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Additional file 1: Appendix 1. Scale for the Assessment ofNarrative Review Articles (SANRA) assessing the quality of narrative reviewarticles.

Wolfgang Geidl,1 Johannes Carl,1 Michael Schuler,2,3 Eriselda Mino,1 Nicola Lehbert,4 Michael Wittmann,4 Klaus Pfeifer,1 Konrad Schultz4 1Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; 2Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; 3Department of Applied Heath Sciences, Hochschule für Gesundheit, University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany; 4Klinik Bad Reichenhall, Centre for Rehabilitation, Pulmonology, and Orthopaedics, Bad Reichenhall, GermanyCorrespondence: Wolfgang GeidlDepartment of Sport Science and Sport, Gebbertstrasse 123b, Erlangen, 91058, GermanyTel +49 9131 85 25457Fax +49 9131 85 25467Email wolfgang.geidl@fau.dePurpose: This Stay Active after Rehabilitation (STAR) study examined the effects of a pedometer-based behavioral intervention for individuals with COPD during three weeks of inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on patients’ physical activity levels six weeks and six months after PR, including steps (primary outcome), moderate-intensity physical activity, and sedentary time as well as patient quality of life, symptoms, and other psychological and clinical variables.Patients and Methods: Rehabilitation patients with COPD wore a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3X) for seven days two weeks before (T0) as well as six weeks (T3) and six months (T4) after PR. In addition to the three-week inpatient PR (control group, CG), the randomly allocated intervention group (IG) received a brief pedometer-based behavioral intervention with the application of the following behavior-change techniques: performing the behavior, individual goal-setting, self-monitoring, and feedback. The effects were analyzed using analysis of covariance with an intention-to-treat approach.Results: A total of 327 patients (69% male, age: 58 years, FEV1 (%): 53.5, six-minute walk distance: 447.8 m) were randomly allocated to either the IG (n = 167) or CG (n = 160). Although both groups increased their daily steps after PR (IG: MT3-T0 = 1152, CG: MT3-T0 = 745; IG: MT4-T0 = 795, CG: MT4-T0 = 300), the slightly higher increases in daily steps in the IG compared to the CG at T3 (Δ 388 steps, d = 0.16) and T4 (Δ 458 steps, d = 0.15) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05 for all). Patients in both groups showed moderate to high pre-post-changes in terms of secondary outcomes, but no advantage favoring the IG was found.Conclusion: The results show that adding a pedometer-based behavioral intervention to standard German three-week inpatient PR for COPD patients did not result in more physical activity in terms of steps and moderate-intensity physical activity or less sedentary time. However, both groups (IG and CG) showed remarkably enhanced physical activity levels six weeks and six months after PR, as well as improvements in other secondary outcomes (eg, quality of life).Keywords: physical activity, exercise, physical activity promotion, behavior change, long-term follow-up

This study will evaluate the transferability of a co-creation strategy called cooperative planning and its key determinants in the context of physical activity promotion. Following principles of a pragmatic evaluation, a mixed methods evaluation design will be used. This study is conducted in the German research project PArC-AVE (Physical Activity-related Health Competence in Apprenticeship and Vocational Education) which is part of the research network Capital4Health (http://www.capital4health.de/en).

Background According to the German prevention law (§ 20a SGB V) of 2016, statutory health insurances are legally bound to integrate sustainable setting-based health promotion in their activities. This includes the development of sustainable concepts for community-based physical activity promotion (cbPAP) with a focus on socially disadvantaged individuals (SDI) (e.g. individuals with low income, low social status) to improve health equity. The aim of the systematic review with a narrative synthesis is to identify context-specific factors for the sustainable implementation of cbPAP and further, to inform the project KOMBINE (German acronym for ‘Community-Based PA Promotion to Implement National Recommendations’) for a scientific and practice-based implementation of the National Recommendations for Physical Activity and Physical Activity Promotion in communities. Methods A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted. The search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO/SportDiscus, and WebofScience. Searches were limited to only include studies published up until 04/2020, in English and German. Altogether, qualitative, quantitative, “mixed-method” studies, reports and reviews were considered. Articles referring to factors of sustainable implementation of community-based physical activity promotion with a whole-system approach were included. Although this was not an inclusion criterion, articles addressing accessibility for SDI were specifically taken into account. The framework by Schell et al. (2013) was used for data extraction and analysis, while the four main elements from Popay et al. (2006) were applied in the narrative synthesis process. Results 29 studies (13 qualitative, 1 quantitative, 9 “mixed-method” studies, 3 reviews, 3 reports) were included in the review. 137 references to sustainability factors were identified. According to the framework by Schell et al. (2013), factors were most frequently reported in domains of organizational levels (21), partnerships (18) and financial stability (16). Additional factors in the domains of accessibilities for SDI (11), infrastructure (7), participation (9), and cultural context (10) were identified by the authors. The relationship between the factors and the context of the programs are considered as well. Conclusions The identified factors for sustainability should be systematically addressed at an early stage in the conception of cbPAP measures for SDI to ensure sustainability after implementation.

