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SmI 2 is the precursor of efficient catalysts for the aldolisation reactions of aldehydes and ketones with enol silanes. α,β-unsaturated ketones give 1,4-addidtions selectively.

A new aryl-hydrazide (S)-glutamic acid derivative, pygmeine (Ia), is isolated from the methanolic extract of the title marine lichen.

In the past decade, metal catalyzed or promoted C-H bond activation appears as an attractive alternative to classical cross-coupling reaction. Although the studies of this methodology have grown considerably, applications in total synthesis of natural products remain rare. This short review will focus on the use of the metal catalyzed or promoted C-H bond functionalization for the total synthesis of rhazinilam and congeners and demonstrate the usefulness and the efficiency of this approach.

International audience; A chiral molecular tweezer obtained from (+)-usnic acid placed in solution in the presence of various aromatic compounds afforded complexes with low association constants. Thus, the X-ray structure of assembly 3i is presented, where the guest is sandwiched between the two pincers of the tweezer. The association constants for various guests were determined through different methods. Finally, other tweezers with electron-rich aromatic aldehydes and ketones were prepared from (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The most interesting complexes were also confirmed through structural analysis, and the best results were obtained with 10-hydroxyphenanthrene-9-carbaldehyde (5i) as the aromatic moiety.

International audience; A new aryl-hydrazide l-glutamic acid derivative, pygmeine (3), was isolated from a methanolic extract of Lichina pygmaea, a marine lichen. Synthetic derivatives obtained via a two-step coupling of l-glutamic acid with phenylhydrazine moieties were useful to elucidate the structure of 3 and to carry out biological assays. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the ortho-, meta-, and para-hydroxyl isomers along with their respective benzyl intermediates, and a natural methoxylated analog, were evaluated on murine and human melanoma cells (B16, A375). The para-hydroxyl isomer 6 was found to be the most active (IC(50)=1.6 microM) on B16 cells.

Ring closing metathesis of sugar-derived 1,6 dienes is the key step for the construction of highly functionnalized cyclohexenes, precursors of branched cyclitols and aminocyclitols. The method has been used for a short synthesis of valiolamine.

A sterically hindered 1,6-dienic system underwent clean ring-closing metathesis using Schrock's catalyst. The product was converted into new 5-membered branched cyclitols and is a potential precursor of other biologically relevant aminocyclitols.

ortho-Alkynylbenzoic acid alkyl esters act as alkylating agents of thiol derivatives with PPh3AuCl in combination with AgOTf in 1,2-dichloroethane at 80 °C. The corresponding sulfide compounds are obtained in good to excellent yields.

A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl bromides with vinylic acetates in the presence of tributyltin methoxide has been described. The a-arylation aldehyde product and the aryl ketone were obtained in the presence of P(t-Bu)3 and P(o-Tol)3, respectively.

A regio- and stereoselective synthesis of arylidene indenols has been developed. The key step involves a palladium-catalyzed tandem carbocyclization/Suzuki–Miyaura sequence.

A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl bromides with vinylic acetates in the presence of tributyltin methoxide has been described. Unexpected formation of aryl ketones was obtained. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction proceeded by the addition of the aryl moiety in the coordination sphere of palladium to a ketene.

We have developed a gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of γ- and δ-alkyne acids in mild conditions yielding various alkylidene lactones. Whereas a slight electronic effect of the R group was observed on the regioselectivity, bulky substituents on the R group bearing the alkyne strongly modify the reactivity. The cycloisomerization of o -alkynylbenzoic methyl esters was achieved rather with AuCl 3 as catalyst owing the presence of water affording exclusively the isocoumarins.

The use of vinyl- or alkynyl derivatives of the type C C–X or C C–X (where X is an heteroatom) as substrates for metathesis increases further this reaction’s versatility. Selected examples illustrating recent progress in this area of research are presented. Current scope and future potential developments are discussed.

General considerations on the metathesis reaction are reported and illustrated by examples in the area of natural products and/or biologically active compounds.

