vida da mulher que necessita de toda a atenção dos profissionais de saúde, e particularmente do enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Maternae Obstétrica. O objetivo desteestudo é compreender as vivências da mulher no período da menopausa, o significado atribuído pela mulher às intervenções de enfermagem desenvolvidas pelo enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstétrica durante o período da menopausa e pós-menopausa. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, com recurso ao método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, tendo como instrumento de recolha de dados a entrevista fenomenológica. As 13 participantes recorreram às consultas de um Hospital de Dia Ginecológico e do Serviço de Ginecologia de um Hospital Central da Região Centro de Portugal. A análise qualitativa de dados foi apoiada pelo Nvivo12. Da análise do verbatim das entrevistas, emergiram cinco categorias: “Significado atribuído à menopausa”, sendo as subcategorias mais destacadas“Experiência positiva”, “Não tersentido alteraçõescom a menopausa”e“Umafase má/desconfortável”;“Alterações sentidas durante a menopausa e pós menopausa”, evidenciando-se mais a subcategoria“Alterações orgânicas”,“nomeadamente as “Ondas de calor”; “Estratégias utilizadas face aos constrangimentos”,onde as subcategorias mais destacadas foram “Procurar ajuda profissional” e “Adotar uma atitude de resiliência”; “Expectativas quanto aos cuidados de enfermagem”, com a subcategoria mais referida “Expetativas corresponderam ao esperado”;“Cuidados de enfermagem recebidos na menopausa”, sobressaindo as subcategorias “Ajuda”,“Esclarecimento de dúvidas” e “Capacitação da mulher para vivenciar a menopausa”. Parte das mulheres encararam a menopausa de forma positiva. Para outras, demarcou-se como uma fase de desconfortos, com alterações das condições vaginais, emocionais, orgânicas e alterações da atividade sexual. As mulheres consideram, sobretudo, que os cuidados de enfermagem corresponderam às suas expetativas, pois houve esclarecimento de dúvidas e foram capacitadas para vivenciar a menopausa de forma positiva e saudável.

The violence that occurs in family relationships is a subtype of interpersonal violence and, in turn, is divided into violence between intimate partners, violence against children and adolescents and violence against the elderly (Zuma, 2005). This is a proposal for an intervention in a community context in the interior region of Portugal in order to prevent abuse against children and young people, prevention of violence in intimate relations and against elderly people. It aims to: Promote literacy in the field of violence prevention throughout the life cycle and active citizenship in thecommunity; Sensitizethetarget population to the prevention of the problem and inform theexisting responses in the context of violence prevention. The project team intends to increase the level of literacy such as preventing violence and developing a manual of good practices based on monitoring and interventions carried out, integrating the focus of promoting non-violence in children and young people from pre-school through to education and prevention of violence against the elderly, with a focus on conflict and stress management in the formal care providers of Private Social Solidarity Institutions (IPSS). The training of people to prevent violence is particularlyrelevant in improving self-esteem and autonomyand with benefitsin terms of individualand collective health.

Enquadramento: Os conhecimentos, crenças e estereótipos acerca do VIH são um desafio para os estudantes de enfermagem, constituindo-se estes como um importante grupo para uma intervenção formativa. Objectivo do estudo: Verificar se a intervenção formativa acerca do VIH/SIDA influencia o nível de conhecimentos e estereótipos. Metodologia: Investigação-ação, com uma amostra de 30 estudantes do primeiro ano, intervenção formativa sobre o VIH/SIDA com follow-up após 3 meses. Para colheita de dados foi utilizado um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a escala de avaliação de estereótipos sobre VIH/SIDA (SAAQ - “The Stereotypes About AIDS Questionnaire”). Resultados: No global verifica-se que os estudantes detêm conhecimentos sobre o vírus. No estudo verifica-se que após a intervenção formativa houve melhorias do conhecimento em nove das 15 dimensões analisadas, sendo que apenas a dimensão “sexualidade” é estatisticamente significativa (p=0,015). Conclusões: Os estudantes de enfermagem apresentam níveis de conhecimento razoáveis, no entanto, face aos resultados, sugerimos mais formação ao longo da licenciatura.

Introdução: A automedicação é um importante problema de saúde pública e constitui um desafio em diversos países europeus, designadamente em Portugal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar a prevalência de automedicação numa amostra de adultos portugueses da Região Centro e Norte de Portugal e identificar fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde associados à automedicação. Participantes e métodos: Estudo transversal analítico. A amostra ficou constituída 197 indivíduos da comunidade, região centro e norte de Portugal, com uma média de idades de 38,26±14,20 anos e maioritariamente do género feminino (65,0%). Os dados foram recolhidos através da aplicação de um questionário, composto por questões de caracterização sociodemográfica, de contexto de saúde e questões referentes à automedicação. Resultados: No total da amostra a prevalência de automedicação ao longo da vida foi de 74,1% e nos últimos 6 meses foi de 59,9%. A automedicação ao longo da vida associou-se significativamente com a área de residência urbana (p=0,018). A automedicação nos últimos 6 meses relacionou-se positivamente com a idade ≤25 anos (OR=3,69; IC95% 1,04-12,14) e negativamente com a área de residência (rural OR=0,36; IC95% 0,15-0,84). Conclusões: Observámos elevadas prevalências de automedicação ao longo da vida e nos últimos 6 meses na comunidade norte e centro de Portugal. A automedicação associou-se com variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde. Os resultados do presente estudo criam evidência para o planeamento de intervenções no âmbito do controlo da automedicação na comunidade., Self-medication is an important public health issue and a challenge in several European countries, particularly in Portugal. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of self-medication in a sample of Portuguese adults in the Central and Northern Region of Portugal and to identify sociodemographic and health factors associated with self-medication. Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed. The sample consisted of 197 individuals from the community, central and northern Portugal, with a mean age of 38.26 ± 14.20 years and mostly female (65.0%). The data collection was accomplished through the application of a questionnaire, composed of questions of sociodemographic characterization, health context and issues related to selfmedication. Results: In the total sample, the prevalence of self-medication throughout life was 74.1% and in the last 6 months it was 59.9%. Lifelong self-medication was significantly associated with urban residence (p = 0.018). Self-medication in the last 6 months was positively correlated with age ≤25 years (OR = 3.69, 95% CI 1.04-12.14) and negatively with the residential area (rural OR = 0.36, 95% CI, 0.15-0.84). Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of self-medication throughout the life and in the last 6 months among the northern and central communities of Portugal. Self-medication was associated with sociodemographic and health variables. The results of the present study provide evidence for the planning of interventions in the control of selfmedication in the community.

A capacidade das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) adotarem políticas e dinâmicas promotoras de interculturalidade para a inclusão dos estudantes apresenta-se como um desafio face aos relatos de vivências de exclusão académica dos participantes deste estudo. Foi objetivo deste estudo compreender a experiência vivida pelos participantes, na academia, como fenómeno de inclusão/exclusão. Relativamente aos métodos, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, fenomenológico-interpretativo, com recurso à entrevista fenomenológica. Participaram trinta e um elementos da comunidade académica (estudantes, docentes e não docentes) de uma IES de Portugal, de abril a julho de 2019. A análise dos dados emergentes foi qualitativa e realizada com ajuda do software Nvivo12. Este estudo insere-se num projeto mais amplo intitulado “Práticas inclusivas no Ensino Superior: O desafio de construir comunidade”, autorizado pela Comissão de Ética da Instituição onde se realizou o estudo. Quanto aos Resultados, das categorias emergentes destacamos a Experiência e significado de inclusão, com destaque para a “Indiscriminação”, “Igualdade e equidade” e “Integração na comunidade”; as Barreiras à inclusão na instituição, com ênfase nas “Barreiras Arquitetónicas”, na “Desarticulação hierárquica institucional, “dificuldades linguísticas” e, ainda, a categoria Sentimentos vivenciados em experiências de exclusão, enfatizados pelos participantes, como a “desvalorização”, a “solidão” e a “tristeza”. Em conclusão, os participantes consideram que os principais desafios institucionais à inclusão e interculturalidade se centram no derrubar as barreiras arquitetónicas e linguísticas, de forma a que os edifícios tenham acessos adequados à mobilidade, que garantam a sua integração e minimizem sentimentos de desvalorização, solidão e tristeza.

Introducao: Os enfermeiros desenvolvem estrategias para superar os constrangimentos na interacao com as gravidas imigrantes; Objetivos compreender como os enfermeiros vivenciam os constrangimentos na interacao com a gravida imigrante e conhecer as estrategias de superacao que os enfermeiros mobilizam na interacao com a gravida imigrante Metodos: Estudo qualitativo, fenomenologico-hermeneutico com recurso a entrevista fenomenologica semiestruturada a dez enfermeiros do bloco de partos de um hospital da Grande Lisboa, com suporte a analise qualitativa de dados apoiada pelo Nvivo12. Este trabalho insere-se no projeto MEIOS - Mediacao Intercultural e Outcomes em Saude, desenvolvido pela Rede de Ensino Superior em Mediacao Intercultural e Alto Comissariado para as Migracoes, autorizado pela Comissao Nacional de Protecao de Dados e Comissao de Etica da Instituicao envolvida; Resultados: Emerge a categoria “Constrangimentos dos enfermeiros na interacao com a mulher imigrante”, com destaque para a “Barreira cultural”, com enfase na “Barreira linguistica”; e a categoria “Estrategias utilizadas pelo Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Saude Materna e Obstetrica na interacao com a mulher imigrante” sobressaindo as estrategias “Recorrer a familiar como interprete da mulher imigrante”, e “Utilizar linguagem gestual”, Conclusoes:. A barreira cultural apresenta-se como o grande constrangimento e o recurso a familiares e linguagem gestual coma as principais estrategias adotadas para facilitar os encontros culturais.