Despite various national and international political initiatives for promoting physical activity at the population level, the development of effective interventions for physical activity promotion remains a challenge. In this context, there is a growing interest in participatory approaches that actively involve central setting actors in the development of specific measures.This article reports on the experience made by the Capital4Health research consortium while using a participatory approach called "cooperative planning" to increase capabilities for physical activity across different age groups.Capital4Health employed the cooperative planning approach in the childcare, school, vocational training (car mechatronics and nursing), and community setting (with a focus on men 50+). While the central elements of the approach were implemented in all settings, planning processes varied significantly with respect to the spectrum of involved actors, the number of participants and sessions, the specific measures developed, the evaluation methods, and the effects achieved at an individual and systems level.From the perspective of the Capital4Health principal investigators, the preliminary empirical results from the different settings allow for the overall conclusion that the cooperative planning approach can work and generate health promotion impact in very different settings. However, it must (and can) be adapted to the respective setting, especially in relation to involving population groups. Actors' readiness for change is crucial, as physical activity does not always have top priority in settings. In this context, key individuals can make a decisive contribution to a project's success.HINTERGRUND: Trotz verschiedener nationaler und internationaler politischer Initiativen zur Steigerung des Bewegungsniveaus in der Bevölkerung bleibt die Erarbeitung effektiver Interventionen zur Bewegungsförderung eine Herausforderung. Dabei rücken zunehmend partizipative Ansätze, die zentrale Gruppen und Organisationen in den Settings aktiv in die Erarbeitung konkreter Maßnahmen einbeziehen, in den Fokus der Betrachtung.Dieser Artikel berichtet über die Erfahrungen des Forschungsverbundes Capital4Health mit der Nutzung des partizipativen Ansatzes der „kooperativen Planung“ bei der Entwicklung von Maßnahmen zur Bewegungsförderung für verschiedene Altersgruppen.Der kooperative Planungsansatz wurde von Capital4Health in den Settings Kindertagesstätte, Schule, berufliche Bildung (Automechatronik und Pflege) sowie Kommunen (mit Fokus auf Männer über 50) umgesetzt. Während die zentralen Elemente des Ansatzes in allen Settings umgesetzt wurden, unterschieden sich die Planungsprozesse teils deutlich bezüglich des Spektrums der einbezogenen Gruppen und Organisationen, Anzahl der Teilnehmenden und Sitzungen, der konkret entwickelten Maßnahmen sowie der Evaluationsmethoden und erzielten Wirkungen auf individueller und systemischer Ebene.In der Zusammenschau der bisherigen empirischen Ergebnisse aus den verschiedenen Settings ergibt sich aus Sicht der Projektverantwortlichen in Capital4Health die Schlussfolgerung, dass der Ansatz der kooperativen Planung in sehr verschiedenen Settings funktioniert und erfolgreich gesundheitsförderliche Wirkungen erzeugen kann. Allerdings muss (und kann) er an das Setting angepasst werden, v. a. bei der Einbeziehung von Bevölkerungsgruppen. Die Änderungsbereitschaft von Gruppen und Organisationen ist entscheidend, da Bewegung in den Settings nicht immer oberste Priorität hat. Einzelne Schlüsselfiguren mit hoher intrinsischer Motivation, sich einzubringen, können in diesem Zusammenhang einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Projekterfolg leisten.

Background: In Germany, National Recommendations for Physical Activity (PA) and PA Promotion are available since 2016, but their implementation at the local level remains a challenge. The project KOMBINE (Community-based PA promotion to implement the National Recommendations) aims to address this challenge with a focus on health equity. Program Delivery: KOMBINE is based on a transdisciplinary approach and the multi-level model of health promotion. Phase 1 consists of a systematic activation of stakeholders from policy, practice, and research to co-produce an action-oriented framework for community-based PA promotion focusing on health equity. In Phase 2 the framework is implemented in six communities (rural, urban, metropolis) with different levels of community readiness and socioeconomic deprivation. Building on the experiences of phase 2, a KOMBINE-manual is developed in phase 3. Evaluation: A participatory case study design is used with an evaluation of input (e.g., contextual conditions), process (e.g., structural change and development of measures), output (e.g., developed measures and their implementation), outcome (e.g., effects on the individual and population level), and impact (e.g., effects on the structural level). Conclusion: KOMBINE contributes to a deeper understanding of the implementation of National PA recommendations at the local level in Germany and the establishment of structures for sustainable PA promotion with a focus on health equity. Funding: Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) on behalf of and with funds from the statutory health insurances in accordance with Para.20a.SGB V within the GKV Alliance for Health (Number: Z2/1.01G/18)., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