Stereoselective reductions of ketones to secondary alcohols are of the utmost importance in organic synthesis. Very high selectivities are observed with traditional reducing agents, mainly based on boron or transition metals, complexed with chiral ligands. Bioreductions mediated by intact cells from cut plants, vegetables and fruits are attractive alternatives and could facilitate transition towards a more biobased economy. This emerging area highlights the recent results obtained in the aqueous bioreduction of prochiral ketones using carrot roots. The applications of this methodology to asymmetric protonation, dynamic kinetic resolution and the synthesis of biologically relevant targets are presented.

[reactions: see text] The stereoselective outcome of Pd(II)- or Ag(I)-catalyzed intramolecular N-alkylation to afford 1,3-disubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines was examined. In the absence of additional substituents, Pd(II) allows a facile access to the cis isomers, while Ag(I) favors formation of the trans isomers. The same observation was made for the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines. Possible reasons for the observed stereoselectivities are discussed.

Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction is a useful means for preparing several classes of biologically active molecules. One of the most successful applications of RCM has been the synthesis of fumagillol and fumagillin analogs. The naturally occurring fumagillin was discovered and synthesized in the racemic form. It has long been known for its antibiotic and antiparasitic properties. It has benefits in the antitumor and anti-inflammation areas. It has emerged as a promising candidate for the treatment of cancer. This potential is currently being examined both in preclinical and clinical studies. This chapter discusses the synthesis of fumigillol. There is only one reported example of successful RCM involving an α,β-unsaturated ketone. RCM of α,β-unsaturated esters has been known to be difficult unless special conditions, possibly not applicable to ketones (the addition of Lewis-acids), are used. With the advent of very active and chemoselective, well-defined catalysts derived from ruthenium or molybdenum, things have changed dramatically and, in the past years, the RCM reaction has become widely accepted as one of the major tools available to the synthetic organic chemist.

A new synthesis of attenol A is described. Key features of this work include a crucial silicon tether-aided coupling metathesis step and the use of iodoetherification as an efficient protection method for 1,5-ene-ols. [reaction: see text]

[reaction: see text]. A new strategy to access the fumagillin/fumagillol skeleton is proposed. An Evans aldolization and a RCM involving an enone are used for the preparation of a key cyclohexanone intermediate, which was readily converted to fumagillol. The synthesis also features an efficient preparation of isogeraniol and isogeranic acid.

Eight-membered unsymmetrical silalketals are formed by RCM of mixed allyl/homoallyl silalketals. They are crucial intermediates in a short synthetic sequence to spiroketals illustrated in this paper by the synthesis of the C28–C38 portion of okadaic acid.

A sterically hindered 1,6-dienic system underwent clean ring-closing metathesis using Schrock's catalyst. The product was converted into new 5-membered branched cyclitols and is a potential precursor of other biologically relevant aminocyclitols.

Chiral copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes were obtained after reaction of diacetate salts with a new chiral salen ligand derived from (+)-usnic acid.

UI3, obtained by reaction at high temperature of uranium metal with iodine and zinc, and U(O-2,4,6-Me3C6H2)3THF, prepared by reacting UCl3(THF)x with NaO-2,4,6-Me3C6H2 in the molar ratio 1:3, have been tested as catalysts in aldolisation reactions of a ketene silyl acetal with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, at room temperature in THF.

International audience; Background: Constitutive activation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway is observed in most, if not all, breast cancers. Accordingly, many PI3K and/or mTOR inhibitors have entered clinical trials, and completed studies should soon reveal the efficacy of these new drug families in the treatment of cancer patients. Objective: We present the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the structure and the anti-tumor efficiency of some mTOR inhibitors such as rapalogues and competitive inhibitors, which have entered clinical trials. We also discuss some of the clinical trial results associated with these molecules mainly focusing on studies performed on relapsing breast cancer patients-but not only. Results: Most of the clinical trials with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapies were performed in heavily pre-treated patients and revealed non-negligible amounts of partial responses and long-term stable disease for these patients. Therefore, these compounds seem to prevent tumor growth and survival of cancer cells in Human, representing a new range of anti-tumor drugs that can be utilized not only as first-line treatments but as second-and third-line agents for patients who relapse. Conclusion: Drugs inhibiting the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway may represent tailored anti-tumor agents, paving the way for their clinical application in different tumor types. © 2016 Bentham Science Publishers.