Introducao Relatos de vivencias de exclusao academica apresentam-se como desafios as instituicoes de ensino superior (IES) na sua capacidade de desenvolverem, mas tambem de aplicarem politicas promotoras de interculturalidade; Objetivos Conhecer as praticas institucionais interpretadas como barreiras a inclusao e desafios a interculturalidade; e desocultar os sentimentos vividos pela comunidade academica em contextos experienciados que considerem de exclusao; Metodos Estudo qualitativo, fenomenologico-hermeneutico com recurso a entrevista fenomenologica a trinta membros da comunidade academica (estudantes, docentes e nao docentes) de uma IES de Portugal, de abril a julho de 2019, com suporte a analise qualitativa de dados apoiada pelo Nvivo12. Este trabalho insere-se num projeto mais alargado intitulado “Praticas inclusivas no Ensino Superior: O desafio de construir comunidade”, autorizado pela Comissao de Etica da Instituicao envolvida; Resultados Apresentam-se as categorias “Barreiras a inclusao na instituicao” e “Sentimentos vivenciados em experiencias de exclusao”. As barreiras a inclusao na instituicao mais referenciadas foram barreiras arquitetonicas e desuniao hierarquica na instituicao. No que concerne aos sentimentos vivenciados em experiencias de exclusao, os participantes referenciaram essencialmente o sentir-se desvalorizado, a solidao e a tristeza; Conclusoes. As barreiras arquitetonicas da instituicao, o sentir-se desvalorizado, a solidao e a tristeza sao os principais desafios institucionais a inclusao e interculturalidade.

Introdução: Os enfermeiros desenvolvem estratégias para superar os constrangimentos na interação com as grávidas imigrantes; Objetivos compreender como os enfermeiros vivenciam os constrangimentos na interação com a grávida imigrante e conhecer as estratégias de superação que os enfermeiros mobilizam na interação com a grávida imigrante Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, fenomenológico-hermenêutico com recurso à entrevista fenomenológica semiestruturada a dez enfermeiros do bloco de partos de um hospital da Grande Lisboa, com suporte a análise qualitativa de dados apoiada pelo Nvivo12. Este trabalho insere-se no projeto MEIOS - Mediação Intercultural e Outcomes em Saúde, desenvolvido pela Rede de Ensino Superior em Mediação Intercultural e Alto Comissariado para as Migrações, autorizado pela Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados e Comissão de Ética da Instituição envolvida; Resultados: Emerge a categoria “Constrangimentos dos enfermeiros na interação com a mulher imigrante”, com destaque para a “Barreira cultural”, com enfase na “Barreira linguística”; e a categoria “Estratégias utilizadas pelo Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstétrica na interação com a mulher imigrante” sobressaindo as estratégias “Recorrer a familiar como intérprete da mulher imigrante”, e “Utilizar linguagem gestual”, Conclusões:. A barreira cultural apresenta-se como o grande constrangimento e o recurso a familiares e linguagem gestual coma as principais estratégias adotadas para facilitar os encontros culturais.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON PARENT/BABY BONDINGBackground: The social support is an important factor in the establishment of bonding between parent and baby, because it involve the quality of social relations in the family. This factor has been pointed out a psychosocial variable involved in adaptation to parenthood.Objective: Investigate the influence between social support and bonding of father and baby.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study, correlational descriptive, quantitative, attended by 349 parents, aged between 19 and 55, with an average age of 31,84 (sd=6,067). To providing a reliable sample characterization the social-demographic, obstetric and pregnancy variables, we applied questionnaires and also the Satisfaction Scale with the Social Support (Ribeiro, 1999) and Bonding Scale (Figueiredo et al., 2005).Results: This study reveals that positive bonding is influenced by age (p=0,010), qualifications (p=0,045), first child (p=0,027), communication with fetus (p=0,005) and be present during labor (p=0,045). Regarding to social support: - Positive bonding and “satisfaction with friends” (p=0,011); - Negative bonding and “intimacies” (p=0,011); - Total bonding and “family satisfaction” (p=0,001).Conclusion: The data undoubtedly show the importance of nurse specialists in maternal health who must involve the father since the beginning of pregnancy. Since social support is key to bonding, it is essential that health professionals support and integrate the father in the adjustement process to parenthood.Keywords: Father; Baby; Labor; Bonding; Social Support.Resumo. Enquadramento: O suporte social é um fator relevante no estabelecimento de laços afetivos entre pai e bebé, pois envolve a qualidade das relações sociais centradas na família. Este tem sido apontado como uma variável psicossocial envolvida na adaptação à parentalidade.Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre o suporte social e a vinculação (bonding) entre o pai e o bebé.Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo-correlacional, de natureza quantitativa, com uma amostra de 349 pais média de idade 31,84 anos, dp= 6,067). O instrumento de colheita de dados foi o questionário que permitiu caracterizar a amostra nas variáveis sociodemográficas, de gravidez e parto e foi ainda incluída a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (Ribeiro, 1999) e Escala de Bonding (Figueiredo et al., 2005).Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que o bonding positivo é influenciado pela idade (p=0,010), habilitações literárias (p=0,045), ser primeiro filho (p=0,027), comunicação com o feto (p=0,005), presença no trabalho de parto (p=0,045). Quanto ao suporte social foi encontrada relação entre o bonding positivo e “satisfação com os amigos” (p=0,011); bonding negativo e “intimidades” (p=0,011) e bonding total e “satisfação com a família” (p=0,001).Conclusão: O papel do enfermeiro especialista em saúde materna assume-se como primordial, devendo envolver o pai desde o início da gravidez. Dada a importância que o suporte social asume no estabelecimento do bonding, é imprescindível que os profissionais de saúde apoiem e integrem o pai no processo de adaptação à parentalidade.Palavras-chave: Pai; Bebé; Trabalho de Parto; Bonding; Suport.

The crucial role played by cervical cancer screening (CCS) in women’s health, originated a qualitative, cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study aiming to understand what cervical cancer screening and nursing interventions carried out during medical appointments really mean to women. The sample consisted of female users of a healthcare unit, among which 20 women who had missed their cervical cancer screening sessions were contacted and selected. The semi-structured interview was the instrument selected to collect data. Data analysis was carried out using content analysis techniques, with semantic categorization, and an inductive approach using version 11 of the NVivo program. Data analysis gave rise to a set of arguments that shed some light on why women choose not to attend CCS sessions and on which nursing interventions conducted in those CCS sessions are really meaningful to them.

Maternal and obstetric health specialist nurses focus their attention on the human responses to life transitions, particularly in physiological situations. The appearance of associations, in Portugal, for physiological birth defence and for water births defence was the reason for this research. This is a qualitative, phenomenological study from the Max Van Manen perspective with the aim to understand the experience of mothers who had one or more water births in Portugal. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had at least one experience of childbirth in the water. The data were collected between July 2017 and February 2018. From the qualitative analysis of the data emerged seven categories. Considering the dimension of this study only two of these categories are possible to be presented in this article, namely: the benefits of water; and the woman’s satisfaction manifestations with the experience of physiological labour in water.

Female urinary incontinence is a common condition with a relevant impact in the quality of life. The treatment is now possible for a significant number of cases. The purpose of this study is identify the quality of life of women with urinary incontinence and analise the influence of vulnerability to stress and the impact of incontinence on quality of life. This is an exploratory and correlational study, with 200 participants suffering from incontinence who reported urine loss at least once a week in the previous 3 months. The data collection protocol was a questionnaire which allowed for the socio-demographic characterization of the sample. It included the scales of impact of urinary incontinence (UCIQ-SF), KHQ and vulnerability to stress (23 QVS). The average age is 58.42 years (sd = 11.52). The sample presents a moderate quality of life in all areas. Predictor factors of overall quality of life are urge urinary incontinence, the dramatization of existence and deprivation of affection and rejection concerning the vulnerability to stress. Given the results, it is important to alert the female population for the prevention of urinary incontinence, due to the negative impact on quality of life and as a limiting factor in the activities of daily living.