Background: German National Recommendations for Physical Activity (PA) and PA Promotion recommend community-based physical activity promotion (cPA) at the local level with a focus on health equity. However, the implementation in the local context remains a challenge. The aim of KOMBINE phase 1 (Community-based PA promotion to implement the National Recommendations) is to co-produce an action-oriented framework for cPA focusing on health equity. Program Delivery: (1) In a series of workshops, key stakeholders and researchers discussed facilitators, barriers, and needs of cPA focusing on health equity. (2) The research team used an inductive approach to cluster all findings and to identify key components and then (3) compared the key components with updated literature. (4) Key components were discussed and incorporated into a gradually co-produced framework by the participants. Evaluation: The first result of the co-production process was a catalogue of nine key components regarding cPA in German communities. The comparison of key components with scientific evidence showed a high overlap. Finally, a six-phase action-oriented framework including key components for cPA was co-produced. Conclusion: The six-phase action-oriented framework integrates practice-based and scientific evidence on cPA with a focus on health equity. It represents a shared vision for the implementation of National Recommendations for PA and PA Promotion in Germany. Funding: Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) on behalf of and with funds from the statutory health insurances in accordance with Para.20a.SGB V within the GKV Alliance for Health (Number: Z2/1.01G/18)., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

Background: UNESCO (2015) and the World Health Organization (2018) and embrace physical literacy (PL) as an important aspect of quality physical education and lifelong physical activity. However, translating the complex theoretical-philosophical foundations of PL into practical interventions remains a significant challenge. Purpose: Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine to which extent intervention studies (a) recognize the holistic nature of PL, (b) target the different PL domains, and (c) link intervention content to PL theory. Methods: In November 2020, we conducted a multi-step literature search (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020188926) in 18 databases. Eligible studies included those that were either based on or inspired by PL theory; published in academic journals or book sections. To explore the link between intervention content and PL theory, we utilized 9/19 Items from the Theory Coding Scheme for behavior change techniques. Results: A total of N=39 PL interventions met eligibility criteria and were included in the final analyses. While 76.9% of the studies adopted a holistic understanding of PL, only 15 studies (38.5%) targeted all three PL domains. Combined, physical competence was addressed more frequently (87.2%). Only five studies made explicit links between the PL domains and intervention techniques (12.8%). The requested intertwining of PL domains within intervention techniques should be considered more thoroughly. Conclusions: In summary, PL interventions may better harmonize with PL theory and conception if they cultivated a tight interlocking with the three core domains at all stages of the intervention process. Funding: No specific funding., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

Background: The aim of KOMBINE phase 2 (Community-based PA promotion to implement the National Recommendations) is to implement a co-produced action-oriented framework for community-based physical activity promotion (cPA) with a focus on health equity in six pilot communities using a participatory approach. Program Delivery: Steps of the co-produced action-oriented framework, developed in phase 1 of KOMBINE, include (1) preparation, (2) assessment, (3) setting up cooperative planning groups including steering committees, (4) organizing the planning process, (5) development and (6) implementation of measures. These steps are participatively delivered in three rural communities, two urban communities, and one metropolis. Evaluation: A participatory case study design is used. The process evaluation shows that the involvement of political stakeholders (n=2���15), basic experts (n=2���12), administration (n=8���25), multipliers (n=5���16), and citizens (n=0���6) in the cooperative planning groups varies across all six communities. The output evaluation shows a broad range of developed measures across all six pilot communities to promote personal skills (n=48), infrastructures (n=17), policy actions (n=9), and community action (n=7). Conclusions: The co-produced action-oriented framework proved to be partially suitable to promote cPA in the communities. However, adaptations are needed to accommodate the measures to the community-specific context. Involving individuals from a socially disadvantaged background remains a challenge. Funding: Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) on behalf of and with funds from the statutory health insurances in accordance with Para.20a.SGB V within the GKV Alliance for Health (Number: Z2/1.01G/18)., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

Additional file 5. Summary table of factors influencing sustainability.

Additional file 1. Supplementary material_PARS Checklist.Physical Activity Referral Scheme (PARS) Reporting Checklist.

Additional file 2. Supplementary material_BCT. Overview of the BCTs used in the interventions according to Michie et al. [32].