In the past decade, metal catalyzed or promoted C-H bond activation appears as an attractive alternative to classical cross-coupling reaction. Although the studies of this methodology have grown considerably, applications in total synthesis of natural products remain rare. This short review will focus on the use of the metal catalyzed or promoted C-H bond functionalization for the total synthesis of rhazinilam and congeners and demonstrate the usefulness and the efficiency of this approach.

The synthesis and characterization of bis- and monocyclopentadienyl lanthanide [(S)-Cp′]2Lnl (Ln  Sm, 3; Ln  La, 4) and (S)-Cp′Lnl2(THF)R, (Ln  Sm, n = 3, 5; Ln  La, n = 2, 6) coordinated by an asymmetric cyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp′ = C5H2CH2CH(CH3)OCH2Ph) have been carried out. Variable-temperature NMR study of compounds 3 and 4 reveals a fluxional process in solution. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 3 shows a bent metallocene structure with intramolecular coordination to the oxygen atoms of the side chains of both cyclopentadienyl ligands. For monocyclopentadienyl complexes, intramolecular coordination is observed only for the lanthanum complex 6. All compounds exhibit activity for the catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions.

The oral bacteria do not only infect the mouth and reside there, but also travel via the blood and reach distant body organs. If left untreated, the dental biofilm that can cause destructive inflammation in the oral cavity may result in serious systemic medical complications. In dental biofilm, Streptococcus gordonii, a primary oral colonizer, constitutes the platform on which late pathogenic colonizers like Porphyromonas gingivalis, the causative agent of periodontal diseases, will bind. The aim of the first study was to determine the antibacterial activity of eleven natural lichen compounds belonging to different chemical families to uncover new antibiotics which can fight against the oral bacteria. Three compounds were shown to have promising antibacterial activities where psoromic acid had the lowest MICs of 11.72 and 5.86 µg/mL against S. gordonii and P. gingivalis, respectively. Novel butyrolactone analogues were then designed and synthesized based on the known lichen antibacterial compounds, lichesterinic acids (B-10 and B-11), by substituting different functional groups on the butyrolactone ring trying to enhance its activity on S. gordonii and P. gingivalis.. Among the derivatives, B-12 and B-13 had the lowest MIC of 9.38 µg/mL where they have shown to be stronger bactericidals, by 2-3 times, than the reference antibiotic, doxycycline. B-12 and B-13 were also the most efficient on P. gingivalis exhibiting MIC of 0.037 and 0.293 µg/mL and MBC of 1.17 and 0.586 µg/mL, respectively. These 2 compounds were then checked for their cytotoxicity against human gingival epithelial cells and macrophages by MTT and LDH assays which confirmed their safety against the tested cell lines. A preliminary study of the structure-activity relationships unveiled the important dual role contributed by two substituents, alkyl chain at C4 and carboxyl group at C5 positions, in their mechanism of action. This was followed by the investigation of B-12 and B-13 for their antibiofilm activity against both oral strains using crystal violet assay and confocal microscopy. Both derivatives displayed a lowest concentration with maximal biofilm inhibition, LCMI, of 9.38 µg/mL against S. gordonii and 1.17 µg/mL against P. gingivalis. However, when sub-inhibitory concentrations of B-12 and B-13 were used, we demonstrated that the two investigated strains were able to form biofilms in vitro. Indeed, this antibiofilm activity decreased as indicated by the expression of the genes implicated in adhesion and biofilm formation. To better understand the mechanism of action of butyrolactones, we have investigated B-13 bacterial localization by synthesizing a fluorescently labeled B-13 with NBD (4-nitro-benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazole) conserving its antibacterial activity. By confocal microscope, we showed that this compound binds to S. gordonii cell surface and this was also demonstrated by HPLC analysis. By adhering to cell surface, B-13 induced cell wall disruption leading to the release of bacterial constituents and consequently, the death of S. gordonii, a Gram-positive bacterium. The expression of two genes, murA and alr, implicated in cell wall synthesis, was modified in