The link between father and child is fundamental, the presence of the former in the birthing room being essential to closer links between the triad. The purpose of this study is to identify the benefits for the father from their involvement during the labor and birth sequence. An integrational review of the literature was carried out together with research on the databases: PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Institutional Holdings and Digital Libraries and EBSCO Host published between 2000 e 2014. The results demonstrate the existence of a ‘new’ father who is involved in the consultations during the pregnancy and preparations for the birth, his presence in the birthing room making him feel that he is playing an active part in the process encourages him to develop closer and more intimate links leading to a consolidation of the family unit, the assumption of a parental role in addition to being able to share the experience of the birth with the mother and contribute to her well-being. The team of health professionals has a crucial role in the integration of the father into the process of maternity with his presence also being reflected in the humanization of health care. It may be concluded that there are many benefits from paternal involvement in the birth when accompanying the mother from the moment of pregnancy with an active presence during the birth and enjoying the entire process by sharing emotions and feelings and contributing to the humanization of care and an affective link between the triad. The performance of the Specialist Nursing Staff in the areas of Maternal health and Obstetrics is reflected in the inclusion of the father in the birthing room and in the de-mythification of taboos. The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the project PEst-OE/CED/UI4016/2014, and the Centre for Studies in Education, Technologies and Health (CI&DETS). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Objective To identify risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) and assess the quality of life (QoL) of affected women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of all women with UI who attended the urology and gynecology services of four hospitals in central Portugal between March and December 2012. Information was obtained from participants using questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, obstetric, gynecologic, and lifestyle variables. Results Among 505 participants, 351 (69.5%) had urgency UI, 107 (21.2%) stress UI, and 47 (9.3%) mixed UI. Stress UI was associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, constipation, gravidity, parity, and vaginal infections (P ≤ 0.02 for all). Urgency UI was associated with age above 50 years, employment, smoking, and sitting for 2 hours or less per day (P ≤ 0.02 for all). Mixed UI was associated with age 50 years or younger, smoking, sitting for 2 hours or less per day, and frequently carrying more than 3 kg in weight (P < 0.001 for all). A negative impact on QoL was reported by 501 (99.2%) women. Compared with younger participants, women older than 50 years presented with more sleep/energy disturbances and performance limitations (P ≤ 0.04 for both). Conclusion UI is associated with several risk factors and has a negative impact on QoL. Appropriate investigation regarding the factors associated with the types of UI should be performed to diminish its impact on QoL.

IntroductionEpidemiological studies have indicated that the greatest challenge of hypertension is treatment adherence. This condition should be the primary focus of health care, particularly in chronic diseases/hypertension. The objectives of this study were to assess the treatment adherence among adults with hypertension in a Family Health Unit and characterise hypertensive patients of a Family Health Unit in Viseu, Portugal.Research MethodsIn a cross-sectional study we assessed 106 patients (50.9% male), mean age 58.26 ± 11.60 years and followed them up in the hypertension medical appointment in primary health care. We collected data through a questionnaire answered at the hypertension medical appointment, with questions about sociodemographic variables, Measure Treatment Adherence (MTA) scale and issues related to healthy lifestyle practices.FindingsOn average the hypertensive patients had this disease for 8.68±9.8 years; higher among males (p

Introduction: Oral health education is an important issue that should be given to children and adolescents, allowing the acquisition of correct oral health behaviours. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and assess the quality of oral health behaviours among a sample of portuguese adolescents and verify their association with socio-demographic variables. Participants and methods: A cross-sectional study was designed with a sample of 447 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years old, attending a public school in Satao, Portugal. An interview was made questioning about socio-demographic factors and oral health behaviours to each adolescent in the classroom. Prevalence was expressed in proportions and crude odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure the strength of association between oral health behaviours and socio-demographic factors. Results: The prevalence of toothbrushing (twice-a-day or more) was 90.6%. Five point eight percent of adolescents reported daily flossing, more frequent among female gender (female, OR=2.03 95% CI=1.35-3.05) and adolescents older than 15 years (>15years, OR=1.90 95% CI=1.24-2.92). Sixty-seven percent had at least one dental appointment in the previous twelve months. The prevalence of dental appointments was associated with socio-economic variables such as the father's professional situation (unemployed, OR=0.33 95% CI=0.17-0.65) and crowding index (>1,OR=0.495%CI=0.16-0.98). Conclusion: Considering the results of the present study, oral health community programs and primary preventive strategies, such as improvement of oral health education in schools should be considered in order to reduce the risk level of oral diseases and develop better oral health behaviours. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Introdução: O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez é altamente prejudicial à saúde da mãe bem como à saúde do feto. O consumo de álcool durante a gravidez leva-nos a questionar a qualidade dos cuidados de saúde. Os objetivos deste estudo foram quantificar a prevalência do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez por mulheres portuguesas e imigrantes em Portugal e analisar a informação veiculada nas consultas de vigilância de gravidez. Métodos: Estudo transversal, parcialmente analisado como caso controlo, envolveu 753 mães imigrantes com idades entre os 16 e os 45 anos (29,30±5,76) e 1654 portuguesas com idades entre os 15 e os 44 anos (29,99±5,42). Recolha de dados por questionário autopreenchido, em 32 maternidades/ hospitais portugueses, de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. Considerou-se consumo de bebidas alcoólicas a ingestão de qualquer quantidade de álcool durante a gravidez. As prevalencias foram expressas em proporções e determinou-se ainda a magnitude de associação entre as variáveis com recurso aos Odds Ratio (OR) e respetivos intervalos de confiança a 95%. Resultados: Cerca de 9 em cada 10 das grávidas não ingeriu bebidas alcoólicas, mas entre as que ingeriram, a maior percentagem ocorreu entre as imigrantes (12,0% vs 6,6%) com significância estatística (OR 0,52; IC95% 0,37-0,7; x2=19,617; p menor que 0,001). Quanto à frequência do consumo, consumiram algumas vezes 57,8% das portuguesas e 71,1% das imigrantes (OR 0,37; IC95% 0,26-0,52). Quanto à qualidade de informação sobre o consumo de álcool 39,2% das portuguesas considerou- a boa e 34,9% das imigrantes, razoável. Conclusão: As imigrantes consomem mais bebidas alcoólicas durante a gravidez que as portuguesas. A prevalência de qualquer consumo de álcool durante a gravidez por imigrantes e portuguesas sugere cuidados pré-natais inadequados., Introduction: The consumption of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy is highly detrimental to the mothers’ health as well as to the health of the fetus. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy leads us to question the quality of health care. The objectives of this study are to quantify the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy by Portuguese and immigrant women in Portugal and to analyze the information conveyed during pregnancy surveillance visits. Methods: A cross-sectional study, partially analyzed as a control case, involved 753 immigrant mothers between the ages of 16 and 45 (29,30 ± 5,76) and 1654 Portuguese women aged 15-44 (29,99 ± 5, 42). Data collection resorted to self-administered questionnaires in 32 Portuguese maternity wards/ hospitals, from January 2010 to December 2011. Alcohol consumption was defined as the intake of any amount of alcohol during pregnancy. Prevalence was expressed in proportions and the association scale between odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals was determined. Results: Nine out of ten pregnant women did not ingest any alcohol. Among those who ingested it, the highest percentage occurred among immigrants (12.0% vs 6.6%) with statistical significance (OR 0.52, CI 95% 0.37-0.7, x2 = 19.617, p smaller than 0.001). As to the frequency of consumption, 57.8% of the Portuguese women and 71.1% of the immigrants (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.26-0.52) consumed a few times. Regarding the quality of information on alcohol consumption, 39.2% of the Portuguese considered it good and 34.9% of the immigrants, reasonable. Conclusion: Migrant women consume more alcoholic beverages during pregnancy than Portuguese ones. The prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy by immigrants and Portuguese suggests inadequate antenatal care.

Aims and objectives To determine the prevalence of domestic violence (physical, psychological or sexual) during pregnancy and to characterise these women. Background Pregnant women are not immune to domestic violence and therefore may be subject to any form of physical, psychological or sexual violence by partners. Health professionals’ knowledge and awareness are important in the identification and intervention of pregnant women who experience domestic violence. Methods Quantitative, descriptive, correlational study, using a nonprobabilistic convenience sample consisting of a total of 852 postpartum women, of whom 370 were experiencing domestic violence according to the criteria adopted through the modified scale of prevalence, applied between February–June 2012 in two Portuguese public health institutions. Authorisation was given by the Ethics Committees/Administration Councils of both institutions involved and the National Committee of Data Protection. Results The prevalence of DV during pregnancy was 43·4% (physical violence – 21·9%; psychological violence – 43·2%; and sexual violence – 19·6%). These women had the following profile: immigrant (OR = 5·70; IC95% 3·32–9·78), non-Caucasian (OR = 6·27; IC95% 3·76–10·46), single/divorced/widowed (OR = 2·28; IC95% 1·70–3·05), academic qualifications up to year 9 (OR = 4·94; IC95% 3·31–7·37); between 10–12 years of schooling (OR = 2·36; IC95% 1·70–3·29); unemployed (OR = 2·01; IC95% 1·50–2·69); and with a monthly income

Post-partum is expected to be a time of joy. However, this is not always the case, as it can be a time marked by moments of sadness, fatigue and discouragement. This study intended to obtain the best scientific evidence to understand whether breastfeeding has a preventive effect on postpartum depression. For this, an integrative review of the literature was made on the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depression through the databases: EBSCO host, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, institutional repositories and Google Scholar. Most studies identify breastfeeding as being preventive of postpartum depression, highlighting its importance for the puerperium’s mental health and consequently reducing the chances of developing postpartum depression. An informed and supported woman about breastfeeding will be able to feel confident in her new role. A constant investment by the health team, initiated during the couple’s planning process for pregnancy, is essential, and is maintained throughout pregnancy, delivery and postpartum.