FCL and AS were supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant no. 2018-01272). FCL conducted the work with this article as a Pro Futura Scientia XIII Fellow funded by the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study through Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. WT was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, TE 613/3-1). AD received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677152). AH was supported by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (grant no. IN20-0026). MD-D was funded by the Dutch Research Council (Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, grant no. 016.Veni.195.502). TK, MR, and UB were supported the SustES project – “Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions” (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). LS was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2150 ROOTS – 390870439. FL was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant (4-OCEANS; grant agreement no. 951649) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europe c. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives. Publisher PDF

Additional file 1. Information on the implementation status of intervention components of the multi-component intervention.

Additional file 4. Appraisal of intervention components of the multi-component intervention.

From 2014 to 2022, the BMBF has funded five research networks in prevention research and health promotion that are also jointly coordinated (Research Network Primary Prevention and Health Promotion, www.fp2g.net). The researchers have produced a large number of relevant research outputs with insights gained into essential aspects of prevention research and health promotion. The networks research focused on basic principles, application-relevant findings, and implementation conditions of long-term prevention and health promotion for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The constraints imposed by the pandemic from 2020 onwards were partly addressed by integrating Corona-related research and transfer activities. The importance of resilience for dealing with multiple health and social challenges got increased attention and was analyzed and discussed during the pandemic. For prevention research, research questions such as how to better implement prevention measures through digital tools are gaining additional importance. Together, the research networks have presented achievements and desiderata for future research. This perspective paper with its nine theses formulated in conclusion is intended as a stimulus for discussion among funders as well as the communty of researchers on the subject of successful prevention and health promotion. It is explicitly part of the continuity of the memoranda on prevention research developed in 2012. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)., Von 2014 bis 2022 fördert das BMBF fünf Forschungsverbünde der Präventionsforschung und Gesundheitsförderung, die ebenfalls über eine gemeinsame Koordination verfügen (Forschungsnetzwerk Primärprävention und Gesundheitsförderung, www.fp2g.net). Die Forschenden haben eine Vielzahl relevanter Forschungsergebnisse erarbeitet und Erkenntnisse über wesentliche Aspekte der Präventionsforschung und Gesundheitsförderung gewonnen. Die Forschung der Verbünde konzentrierte sich auf Grundlagen, anwendungsrelevante Erkenntnisse und Umsetzungsbedingungen einer langfristig angelegten Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung für nicht-übertragbare Erkrankungen (NCD). Den Einschränkungen durch die Pandemie ab 2020 konnte z.T. durch Integration von Corona-bezogenen Forschungs- und Transferaktivitäten begegnet werden. Die Bedeutung von Resilienz für den Umgang mit den vielfältigen gesundheitlichen und sozialen Herausforderungen wird in Zeiten der Pandemie verstärkt analysiert und diskutiert. Für die Präventionsforschung gewinnen Forschungsfragen etwa zur besseren Implementierung von Präventionsmaßnahmen durch digitale Werkzeuge zusätzliche Bedeutung. Gemeinsam stellen die Verbünde Erreichtes und Desiderate zukünftiger Forschung dar. Dieses Perspektivpapier mit den abschließend formulierten neun Thesen ist für eine erfolgreiche Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung als Diskussionsanregung für Förderer wie auch für die Gemeinschaft der Forschenden gedacht. Es stellt sich explizit in die Kontinuität der schon im Jahr 2012 erarbeiteten Memoranden zur Präventionsforschung.

Additional file 3. COREQ (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) Checklist.

Basierend auf den umfassenden Erfahrungen aus dem Projekt KOMBINE (Kommunale Bewegungsförderung zur Implementierung der Nationalen Empfehlungen) liefert das vorliegende Manual eine Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung zur kommunalen Umsetzung der Nationalen Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung. Es richtet sich an diejenigen Akteurinnen und Akteure, die Strukturen zur kommunalen Bewegungsförderung mit besonderem Fokus auf Menschen in schwierigen Lebenslagen nachhaltig verankern möchten und dabei die Verbesserung der gesundheitlichen Chancengleichheit im Blick haben. Das Manual beinhaltet die Beschreibung des KOMBINE-Prozesses mit den hierfür relevanten Sitzungen und einzelnen Schritten sowie ein Glossar, ein Ampelsystem zur Qualitätssicherung und Verweise zu zusätzlichen Arbeitshilfen. Die Arbeitshilfen geben beispielsweise konkrete Unterstützung für die Planung und Durchführung von Sitzungen. Außerdem werden im Manual neben Praxisbeispielen auch spezifische Hinweise und weiterführende Informationen aufgeführt. An einigen Stellen erfolgt eine Unterscheidung zwischen ländlichen und städtischen Kommunen, um anwendungsorientiert die unterschiedlichen Strukturen besser berücksichtigen zu können.