the presence of this butyrolactone. Gram-negative bacteria such as P. gingivalis showed also cracked and ruptured cells in the presence of B-13, suggesting that this butyrolactone acts on Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, but with greater efficacy against the Gram-negatives. Besides, we also demonstrated that the analogue of B-13, B-12, has also induced disruption of P. gingivalis and S. gordonii. All these studies demonstrated that butyrolactones derived from a lichen metabolite can be proposed as potent antibacterial agents against oral pathogens causing serious medical complications.; Les bactéries buccales n'infectent pas seulement la bouche mais y resident. Elles peuvent également passer dans la voie sanguine et atteindre des organes secondaires. S’il n'est pas traité, le biofilm dentaire peut provoquer une inflammation destructrice dans la cavité buccale, entrainant de graves complications médicales. Dans ce biofilm, Streptococcus gordonii, colonisateur oral primaire, constitue la plate-forme sur laquelle des colonisateurs pathogènes tardifs comme Porphyromonas gingivalis, l'agent causal des maladies parodontales, se lieront. L'objectif de la première partie de la thèse était de déterminer l'activité antibactérienne de onze composés de lichens appartenant à différentes familles chimiques, pour découvrir de nouveaux antibiotiques pouvant combattre ces bactéries buccales. Nous avons montré que trois composés avaient des activités antibactériennes prometteuses. L'acide psoromique enregistrait les CMIs le plus faibles. De nouveaux analogues de butyrolactone ont ensuite été conçus et synthétisés sur la base des composés antibactériens licheniques connus, les acides lichesteriniques, en substituant différents groupes fonctionnels sur le cycle butyrolactone pour améliorer son activité sur S. gordonii et P. gingivalis. Parmi les dérivés, B-12 et B-13 avaient la plus faible CMI où ils se sont révélés être des bactéricides plus forts, 2 à 3 fois plus, que l'antibiotique, doxycycline. B-12 et B-13 étaient également les plus efficaces vis-à-vis de P. gingivalis. La cytotoxicité de ces 2 composés a ensuite été vérifiée contre les cellulaires épithéliales gingivales humaines et les macrophages. Ils ne présentaient pas de toxicité contre les cellules testées. Une étude préliminaire de relation structure-activité a révélé le double rôle important apporté par deux substituants, chaîne alkyle en C5 et groupe carboxyle en C4 positions, dans leur mécanisme d'action. Ceci a été suivi par l'étude de l’activité antibiofilmique de B-12 et B-13 contre les deux souches orales en utilisant un test de cristal violet et microscopie confocale. Les deux dérivés ont montré, à une concentration plus faible, une inhibition maximale de la formation du biofilm, LCMI, de 9.38 μg/mL contre S. gordonii et 1.17 μg/mL contre P. gingivalis. Cependant, lorsque des concentrations sous-inhibitrices de B-12 et B-13 ont été utilisées, nous avons démontré que les deux souches étudiées pouvaient former des biofilms in vitro, accompagné d’une diminution de l'expression des gènes impliqués dans l'adhésion et la formation de biofilm. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action des butyrolactones, nous avons étudié la localisation bactérienne du composé B-13 en synthétisant un B-13 marqué au NBD (4-nitro-benzo [1,2,5] oxadiazole) fluorescent conservant son activité antibactérienne. Par microscopie confocale et HPLC, nous avons montré que ce composé se lie à la surface cellulaire de S. gordonii. Ensuite, B-13 induit une rupture de la paroi cellulaire conduisant à la libération des constituants bactériens et par conséquent, à la mort de S. gordonii, une bactérie Gram-positive. L'expression de deux gènes, murA et alr, impliqués dans la synthèse de la paroi cellulaire, a été modifiée en présence de cette butyrolactone. Les bactéries Gram négatives telles que P. gingivalis ont également montré des cellules abimées présentant une rupture de la paroi en présence de B-13, ce qui suggère que cette butyrolactone agit sur des Gram-positives et Gram-négatives avec une plus grande efficacité contre les Gram-négatives. En outre, nous avons également démontré que l'analogue de B-13, B-12, induit une perturbation de la morphologie de P. gingivalis et S. gordonii. Toutes ces études ont démontré que les butyrolactones dérivées de lichen peuvent être proposés comme des composés antibactériens puissants contre les agents pathogènes oraux qui causent des complications médicales graves.