Objective To characterise sleep-wake patterns and their influence on academic performance for a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Research design Cross-sectional, analytical-explanatory, correlational epidemiological research. The protocol includes the composite morningness questionnaire (Barton et al, 1985 adapted by Silva et al, 1985), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Murray, 1991), chronic fatigue scale (Smith et al, 1995), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse, 1988), Educational Achievement (Fermin, 2005), personal and academic data. Participants 2094 students (55.3% girls; 16–23 years old; M = 16.82 ± 1.25) attending secondary school in central Portugal. Living in urban areas, living with their parents and about 57.1% are in a family with reasonable economic resources. Results Adolescents’ sleep patterns reveal that they sleep on average between 8–9 hours a night, do not use medication to sleep, with sleep latency within the normal range, with good sleep efficiency, without daytime dysfunction and with undisturbed sleep, predominantly intermediate chronotype. Minor drowsiness, increased sleep efficiency, improved subjective sleep satisfaction, less sleep disturbance, less daytime dysfunction, not consuming hypnotic medications, associated with better academic performance. Morningness/eveningness, sleep efficiency, daytime dysfunction and sleep latency emerge as predictors of academic performance. The chronotype interacts to predict the quality of sleep enhancing it as a mediator of school performance. Conclusions Sleep and associated individual characteristics should be considered in the diagnosis and intervention process in secondary education.

Introduction Adolescents go through a phase characterised by physical, mental, psychological and social changes which justify periods of hostile behaviours. The occurrence and intensity of these behaviours may correspond to a psychopathological condition that will affect their future lives. The aim of this research is to identify the socio-demographic and family background variables that influence hostile behaviours in adolescents and to analyse the influence of depression and anxiety in hostile behaviours in adolescents. Methods This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study with epidemiological characteristics. The sample consists of 1890 adolescents, 863 (45.7%) boys and 1027 (54.3%) girls whose average age is 16.26 years. The data collection instrument includes the socio-demographic and family background and anxiety, depression and hostile behaviours in adolescence measurement scales: the State-Trait Anxiety Scale, the Depression Scale and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Results We found that the prevalent group is between 17 and 21 years old (40.3%) 41.4% boys and 39.4% girls; the highest percentage of the adolescents (37.8%) are in the 10th year of schooling; 50.7% live in the city, 70.0% live with their parents; the monthly household income is medium-high (56.7%) for (56.5%) girls; 3.5% of the adolescents exhibit depressive symptoms, mostly girls who are 17 or older; girls have higher levels of anxiety-trait and boys of anxiety-state. Conclusions We may conclude that only depression has a relationship with hostile behaviours. It is higher in adolescents with these behaviours. The presence or absence of anxiety is not related to the hostile behaviour in adolescents.

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in EJCoP, 2(2) (year) 139 - 144, http://dx.doi.orghttp://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v2i2.31.The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

The family APGAR scale was developed by Smilkstein, Ashworth, and Montano (1982). The satisfaction assessment of the elderly with chronic illness regarding family is essential. This study aims to describe the socio-demographic and clinical profile of elderly people with chronic illness and correlate with perceived family support. This is a cross-sectional, analytical study of 294 elderly people (51.4% female), patients at the Health Centre in the district of Viseu - Portugal, diagnosed with chronic illness (77.9% cardiovascular); Mean age was 72.22 ± 6.13, 70.7% were married and 52% had 4 years of schooling; Data was gathered using a questionnaire and the Family APGAR (Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve). In relation to family functionality, 18.7% perceive families as highly functional, 26.9% mildly dysfunctional and 54.4% severely dysfunction. There is a statistically significant relationship between the family APGAR and the presence of chronic illness ( p < 0.001). We found no statistical significance between the family APGAR and gender ( p = 0.26), age ( p = 0.26), marital status ( p = 0.32) and educational level ( p = 0.28). Economic, political and social changes in our society has an impact on the family and the support they provide which is manifested among vulnerable groups, as is the case of an elderly person with chronic illness. Thus, we propose specialised psychological support for this age group which is more vulnerable and without the needed support from within the family.

Background: Adolescence is characterized by an increase in autonomy and the transformation of family relationships. Their experience has different meanings in future quality of life. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between the sociodemographic variables, of Sexual context and attitudes adopted by teenagers facing sexuality with the organizational culture of the family. Methods: Observational descriptive and correlational, transversal study. The non-probabilistic convenience sample consists of 1216 adolescents attending the 9th year of study in Portuguese Public Schools and is part of the project PTDC/CPE-CED/103313/2008, the questionnaire applied was family organizational culture of Nave (2007) and attitudes towards sexuality of Nelas et al (2010). Results: The majority lives in a village (47.5% of boys and 50.0% girls).12.9%of boys do not use condoms in all relationships, and the same applies to 17.8% of girls. They belong mostly (55.8% boys and 49.5% girls) to a family with poor interpersonal relationships culture. The majority (51.8%) males and (58.9%) females have a family with moderate heuristic culture. Boys and girls (33.6% and 36.9%) both demonstrate a predominantly moderate hierarchy family culture and a moderate social goals family culture as well. Adolescents who have a bad attitude towards sexuality, mostly (43.2%) present a weak interpersonal relationships family culture with statistical significance (chi(2) = 32,092, p = 0.000) and have moderate hierarchy family culture and also moderate social goals family culture, without statistical significance. Conclusion: The family that loves, welcomes and cares is the same that educates and informs about sexuality, promoting youth empowerment making them safer, healthier and happier (C) 2013 Elsevier Espana, S.L. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license FCT [PTDC/CPE-CED/103313/2008]; CIDETS FCT [PEstOE/CED/UI4016/2011] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Sociodemographic profile and the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Portuguese adults Introduction: within the last decades, great importance has been given to the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. The Helicobacter pylori infection is a public health problem and is recognized as one of the most common chronic infections, estimating that about half of the world’s population is infected with it. This bacterium, located in the gastric mucosa, is related to some pathologies: gastritis, gastric carcinoma, peptic ulcer. Methods: We carried out an observational cross-sectional study with a community sample of adults from the municipalities of Viseu and Satão. The final sample consisted of 166 adults, aged between 19 and 92 years (mean of 46.96 ± 3.17 years), and the majority female (56.6%). Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with questions regarding sociodemographic aspects, the family household and daily habits and lifestyles. The H. pylori infection was identified using the urea breath test. The test was performed in the morning after at least 6 hours of fasting. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS 23.0. The prevalences were expressed in proportions and compared by the chi-square test with a level of significance of 0.05. Associations were calculated using the Odds Ratio (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori was 48.8% (50.0% in females and 47.2% in males). We found higher percentages in the female gender, for ages ≤ 50 years, married, with an education level inferior to 12th grade, with a greater number of siblings, and for those who were employed. Nonetheless, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Almost half of the sample was infected by the Helicobacter pylori bacteria. We found no association between the presence of Helicobacter pylori and gender; age; marital status; schooling, body mass index, professional situation, number of household members and the number of rooms. Introdução: nas últimas décadas grande importância foi importada à bactéria Helicobacter Pylori. A infeção por Helicobacter Pylori constitui um problema de saúde pública, reconhecida como uma das infeções crónicas mais comuns estimando-se que cerca de metade da população mundial esteja infetada. Esta bactéria, localizada na mucosa gástrica, relaciona-se com algumas patologias: gastrites, carcinoma gástrico, úlcera péptica. Métodos: realizámos um estudo transversal analítico com uma amostra comunitária de adultos dos concelhos de Viseu e Satão. A amostra final ficou constituída por 166 adultos, com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 92 anos de idade (média de 46,96±3,17 anos) e a maioria do género feminino (56,6%). Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário auto-aplicado com questões referentes a aspetos sociodemográficos, agregado familiar e hábitos e estilos de vida diários. A infeção por H. pylori foi identificada com recurso ao teste respiratório da urease. O teste foi realizado pela manhã após pelo menos 6 horas de jejum. A análise estatística realizou-se com recurso ao programa estatístico SPSS 23.0. As prevalências expressas em proporções e comparadas pelo teste qui-quadrado, com um nível de significância de 0,05. As associações foram calculadas com recurso ao Odds ratio, com intervalos de confiança de 95% . Resultados: A prevalência de Helicobacter Pylori foi de 48,8%, (50,0% no sexo feminino e 47,2% no sexo masculino). Encontrámos percentagens maiores no sexo feminino, para idades ≤ 50 anos, estado civil casado, nível de escolaridade inferior ao 12º ano, para um maior número de irmãos e em pessoas que se encontravam no ativo, contudo as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: quase metade da amostra apresentava infeção por Helicobacter Pylori. Não encontrámos associação entre o Helicobacter Pylori e o sexo; idade; estado civil; escolaridade, índice de massa corporal, situação profissional, número de elementos do agregado familiar e número de assoalhadas. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introduction. Infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is transmissible and is considered a public health issue which affects people of all ages. The objective of this study was to identify factors (lifestyles, dietary factors, and hygiene conditions) related to the prevalence of H. pylori infection. Methods. We carried out an observational cross-sectional study with a community sample of adults from the municipalities of Viseu and Sátão, Portugal. The final sample resulted in 166 adults. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with questions regarding sociodemographic aspects and lifestyles. H. pylori infection was identified using the 13C-urea breath test. Results. No association was found between the prevalence of H. pylori infection and the use of tobacco, alcohol, or coffee or dietary factors. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher in adults who reported higher consumption of fried food and lower consumption of vegetables and fruit. H. pylori infection was significant for the variables of lower frequency of handwashing before going to the bathroom (p=0.02) and well water consumption (p=0.05). Conclusion. A significant association was found for H. pylori infection with the lower frequency of handwashing before going to the bathroom and the consumption of well water.