The oral bacteria do not only infect the mouth and reside there, but also travel via the blood and reach distant body organs. If left untreated, the dental biofilm that can cause destructive inflammation in the oral cavity may result in serious systemic medical complications. In dental biofilm, Streptococcus gordonii, a primary oral colonizer, constitutes the platform on which late pathogenic colonizers like Porphyromonas gingivalis, the causative agent of periodontal diseases, will bind. The aim of the first study was to determine the antibacterial activity of eleven natural lichen compounds belonging to different chemical families to uncover new antibiotics which can fight against the oral bacteria. Three compounds were shown to have promising antibacterial activities where psoromic acid had the lowest MICs of 11.72 and 5.86 µg/mL against S. gordonii and P. gingivalis, respectively. Novel butyrolactone analogues were then designed and synthesized based on the known lichen antibacterial compounds, lichesterinic acids (B-10 and B-11), by substituting different functional groups on the butyrolactone ring trying to enhance its activity on S. gordonii and P. gingivalis.. Among the derivatives, B-12 and B-13 had the lowest MIC of 9.38 µg/mL where they have shown to be stronger bactericidals, by 2-3 times, than the reference antibiotic, doxycycline. B-12 and B-13 were also the most efficient on P. gingivalis exhibiting MIC of 0.037 and 0.293 µg/mL and MBC of 1.17 and 0.586 µg/mL, respectively. These 2 compounds were then checked for their cytotoxicity against human gingival epithelial cells and macrophages by MTT and LDH assays which confirmed their safety against the tested cell lines. A preliminary study of the structure-activity relationships unveiled the important dual role contributed by two substituents, alkyl chain at C4 and carboxyl group at C5 positions, in their mechanism of action. This was followed by the investigation of B-12 and B-13 for their antibiofilm activity against both oral strains using crystal violet assay and confocal microscopy. Both derivatives displayed a lowest concentration with maximal biofilm inhibition, LCMI, of 9.38 µg/mL against S. gordonii and 1.17 µg/mL against P. gingivalis. However, when sub-inhibitory concentrations of B-12 and B-13 were used, we demonstrated that the two investigated strains were able to form biofilms in vitro. Indeed, this antibiofilm activity decreased as indicated by the expression of the genes implicated in adhesion and biofilm formation. To better understand the mechanism of action of butyrolactones, we have investigated B-13 bacterial localization by synthesizing a fluorescently labeled B-13 with NBD (4-nitro-benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazole) conserving its antibacterial activity. By confocal microscope, we showed that this compound binds to S. gordonii cell surface and this was also demonstrated by HPLC analysis. By adhering to cell surface, B-13 induced cell wall disruption leading to the release of bacterial constituents and consequently, the death of S. gordonii, a Gram-positive bacterium. The expression of two genes, murA and alr, implicated in cell wall synthesis, was modified in the presence of this butyrolactone. Gram-negative bacteria such as P. gingivalis showed also cracked and ruptured cells in the presence of B-13, suggesting that this butyrolactone acts on Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, but with greater efficacy against the Gram-negatives. Besides, we also demonstrated that the analogue of B-13, B-12, has also induced disruption of P. gingivalis and S. gordonii. All these studies demonstrated that butyrolactones derived from a lichen metabolite can be proposed as potent antibacterial agents against oral pathogens causing serious medical complications.; Les bactéries buccales n'infectent pas seulement la bouche mais y resident. Elles peuvent également passer dans la voie sanguine et atteindre des organes secondaires. S’il n'est pas traité, le biofilm dentaire peut provoquer une inflammation destructrice dans la cavité buccale, entrainant de graves complications médicales. Dans ce biofilm, Streptococcus gordonii, colonisateur oral primaire, constitue la plate-forme sur laquelle des colonisateurs pathogènes tardifs comme Porphyromonas gingivalis, l'agent causal des maladies parodontales, se lieront. L'objectif de la première partie de la thèse était de déterminer l'activité antibactérienne de onze composés de lichens appartenant à différentes familles chimiques, pour découvrir de nouveaux antibiotiques pouvant combattre ces bactéries buccales. Nous avons montré que trois composés avaient des activités antibactériennes prometteuses. L'acide psoromique enregistrait les CMIs le plus faibles. De nouveaux analogues de butyrolactone ont ensuite été conçus et synthétisés sur la base des composés antibactériens licheniques connus, les acides lichesteriniques, en substituant différents groupes fonctionnels sur le cycle butyrolactone pour améliorer son activité sur S. gordonii et P. gingivalis. Parmi les dérivés, B-12 et B-13 avaient la plus faible CMI où ils se sont révélés être des bactéricides plus forts, 2 à 3 fois plus, que l'antibiotique, doxycycline. B-12 et B-13 étaient également les plus efficaces vis-à-vis de P. gingivalis. La cytotoxicité de ces 2 composés a ensuite été vérifiée contre les cellulaires épithéliales gingivales humaines et les macrophages. Ils ne présentaient pas de toxicité contre les cellules testées. Une étude préliminaire de relation structure-activité a révélé le double rôle important apporté par deux substituants, chaîne alkyle en C5 et groupe carboxyle en C4 positions, dans leur mécanisme d'action. Ceci a été suivi par l'étude de l’activité antibiofilmique de B-12 et B-13 contre les deux souches orales en utilisant un test de cristal violet et microscopie confocale. Les deux dérivés ont montré, à une concentration plus faible, une inhibition maximale de la formation du biofilm, LCMI, de 9.38 μg/mL contre S. gordonii et 1.17 μg/mL contre P. gingivalis. Cependant, lorsque des concentrations sous-inhibitrices de B-12 et B-13 ont été utilisées, nous avons démontré que les deux souches étudiées pouvaient former des biofilms in vitro, accompagné d’une diminution de l'expression des gènes impliqués dans l'adhésion et la formation de biofilm. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action des butyrolactones, nous avons étudié la localisation bactérienne du composé B-13 en synthétisant un B-13 marqué au NBD (4-nitro-benzo [1,2,5] oxadiazole) fluorescent conservant son activité antibactérienne. Par microscopie confocale et HPLC, nous avons montré que ce composé se lie à la surface cellulaire de S. gordonii. Ensuite, B-13 induit une rupture de la paroi cellulaire conduisant à la libération des constituants bactériens et par conséquent, à la mort de S. gordonii, une bactérie Gram-positive. L'expression de deux gènes, murA et alr, impliqués dans la synthèse de la paroi cellulaire, a été modifiée en présence de cette butyrolactone. Les bactéries Gram négatives telles que P. gingivalis ont également montré des cellules abimées présentant une rupture de la paroi en présence de B-13, ce qui suggère que cette butyrolactone agit sur des Gram-positives et Gram-négatives avec une plus grande efficacité contre les Gram-négatives. En outre, nous avons également démontré que l'analogue de B-13, B-12, induit une perturbation de la morphologie de P. gingivalis et S. gordonii. Toutes ces études ont démontré que les butyrolactones dérivées de lichen peuvent être proposés comme des composés antibactériens puissants contre les agents pathogènes oraux qui causent des complications médicales graves.