Sleep has numerous important functions in the body, such as consolidation of memory, concentration and learning. Changes in sleep cycles in adolescents lead to sleep deprivation with consequences to academic performance. Our research question was What are the sleep habits that influence school performance (study environment, study planning, study method, reading skills, motivation to study, overall school performance) in adolescents? We aimed to identify sleep habits predictors of the quality of school performance in adolescents. Research Methods: Crosssectional analytical study. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with socio-demographic questions, sleep habits and school performance scale. The sample consisted of 380 students between 7th and 9th grade, with an average age of 13.56 ± 1.23 years in the school year 2011/2012, from a 2nd and 3rd Cycle Basic School of the municipality of Viseu, Portugal. Findings: School performance in adolescents was associated with better subjective quality of sleep (p=0.000), with longer sleep duration (p=0.000), with watching tv/video before sleep (p=0.000), with the habit of studying before bedtime (p=0.012), with no computer use (p=0.013) and with reading habits before bed (p=0.000). School performance was also associated with adolescents who reported not feeling sleepy during class. The teenagers who sleep more and better, and who watch tv/video, study, do not use computers, and who read before going to bed, have a better school performance. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Problem Statement: The transition to parenthood is considered normal; however, it includes the need for parental adjustment. Sometimes this transition can be disturbing and induce high levels of stress. Research Questions: How is bonding between the father and baby influenced by vulnerability to stress? Purpose of the Study: To identify the establishment of bonding between father and baby and to analyse how their emotional involvement can be influenced by vulnerability to stress. Research Methods: This is a quantitative, descriptive-correlational and explanatory study, with a non-probabilistic convenience sample (N= 349 fathers), with a mean age of 31.84 years (SD= 6.067). Data is collected by a questionnaire applied up to 48 hours after birth, including sociodemographic, parent involvement and obstetric characterisation, the Bonding Scale (Figueiredo, et al., 2005) and the Vulnerability to Stress Scale ‐ 23 QVS (Vaz Serra, 2000). Findings: younger participants, who became fathers for the first time, were involved in the pregnancy and spoke with the baby during the gestational period demonstrated higher levels of positive bonding. It is not clear that those who monitored labour and picked up the child after birth showed high levels of bonding. Functional inhibition and dependency is the only factor which predicts vulnerability to stress. Conclusions: Bonding is a complex process which may be influenced by context and degree of involvement during pregnancy and childbirth. Vulnerability to paternal stress is multi-determined and may be accentuated in this period of transition to parenthood. Encouragement by health professionals in the father’s emotional involvement with the baby and in early detection of vulnerability to stress is pertinent. © 2016 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk

Pain is considered the 5th vital sign and its measurement/assessment and records are required and must be systematic. Ineffective pain management involves complications in clinical status of patients, longer hospitalization times and higher costs with health. In the surgical patient with impaired cognition, hetero measurements should be made, based on behavioural and physiological indicators. We used to determine the efficacy and efficiency of the Observer Scale, the Abbey Pain Scale and Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD). Our study is an applied, non-experimental, quantitative, descriptive and analytical research. The data collection instrument consisted of patients’ sociodemographic and clinical data, the Observer Scale, the Abbey Pain Scale (Rodrigues, 2013) and PAINAD (Batalha et al., 2012). We assessed pain at an early phase and 45 minutes after an intervention for its relief. The sample is non-probabilistic for convenience, consisting of 76 surgical patients with impaired cognition, admitted to the surgery services of a central hospital, aged between 38 and 96 years. There was a positive correlation between the results of the three scales, most evident in the initial evaluation. Pain intensity in the same patient is higher when assessed with PAINAD (OM = 2.16) and lower when assessed with the Observer Scale (OM = 1.78). The most effective and efficient scale is PAINAD. Due to the small sample size, we suggest confirmatory studies so that the results can be generalized.

Cultural practices linked to maternity require profound knowledge and respect for each woman and for what they consider as making sense in their experience of becoming a mother. However, the same senses are not always shared by the participants, justifying the need for intercultural mediation. The aim of this study was to understand the intercultural mediation in nursing care in obstetrics. It is a qualitative study, using the semi-structured interview to 15 obstetric nurses and analysis of the content supported by NVivo 10. Emerging categories were: meaning attributed to the intercultural mediation, principles of intercultural mediation; functions of informal intercultural mediator nurses, and reasons for intercultural mediation in obstetrics. We conclude that although in their clinical practice in obstetrics, nurses sometimes exercise informal intercultural mediator functions; they need training in intercultural mediation, which is evident from the opinions of the participants.

The teenager's knowledge about contraceptive methods promotes their sexual and reproductive health, since the precocity of sexual relations is a reality. We purpose a study to test the effectiveness of a training intervention among adolescents. Is a quantitative, experimental field with a sample of 90 adolescents (48-control group and 42 experimental). The questionnaire included sample characterization and scale CPF (Nelas, Silva, Ferreira, Duarte & Chaves, 2010). The found results reveal the importance of training intervention on the acquisition of knowledge about family planning when compared with the experimental control group (t=- 6,564, p = 0.000).

Several studies by UNICEF, OMS and other childhood protection institutions have concluded that the breastfeeding is considered an important strategy for infantile survival. Thus, the motivation for breastfeeding is an important variable which should be considered, given that motivation is the agent propeller of all action. To identify whether maternal affection conditions the motivation for maternal breast feeding. Quantitative, transverse, descriptive-correlational and explanatory study, using a the non-probabilistic convenience sample (N=235 women). Data is collected by a questionnaire, including the inventory of maternal affection (Mary & Muller, 1994, adapted by Garcia Galvao, 2000) and Motivation for breastfeeding Scale ( Nelas et al., 2008 ). Most of the women have breastfeeding experience and they indicate as reasons for dissatisfaction with breastfeeding experiencing nipple pain. The women reveal positive maternal affection. The mothers with lower education reveal less maternal affection. More affection existed in the women who fell supported by counseling groups for breastfeeding. The women are motivated for breastfeeding and they reveal positive levels of maternal affection.

Resumo Enquadramento: Tratar de educação sexual, para além da atualidade do tema, prende-se, sobretudo, com a necessidade de uma abordagem que leve à adoção de atitudes favoráveis face à sexualidade e a comportamentos saudáveis por parte dos adolescentes. Objetivos: Identificar as preferências dos alunos na escolha dos interlocutores em assuntos de sexualidade, bem como analisar a relação com as atitudes face à sexualidade dos alunos do 3º ciclo do ensino básico. Métodos: O estudo realizado é de natureza quantitativa, descritivo-correlacional e transversal. Amostra não probabilística, por conveniência, de 545 alunos (262 rapazes e 283 raparigas), idade média de 13,95 anos (Dp= 1,25), maioritariamente residentes na aldeia (53,1%) e a frequentar o 3º ciclo do ensino básico nas escolas do Concelho de Tabuaço e Fundão. Foi aplicado um questionário visando a caracterização sociodemográfica da amostra, o conhecimento das suas vivências da sexualidade; foi, ainda, aplicada a Escala de atitudes face à sexualidade em adolescentes (Nelas, Fernandes, Ferreira, Duarte & Chaves, 2010). Resultados: Da amostra global de alunos, os principais interlocutores da sexualidade são os amigos (59,8%), seguido da mãe (40,9%), pai (16,1%), namorado/a (14,7%), irmãos (13,8%), professores (12,5%), e, por último, do médico/enfermeiro (4,6%). A mãe influencia significativamente e favoravelmente as atitudes face à sexualidade (p=0,006) e, no reverso, os irmãos influenciam de forma significativa e desfavoravelmente as atitudes face à sexualidade (p=0,050). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que o papel da figura materna e dos irmãos está diretamente relacionado com as atitudes face à sexualidade dos alunos do 3ºciclo do ensino básico e que aqueles têm uma importância essencial na avaliação que estes fazem da sexualidade. Abstract Background: Dealing with sex education, being a matter of full actuality, is related mainly with the need for an approach that leads to the adoption of positive attitudes towards sexuality and healthy behavior by adolescents. Objectives: Identify the preferences of students of the 3rd cycle of basic education in the choice of the interlocutors on matters of sexuality as well as analyse their relationship with attitudes towards sexuality. Methods: The fulfilled study is quantitative, descriptive-correlational and tranversal. It is a non-probabilistic sample by convenience of 545 students (262 boys and 283 girls), on average age of 13.95 years old (SD = 1.25), mostly living in the village (53.1%) and attend the 3rd cycle of basic education in schools of Tabuaço and Fundão. It was administered a questionnaire constitued by a socio-demographic characterization and the experiences of sexuality and by a scale of attitudes towards sexuality in adolescents (Nelas, Fernandes, Ferreira, Duarte & Chaves, 2010). Results: Of the global sample of students, the main interlocutors of the sexuality are friends (59.8%), followed by the mother (40.9%), father (16.1%), boyfriend/girlfriend (14.7%), siblings (13.8 %), teachers (12.5%) and, finally, the doctor/nurse (4.6%). The mother significantly and favorably influences the attitudes towards sexuality (p = 0.006) and, in reverse, the siblings influence significantly and adversely the attitudes towards sexuality (p = 0.050). Conclusion: This study suggests that the role of the mother and siblings is directly related to attitudes towards sexuality of students of the 3rd cycle of basic education and that those are vitally important in the evaluation of sexuality that they do.