Tetrahydropyrans and piperidines are cyclic motifs found in numerous bioactive natural products. Interest in these families of compounds is continuously growing. Indeed, piperidine is the 3rd most common cyclic motif found in therapeutic molecules after phenyl and pyridine structures, while the tetrahydropyran takes the 6th place. Thus the development of simple and effective methodologies to obtain these structures stereoselectively (diastereo and/or enantioselectively) is of great interest. The research presented in this manuscript concerns the development of two new methodologies for aza-Prins cyclization. These reactions involve condensation of homoallylic amines with aldehydes in the presence of a Lewis or Brønsted acid to give piperidine compounds. The first method was promoted by a synergistic combination of a Lewis acid and a Brønsted acid and employs N-alkyl, N-aryl, and unprotected homoallylamines to efficiently form piperidines with good yields and excellent diastereoselectivity, which was controlled by the nature homoallylamine. The second method allows piperidine-lactone aminolysis in presence of aminoacids with the help of a powerful promoter LiNTf2. These two combined methodologies allowed us to obtain a library of piperidine structures, some of which will be tested in order to assess their possible biological activity., Les tétrahydropyranes et les pipéridines sont des motifs que l'on retrouve dans de nombreuses molécules naturelles bioactives. L'intérêt pour ces familles de composés ne cesse de croître. En effet le noyau pipéridine est le troisième motif cyclique le plus retrouvé dans les molécules thérapeutiques après les noyaux phényle et pyridine alors que le tétrahydropyrane prend lui la 6ème place. Il apparaît donc opportun de développer des voies d'accès simples et efficaces afin d'obtenir de façon stéréosélective (diastéréo et/ou énantiosélective) ces motifs structuraux. Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit concernent le développement de deux nouvelles méthodologies de la cyclisation d'aza-Prins. La cyclisation d'aza-Prins permet par la réaction entre une amine homoallylique et un aldéhyde en présence d'un acide (Lewis ou Brønsted) la formation de pipéridine. La première a été développée pour pallier à l'absence dans la littérature de méthodologie applicable à tous types d'amines homoallyliques. Cette nouvelle méthodologie repose sur la promotion de la réaction par un effet synergétique entre un acide de Lewis (TiCl4 1 éq.) et un acide de Brønsted (p-TSA 0.1 éq.). Cette méthodologie a permis l'obtention de pipéridine avec de bons rendements et une excellente diastéréosélectivité a été obtenue selon la nature de l'amine homoallylique utilisé. La deuxième méthodologie qui a été développée permet l'aminolyse de pipéridine-lactone. Ces pipéridine-lactones, obtenues par une réaction d'aza-Prins, sont ainsi aminolysées par un acide aminé en présence d'un promoteur puissant LiNTf2. Ces deux méthodologies combinées nous ont permis d'obtenir divers motifs pipéridines. Un certain nombre de ces pipéridines synthétisées seront testées afin de mettre en évidence une éventuelle activité biologique.

Piperidine alkaloids are found in both animal and vegetal kingdoms. In this work, we have developed the synthesis and the utilization of several -aminonitrile systems which have been prepared either from the reduction of chiral non racemic pyridinium salts or from the anodic cyanation of piperidine ring system. In the first case, the modification of the Fry cyanation allowed the synthesis of both enantiomers of coniine which is the toxic component of hemlock (conium maculatum). By virtue of the Beak's lithiation–alkylation procedure, we have been able to synthesize the trans 2,6-piperidine (+)-solenopsin A which is one of the constituents of the venom of fire ant solenopsis invicta. As an alternative process, the anodic cyanation of piperidone derivatives allowed us to prepare the quinolizidine alkaloid (+)-myrtine (vaccinum myrtillis) and the all cis-2,4,6-piperidine alkaloid (+)-241D which is extracted from the skin of brightly colored neotropical frog dendrobates speciosus. Our final synthetic approach has been devoted to the stereoselective construction of spiropiperidine (–)-perhydrohistrionicotoxin whose tertiary chiral center was elaborated through the diastereoselective alkylation of an α-aminonitrile system which has been prepared by electrochemical means., Les alcaloïdes de la pipéridine sont des composés présents à la fois dans le règne animal et végétal. L'approche générale que nous avons développée au cours de ce travail de thèse est basée sur l'utilisation de différents -aminonitriles qui ont été préparés soit par réduction de sels de pyridinium chiraux soit par cyanation anodique d'amines tertiaires dérivées de l'-phényl-éthylamine. Dans le premier cas, la modification de la réaction de Fry nous a permis de préparer les deux énantiomères de la coniine qui constitue l'agent toxique de la grande cigüe (Conium maculatum). En combinant cette méthode avec la métallation de Beak, nous avons pu accéder à la (+)-solénopsine A qui est l'un des constituants du venin des fourmis tropicales Solenopsis invicta. La seconde méthode qui utilise la voie électrochimique, a permis de synthétiser la (+)-myrtine qui est une indolizidine isolée de Vaccinium myrtillis et l'alcaloïde (+)-241D qui est extrait de sécrétions cutanée des grenouilles tropicales Dendrobates speciosus. Enfin, une nouvelle synthèse de la (–)-perhydrohistrionicotoxine (isolée de Dendrobates histrionicus) a été mise au point et cette dernière est basée sur l'alkylation diastéréosélective d'un α-aminonitrile chiral non racémique préparé par voie électrochimique.