Resumo Enquadramento: A sexualidade, presente ao longo da vida, na adolescência adquire novos contornos. O início da atividade sexual pode ser considerado um dos momentos com maior impacto na vida do adolescente, tornando-se, assim, importante conhecer as motivações que estão na base da decisão de iniciar ou não a atividade sexual. Objetivo: Foi objetivo deste trabalho identificar as variáveis sociodemográficas que influenciam a motivação dos adolescentes para fazer ou não fazer sexo. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de análise quantitativa, não experimental, com características de estudo descritivo e correlacional. A amostra é não probabilística por conveniência, constituída por 545 adolescentes (262 rapazes e 283 raparigas), com uma média de idade de 13,95 anos (Dp=1,25), a frequentar o 3º ciclo do ensino básico de quatro agrupamentos de escolas, três do concelho do Fundão e uma do concelho de Tabuaço (53,1% residentes em aldeias). O protocolo de avaliação incluiu um questionário, que possibilitou, numa primeira parte, fazer a caracterização sociodemográfica e da experiência sexual da amostra e, numa segunda parte, identificar as motivações dos adolescentes para ter sexo, utilizando para o efeito a “Escala de motivação para fazer ou não fazer sexo” (Leal & Maroco, 2010). Resultados: O estudo revelou haver diferenças estatísticas entre o sexo e a motivação dos adolescentes para fazer ou não fazer sexo (p=0,000). Os rapazes são os que se apresentam mais motivados para fazer sexo por motivos de hedonismo e saúde, e a não fazer sexo por medo, conservadorismo/desinteresse e porque é imoral. De referir que a motivação das raparigas está relacionada com a interdependência relacional. Também a escolaridade se associou de forma significativa com a motivação sexual dos adolescentes (p=0,001). Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciam que quer o sexo quer a escolaridade influenciam a motivação dos adolescentes para fazer ou não fazer sexo. Identificar as causas que determinam as opções dos adolescentes neste âmbito permitirá aos pais e profissionais desenvolver estratégias de intervenção dirigidas às reais necessidades dos adolescentes. Abstract Background: Sexuality, present through life, acquires new dimensions in adolescence. The onset of sexual activity can be considered one of the moments with the greatest impact on teenage life, becoming thus important to know the motivations that underlie the decision to initiate sexual activity or not. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic variables that influence adolescents' motivation to do or not to do sex. Methods: This is a study of quantitative analysis, not experimental, with characteristics of a descriptive and correlational study. The sample is non-probability by convenience, consisting of 545 adolescents (262 boys and 283 girls) with a mean age of 13.95 years old (SD =1.25), who attend the 3rd cycle of basic education of four groups of schools, three in the county of Fundão and one in the county of the Tabuaço (53.1% living in villages). The evaluation protocol includes a questionnaire which in first part allowed making the sociodemographic and sexual characterization of the sample and, in a second part, to know the motivations of teenagers to have sex, using for this purpose the "Scale of motivation to have or not to have sex" (Leal & Maroco, 2010). Results: The study revealed statistical differences between gender and motivation of adolescents to have sex or not (p = 0.000).The boys are the ones that appear more motivated to have sex for reasons of health and hedonism, and not have sex for fear, conservatism/disinterest and because it is immoral. It should be noted that the motivation of girls is related to the relational interdependence. Also the schooling proved to be a statistically significant variable in relation to adolescent sexual motivation (p=0.0001). Conclusion: The results show that sex and education influence the motivation of adolescents to have sex or not. Knowing the factors that influence the motivation of adolescents to have sex or not, allows parents and professionals develop intervention strategies targeted to the real needs of adolescents.

Background: The academic performance of adolescents is determined by variables related to domestic and leisure activities.Objective: To identify variables related to domestic and leisure activities that influence the academic performance of adolescents.Methodology: Observational quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational, explanatory and retrospective study, using a non-probabilistic sample intended for convenience, consisting of 380 adolescents with an average age of 13.5 years (± SD 1:56).Results: Adolescents who collaborate with the family in household activities show better academic performance (p = 0.014). The daily time engaged in leisure activities, as computer use (p = 0.05), video watching (p = 0.021) and the use of games on PC or game consoles (p = 0.011), if over an hour, has negative repercussions on the academic performance of adolescents.Conclusion: Domestic activities positively influence the adolescents school performance, while leisure activities like computer use, watching videos and playing games on computers or game consoles have a negative impact, when occupying more than one hour per day.Keywords: domestic activities, leisure activities, adolescents, academic achievementResumo.REPERCUSSÕES DAS ATIVIDADES DOMÉSTICAS E DE LAZER NO RENDIMENTO ESCOLAR DOS ADOLESCENTESIntrodução: O rendimento escolar dos adolescentes é determinado por variáveis relacionadas com as atividades domésticas e de lazer.Objectivo: Identificar as variáveis relacionadas às atividades domésticas e de lazer que influenciam o rendimento escolar dos adolescentes.Metodologia: Estudo observacional, quantitativo, não experimental, em corte transversal, descritivo e correlacional, explicativo e retrospectivo, realizado numa amostra não probabilística intencional por conveniência, constituída por 380 adolescentes com uma média de idades de 13.5 anos (±1.56 dp).Resultados: Os adolescentes que colaboram com os familiares em atividades domésticas revelam melhor rendimento escolar (p=0,014). O rendimento escolar dos adolescentes é maior naqueles que ocupam menos de uma hora por dia em atividades de lazer, como no uso do computador (p=0,05), na visualização de vídeos (p=0,021), e no uso de jogos em PC ou em consola (p=0,011).Conclusão: As atividades domésticas influenciam positivamente o rendimento escolar dos adolescentes, enquanto as atividades de lazer como passar tempo a usar o computador, ver vídeos, jogar em computador e/ou em consola em tempos superiores a uma hora o influenciam negativamente.Palavras-chave: atividades domésticas, atividades de lazer, adolescentes, rendimento escolar, ocupação de tempos livres.

The use of psychoactive substances is a public health problem. The use of these substances usually starts during adolescence and is associated with school problems, namely poor school performance. Research Questions included which psychoactive substances interfere with school performance (learning environment, planning of studies, methods of studying, reading skills, study motivation, overall school performance) in adolescents. The purpose of the study was to analyse the relationship between the use of psychoactive substances and adolescents’ school performance. The Research Methods included a cross-sectional study. Data were collected through a questionnaire which included socio-demographic information, psychoactive substances and a school performance scale (adapted from Fermin, 2005). Non-probability sampling for convenience, with 380 students from 7th, 8th and 9th grade. Data were collected in 2011/2012 among students from a Basic School in the Portuguese Municipality of Viseu. Results: There was a 4.2% of prevalence of drug use: 4,3% in boys and 4.1% in girls. For both genders, the most commonly used drugs were hashish and marijuana (43.8%). Girls (p

Problem Statement: Chronic disease entails physical, psychological and social issues with a decrease in the quality of life. The assessment of QoL has been applied as indicator in patients with chronic diseases. Research Questions: What is the quality of life in patients with chronic disease? What are the socio-demographic variables that influence the quality of life in patients? Purpose: To assess the quality of life in patients suffering from chronic disease and identify socio-demographic variables which influence the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic disease. Research Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study using a sample composed of 228 users (134 females) from a Family Health Unit in the municipality of Viseu. Data collection was made by means of a questionnaire, consisting of sociodemographic variables, the SF-12 scale and the existence of chronic disease was assessed through the questions – “Do you currently suffer from any chronic disease?”; “If so, which one(s)?”. Findings: The most common chronic diseases were hypertension (59.9%). Female patients with a chronic disease reported worse physical functioning, role-physical and role-emotional; increased bodily pain and better quality of life regarding general health. Male patients showed worse role-physical, increased bodily pain and vitality. Sociodemographic variables which were associated with quality of life were area of residence, academic qualifications and work situation. Conclusion: Chronic disease affects quality of life negatively. Quality of life in both patients groups was associated with socio-demographic variables. Health-related quality of life is an essential issue and should be considered as a priority in health policies. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A pertinência desta temática é justificada pela importância da saúde da família e do apoio à maternidade, pois “os objectivos dos cuidados de saúde para famílias em gestação são uma gravidez saudável, um recém-nascido saudável e pais preparados e confiantes nos seus novos papéis” (Rice, 2004: 412).Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correlacional e transversal, tendo como objetivo determinar a existência de relação entre a avaliação da visita domiciliária e algumas variáveis (sociodemográficas e obstétricas). A amostra é constituída por 175 puérperas, com uma média de idade de 28,47anos, inscritas nas Unidade de Cuidados Saúde Personalizados (UCSP) de Resende, de Lamego e de Santa Marinha do Zêzere e na Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) Douro Vita. O instrumento de colheita de dados possibilita fazer uma caracterização sociodemográfica e obstétrica e inclui a Escala de Avaliação da Visita Domiciliária no Pós-Parto, a qual foi construída e validada neste estudo para o efeito. Este instrumento de colheita de dados foi aplicado na primeira visita domiciliário efetuada no pós-parto. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis idade, escolaridade e número de gestações anteriores influenciam a avaliação da visita domiciliária no pós-parto. Assim, as puérperas mais velhas, que possuem o ensino secundário, que tiveram três gestações anteriores, são as que atribuem melhor avaliação à visita domiciliária no pós-parto.Com estes resultados pensamos que a intervenção de enfermagem junto à puérpera e família, no seu contexto, contribui para uma melhor adequação dos cuidados a prestar e proporciona mais facilmente a oportunidade ao casal e família de expressarem as suas dificuldades e os seus sentimentos. Consideramos que a visita domiciliária à puérpera/recém-nascido e família constitui uma estratégia de suporte e ajuda, proporciona apoio e aconselhamento e contribui, deste modo, para uma melhor adaptação à parentalidade., The relevance of this topic is justified by the importance of family health care and maternity support as “the aims of families health care in pregnancy are not only a healthy pregnancy as well as a healthy newborn and confident and prepared parents in their new roles” (Rice, 2004: 412). This is a quantitative, descriptive, co-relational and transversal study which aims to acknowledge the existence of a relationship between the home visit’s assessment and some variables (socio-demographic and obstetric). The sample comprised 175 postpartum women with an age average of 28.47 entered in a Health Unit of Custom Care - Unidade de Cuidados Saúde Personalizados (UCSP) from Resende, Lamego and Santa Marinha do Zêzere as also in a Family Health Unit - Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) - Douro Vita, Portugal. The data compilation enables us to do a socio demographic and obstetric description which includes the Postpartum Home Visit’s, which was made and validated for this purpose. The data compilation instrument was applied in our first home visit in a postpartum period. The results suggest that the variables age, education and the number of previous pregnancies influence the postpartum home visits’ assessment. This way, the older mothers who attended the secondary education, who had three previous pregnancies are the ones that give a better assessment to the postpartum home visits’. From the obtained results we conclude that the nursing intervention together with the postpartum woman and her family in her context contributes to a better adjustment of the nursing care and allows the couple and the family to express their difficulties and feelings. We believe that the home visit to the postpartum mother/newborn and family are a supporting and helping strategy which provides support and advice and thereby allows a better adjustment to parenthood.

Backgroud: Teenagers’ and young adults’ values and beliefs on sexuality, motherhood and abortion are determined by a multiplicity of factors of individual nature and of sociocultural order.Objectives: Analyze if the sociodemographic, affective, sexual and reproductive variables, influence values and beliefs about sexuality, motherhood and abortion on higher education students.Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive-correlational and transversal study, with a sample of 641 students (average age of 20.62 years old, sd± 2.145 years old), female (64.9%). The investigation’s protocol was the questionnaire that allowed characterizing the sociodemographic, affective, reproductive and sexually sample. Yet including the Values and Beliefs on Sexuality, Motherhood/Fatherhood and Abortion scale (Serene, Loyal & Maroco, 2009).Results: Male students manifest more beliefs on terms of motherhood, reproduction. Female students reveal more beliefs when it comes to affection, abortion and pleasure. Residents in urban areas manifest more beliefs when it comes to motherhood. Residents in rural areas have more beliefs and values toward reproduction, abortion. 2nd year students revealed more values and beliefs toward motherhood and reproduction. 1st year students manifested more values and beliefs to affection and pleasure. 3rd year students revealed more values and beliefs towards abortion. That are dating and that have already begun their sexual life obtained more beliefs in all dimensions, especially when it comes to values and beliefs toward pleasure. The ones that don’t use any kind of contraceptive method obtained higher values when it comes to motherhood, reproduction, abortion and values and beliefs in general, whereas the ones that use contraceptive methods obtained more in affection and in pleasure.Conclusion: The results suggest the need to debate the questions on motherhood, abortion and sexuality with young adults, in context of higher education, in order to enable them to the informed decision making, thus contributing to the promotion of sexual and reproductive health.Keywords: Values; Beliefs; Sexuality; Motherhood; Abortion; Higher Education Students.Resumo.Enquadramento: Os valores e as crenças dos adolescentes e jovens adultos sobre a sexualidade, maternidade e aborto são determinados por uma multiplicidade de fatores de natureza individual e de ordem sociocultural.Objetivos: Analisar se as variáveis sociodemográficas afectivas, sexuais e reprodutivas influenciam os valores e crenças sobre a sexualidade, maternidade e aborto nos estudantes do ensino superior.Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-correlacional e transversal, com uma amostra de 641 estudantes (idade média de 20.62, dp± 2.145 anos), maioritariamente feminina (64.9%), O protocolo de investigação foi o questionário que permitiu caracterizar a amostra sociodemográfica, afetiva, reprodutiva e sexualmente. Inclui ainda a escala de Valores e Crenças sobre Sexualidade, Maternidade/Paternidade e Aborto (Sereno, Leal & Maroco, 2009).Resultados: Os estudantes do sexo masculino manifestam mais crenças em termos de maternidade, reprodução. As estudantes revelam mais crenças em relação à afetividade, aborto e prazer. Os residentes em meio urbano manifestam mais crenças em relação à maternidade. Os residentes em meio rural têm mais valores e crenças face à reprodução, aborto. Os estudantes a frequentarem o 2.º ano manifestaram mais valores e crenças face à maternidade e reprodução; os do 1º ano pontuaram mais nos valores e crenças em relação à afetividade e no prazer; os do 3.º ano possuem mais valores e crenças perante o aborto. Os estudantes que namoram e que já iniciaram a vida sexual pontuaram mais em todas as dimensões, com destaque para os valores e crenças face ao prazer. Os que não utilizam algum método anticoncetivo apresentam valores mais elevados em relação à maternidade, reprodução, aborto e valores e crenças na globalidade, enquanto os que utilizamalgum método contracetivo pontuaram mais na afetividade e no prazer.Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem necessidade de debater as questões relativas à maternidade, paternidade, aborto e sexualidade com jovens adultos, em contexto de ensino superior, no sentido de os capacitar para a tomada de decisão informada, contribuindo desta forma para a promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva.Palavras-chave: Valores; Crenças; Sexualidade; Maternidade; Aborto; Estudantes do Ensino Superior

Enquadramento: A violência no namoro é um problema grave, pela prevalência e consequências ao nível da saúde física e mental.Objetivos: Analisar que variáveis sociodemográficas e académicas interferem nos comportamentos de violência no namoro dos estudantes do ensino superior e determinar o modo como a adaptabilidade e coesão familiar interferem nas práticas e comportamentos de violência no namoro.Participantes: A amostra é constituída por 820 estudantes do ensino superior (idade média 20.48 anos, Dp=2.51).Método: É um estudo quantitativo, descrito-correlacional e transversal. O protocolo de investigação é um questionário. Permitiu caracterizar a amostra socio demograficamente, ao nível das Práticas e Comportamentos de Violência no Namoro com a Escala de Dixe, Rodrigues, Freire et al., 2010 e a Adaptabilidade e Coesão Familiar com a Escala de Tribuna, 2000.Resultados: É uma amostra maioritariamente feminina (69.4%), predominam os estudantes solteiros (57.2%), 46.2% frequentam um curso na área da tecnologia e 52.5% frequenta um curso na área da saúde. O sexo, o estado civil e o curso interferem nos comportamentos de violência no namoro. São os estudantes do sexo masculino, do curso na área da tecnologia e a frequentar o 1º ano que manifestam mais comportamentos de violência no namoro, sobretudo a violência stalking e a violência psicológica. A adaptabilidade e a coesão familiar não se mostraram significativas na violência física e sexual, stalking e violência psicológica.Conclusão: Face aos resultados propomos a implementação de programas (debates e fóruns) contra a violência no namoro, nas escolas, focalizados na prevenção primária.Palavras-chave: Violência, Namoro, Estudantes, Ensino Superior, Adaptabilidade e coesão familiarAbstractBackground: Dating violence is a serious problem, whether because of its prevalence and consequences on physical and mental health.Objectives: To identify the sociodemographic and academic variables that affects the behavior of dating violence for students in higher education and determines how the adaptability and family cohesion interfere in the behavior of violence.Participants: The sample consisted of 820 university students (mean age 20,48 years, Sd= 2.51).Method: It is a quantitative, described correlational and cross study. The research protocol is a questionnaire. Allowed to characterize socio demographically and academics sample, in terms of practices and behaviors violence in dating with Dixe, Rodrigues, Freire et al. ( 2010), Scale and Adaptability and Family Cohesion with Tribuna, (2000) Scale.Results: This is a mainly female sample (69.4%), predominance of single students (57.2%), 46.2% attends a course in technology and 52.5% attend a course in health care. Gender, marital status, and course interfere in the conduct of dating violence. Are the male students, the course in the field of technology and to attend the 1st year who exhibit more violent behavior dating, especially stalking violence and psychological violence. The adaptability and family cohesion were not significant in physical and sexual violence, stalking and psychological violence.Conclusion: Given the results we propose the implementation of programs (debates and forums) against dating violence in schools, focused on primary prevention.Keywords: Violence, Dating, Students, Higher education, Adaptability and family cohesion.

A pertinência desta temática é justificada pela importância da saúde da família e do apoio à maternidade, pois “os objectivos dos cuidados de saúde para famílias em gestação são uma gravidez saudável, um recém-nascido saudável e pais preparados e confiantes nos seus novos papéis” (Rice, 2004: 412). Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correlacional e transversal, tendo como objetivo determinar a existência de relação entre a avaliação da visita domiciliária e algumas variáveis (sociodemográficas e obstétricas). A amostra é constituída por 175 puérperas, com uma média de idade de 28,47anos, inscritas nas Unidade de Cuidados Saúde Personalizados (UCSP) de Resende, de Lamego e de Santa Marinha do Zêzere e na Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) Douro Vita. O instrumento de colheita de dados possibilita fazer uma caracterização sociodemográfica e obstétrica e inclui a Escala de Avaliação da Visita Domiciliária no Pós-Parto, a qual foi construída e validada neste estudo para o efeito. Este instrumento de colheita de dados foi aplicado na primeira visita domiciliário efetuada no pós-parto. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis idade, escolaridade e número de gestações anteriores influenciam a avaliação da visita domiciliária no pós-parto. Assim, as puérperas mais velhas, que possuem o ensino secundário, que tiveram três gestações anteriores, são as que atribuem melhor avaliação à visita domiciliária no pós-parto. Com estes resultados pensamos que a intervenção de enfermagem junto à puérpera e família, no seu contexto, contribui para uma melhor adequação dos cuidados a prestar e proporciona mais facilmente a oportunidade ao casal e família de expressarem as suas dificuldades e os seus sentimentos. Consideramos que a visita domiciliária à puérpera/recém-nascido e família constitui uma estratégia de suporte e ajuda, proporciona apoio e aconselhamento e contribui, deste modo, para uma melhor adaptação à parentalidade The relevance of this topic is justified by the importance of family health care and maternity support as “the aims of families health care in pregnancy are not only a healthy pregnancy as well as a healthy newborn and confident and prepared parents in their new roles” (Rice, 2004: 412). This is a quantitative, descriptive, co-relational and transversal study which aims to acknowledge the existence of a relationship between the home visit’s assessment and some variables (socio-demographic and obstetric). The sample comprised 175 postpartum women with an age average of 28.47 entered in a Health Unit of Custom Care - Unidade de Cuidados Saúde Personalizados (UCSP) from Resende, Lamego and Santa Marinha do Zêzere as also in a Family Health Unit - Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) - Douro Vita, Portugal. The data compilation enables us to do a socio demographic and obstetric description which includes the Postpartum Home Visit’s, which was made and validated for this purpose. The data compilation instrument was applied in our first home visit in a postpartum period. The results suggest that the variables age, education and the number of previous pregnancies influence the postpartum home visits’ assessment. This way, the older mothers who attended the secondary education, who had three previous pregnancies are the ones that give a better assessment to the postpartum home visits’. From the obtained results we conclude that the nursing intervention together with the postpartum woman and her family in her context contributes to a better adjustment of the nursing care and allows the couple and the family to express their difficulties and feelings. We believe that the home visit to the postpartum mother/newborn and family are a supporting and helping strategy which provides support and advice and thereby allows a better adjustment to parenthood. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Enquadramento: A Incontinência Urinária (IU) provoca alterações na Qualidade de Vida (QV) da mulher, com limitações fisiológicas, psicológicas e socioeconómicas. Objetivos: Avaliar a perceção da QV das mulheres com IU; analisar a influência do tipo de IU na QV; analisar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas, obstétricas e ginecológicas na QV. Metodologia: Estudo transversal e analítico. Os dados foram recolhidos por questionário constituído por variáveis sociodemográficas, obstétricas e ginecológicas e o King’s Health Questionnaire. Amostra com 305 mulheres, da região centro de Portugal, com média de 50,01±10,37 anos. Resultados: As mulheres revelaram moderada qualidade de vida global, sendo que na generalidade das dimensões, esta é influenciada pela idade, nacionalidade, situação profissional atual, área de residência, índice de massa corporal, número de filhos, lesões pélvicas no trabalho de parto, peso da criança à nascença, anos de perda de urina, incontinência urinária de esforço, incontinência urinária de urgência. As mulheres com IU de esforço apresentam pior qualidade de vida. Conclusão: A incontinência urinária influencia moderadamente a QV da mulher. ABSTRACT: Background: Urinary Incontinence (UI) impacts the Quality of Life (QoL) of women, causing physiological, psychological, and socio-economic limitations. Objectives: To assess the perception of QoL of women with UI; to analyse the influence of the type of UI on QoL; to analyse the influence of socio-demographic, obstetric, and gynaecological variables on QoL. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic, obstetric, and gynaecological variables, and the King’s Health Questionnaire. The sample was composed of 305 women from the central region of Portugal, with a mean age of 50.01±10.37 years. Results: Overall, women showed moderate QoL. In most dimensions, QoL is influenced by age; nationality; current employment status; area of residence; body mass index; number of children; pelvic lesions during delivery; child’s weight at birth; years of urine loss; stress incontinence; urge incontinence. Women with urinary stress incontinence have a worse QoL. Conclusion: UI moderately affects the QoL of women.

IntroductionThis study consisted in the comparison of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) present in the stomach and in saliva of a sample of Portuguese adolescents and the assessment of the association between H. pylori infection with socio-demographic variables and prevalence of dental caries.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was designed including a sample of 447 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years old, attending a public school in Sátão, Portugal. A questionnaire about socio-demographic variables and oral health behaviors was applied. Gastric H. pylori infection was determined using the urease breath test (UBT). Saliva collection was obtained and DNA was extracted by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in order to detect the presence of oral H. pylori.ResultsThe prevalence of gastric H. pylori detected by UBT was 35.9%. Within the adolescents with a gastric UBT positive, only 1.9% were positive for oral H. pylori. The presence of gastric H. pylori was found to be associated with age (>15years, Odds ratio (OR)=1.64, 95%CI=1.08-2.52), residence area (urban, OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.03-2.29) and parents´ professional situation (unemployed, OR=1.22, 95%CI=1.02-1.23). Among those with detected dental caries during the intra-oral observation, 37.4% were positive for gastric H. pylori and 40.2% negative for the same bacterial strain (p=0.3).ConclusionsThe oral cavity cannot be considered a reservoir for infection of H. pylori. Gastric H. pylori infection was found to be associated with socio-demographic variables such as age, residence area and socioeconomic status.

Problem Statement: There are approximately 60000 women with cervical cancer in Europe and of these, 30000 die annually. Through screening programmes we can prevent many cases of illness and death1. Research Questions: What are the health beliefs about cervical cancer in university students? Purpose of the Study: To identify health beliefs about cervical cancer in university students. Research Methods: This is a quantitative, analytical, comparative and correlational study, with a sample of 345 university students. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire that assesses the health beliefs about cervical cancer in university students and the Health Belief Scale2. Findings: The participants have a low belief in vulnerability, an average belief in severity relative to cervical cancer, a high belief in benefits and indifference in the belief of barriers to screening. Conclusions: Health professionals are fundamental in health education so that people will adopt healthy attitudes to health, to encourage adherence to screening for cervical cancer and to demystify wrong ideas. The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the project PEst-OE/CED/UI4016/2011, and the Center for Studies in Education, Technologies and Health (CI&DETS), sponsored the translation of the article.

Objective To characterize sources of information students of higher education turn to for clarification about AIDS. Research design Cross-sectional, non-experimental research, with the features of descriptive, correlational and explanatory studies. The data collection protocol includes personal and academic data and the sources of information about AIDS scale. Participants 2002 students participated, 60.7% girls ( X = 21.76; years ± 4.43 SD), of the first and last years of higher education in the North and Centre of Portugal. Results Students rely mainly on reading informational materials for information about AIDS. Approximately 37% have good information on AIDS with young people up to the age of 25 and attending courses in field of health having higher scores. Conclusions Changes are needed in health education models in the area of HIV/AIDS, since these are not showing a satisfactory level of efficiency. On the other hand, it is important to motivate young people to change their behaviours. Although many young people have knowledge, they do not change their risk behaviours.