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Cervicitis is an inflammatory condition of the cervix associated with upper genital tract infection and reproductive complications. Therapy for cervicitis in conventional system is the use of antibiotics and antifungal therapies and surgical interventions, none of these treatments provides the definite efficacy in spite of high cost and side effect. So there is a need for alternate therapy which is safe, effective, easily available and free from side effects. Our study focuses on medicinal plants mentioned in main Iranian Traditional Medicine reference books. Medicinal plants mentioned in Iranian Traditional Medicine for treatment of Cervicitis were elicited and searched in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science direct and Google Scholar to find studies that confirmed their efficacy. The findings included 311plants(Which are mentioned below) belonging to 21 families, research findings showed that these plants that have mentioned in the Iranian Traditional Medicine resources can contribute to the recovery and treatment of cervicitis through anti- inflammatory, anti- oxidant, anti- bacterial and anti- fungal, wound healing and analgesic effects. Finding the medicinal plants effective on cervicitis based on ITM could suggest a better strategy for relieving and management cervicitis symptoms especially in recurrent or persistent condition. In following step effect of selected plants were investigated. Results are confirmed the effect of Lawsonia inermis on treating Cervicitis which is currently in progress (Zareshahi et al. 2018).

Background: Acute cough in children often causes discomfort to children and parents, reducing their quality of life. Despite the extensive utilization of over-the-counter remedies for cough, the efficacy of most of these treatments in children has not been confirmed.Methods: We conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 106 children with acute cough to evaluate the efficacy and safety of KalobaTUSS®, a paediatric cough syrup based on acacia honey and on Malva sylvestris extract, Inula helenium extract, Plantago major extract, and Helichrysum stoechas extract by using a validated 6 points Likert scale.Results: Children were orally treated with KalobaTUSS® or placebo for 8 days. Children receiving KalobaTUSS® showed an early and significant reduction in night-time and day-time cough scores measured using a specific scale and a shorter duration of cough than children treated with the placebo.Conclusions: KalobaTUSS® is well tolerated and produces positive effects by reducing the severity and shortening the duration of cough in children.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov no. NCT04073251 . Retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are a new alternative to toxic organic solvents. Their constituents are primary metabolites, non-toxic, biocompatible and sustainable. In this study four selected NADES were applied for the extraction of two medicinal plants: Sideritis scardica, and Plantago major as an alternative to water-alcohol mixtures, and the antimicrobial and genotoxic potential of the extracts were studied. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the extracted total phenolics, and total flavonoids. Best extraction results for total phenolics for the studied plants were obtained with choline chloride-glucose 5:2 plus 30% water; but surprisingly these extracts were inactive against all tested microorganisms. Extracts with citric acid-1,2-propanediol 1:4 and choline chloride-glycerol 1:2 showed good activity against S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Low genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were observed for all four NADES and the extracts with antimicrobial activity. Our results confirm the potential of NADESs for extraction of bioactive constituents of medicinal plants and further suggest that NADES can improve the effects of bioactive extracts. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of the studied NADES on the bioactivity of dissolved substances, and the possibility to use such extracts in the pharmaceutical and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Five iridoid glucosides and five phenylethanoid glycosides were isolated from Plantago major. • Two new compounds, 10-acetylarborescoside (1) and plantainoside G (6) were elucidated. • This is the first report of phenylethanoid glycoside containing a seco -glucose moiety from natural sources. • Their inhibitory effects on NO production in BV2 cells were evaluated. Using various chromatographic separations, five iridoid glucosides (1 ― 5) and five phenylethanoid glycosides (6 ― 10) were isolated from the Plantago major whole plants and included two new compounds: 10-acetylarborescoside (1) and plantainoside G (6). Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data, HR QTOF MS data, and experimental and calculated ECD data. The isolated compounds exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on NO overproduction in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, with IC 50 values ranging from 44.2–62.3 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Plantago major (P. major) extract against doxorubicin (DXR)-induced renal inflammation in rats. Materials and Methods: 80 male albino rats were randomly divided into 8 groups as follows: control, DXR, Ext (extract) 600, Ext1200, dexamethasone+DXR, vitamin E+DXR, Ext600+DXR, and Ext1200+DXR. Duration of the study was 35 days and DXR was intravenously injected on the 7th day of the experiment. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels were assessed in the left kidney. Serum creatinine concentration and osmolarity were determined on the 1st, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of the experiment. Results: DXR caused a significant increase in renal expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α production compared to control animals. Administration of dexamethasone, vitamin E and P. major extract significantly improved the expression of these inflammatory mediators compared to DXR group. Compared to day 1 in DXR group, serum osmolarity showed a significant increase on days 21, 28 and 35. Also, on these days, serum osmolarity in DXR group was significantly higher than that on the same days in control group. In Vit E+DXR and Ext 1200+DXR groups, there was no significant changes in serum osmolarity among different days of the study. However, in these groups, serum osmolarity on days 21, 28 and 35 showed a significant decrease compared to the same days in DXR group. Conclusion: Present results suggest that hydroethanolic extract of P. major protected renal tissue against DXR–induced renal inflammation.

Plantago major has been used widely since ancient times, to manage a wide range of diseases including constipation, coughs and wounds. The aim of this study is to review the traditional application, botanical characterization, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry effects and toxicity of Plantago major. In this review study, medicinal properties of Plantago major are collected from credible pharmacopeias, textbooks of traditional Persian medicine (TPM) belonging to the 10-18th century AD, such as “The Canon of Medicine”, “Makhzan-Al- Advia” and so on. Moreover, electronic databases including Scopus, Medline and Web of science were explored for this purpose. Plantago major has been prescribed in various forms such as roasted seeds, decoction, syrup, liniment, gargle, rectal enema, vaginal suppository, eye and nasal drop for each illness by TPM scholars. Some of its traditional properties including wound healing, antipyretic, antitussive, anti-infective, anti-hemorrhagic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, laxative, astringent and hemostatic have been confirmed in recent researches. Phytochemical investigations showed that Plantago major contains volatile compounds, triterpenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Modern pharmacological studies have proven some of the traditional applications of Plantago major. Nevertheless, more investigations are required on this plant, because it has the potential to be used to produce various natural medications.

Plantago major L. is a perennial, wild plant that belongs to the Plantaginaceae family, and is used as a good indicator in the assessment of destructive anthropogenic impact on the environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cyto/genotoxic effects of methanol extracts of Plantago major, collected from two locations (Tetovo and Smetovi), using Allium cepa test. We demonstrated that the highest concentration of P. major extracts from both locations reduced the mitotic index, while the lowest increased mitotic index value comparing to the positive control. As for genotoxic effects of extract from Tetovo, all concentrations increased the frequency of sticky chromosomes and chromosome missegregations in comparison with both controls, and frequency of multipolar anaphases when compared to the negative control. Higher number of cells with vagrants in comparison with positive control was detected after the treatment with 0.005 and 0.02 mg/ml concentrations. P. major extract from Smetovi (0.005 and 0.01 mg/ml) induced an increase in the number of vagrants as compared to the positive control, and frequency of sticky chromosomes when compared to both controls (0.01 mg/ml). Exposure to extract (0.005 and 0.02 mg/ml) caused increased number of multipolar anaphases in comparison with negative control. Apoptosis were not detected for P. major extract from Smetovi, while its highest concentration (0.02 mg/ml) induced increase in the frequency of necrosis as compared to the positive control. Our results demonstrated that methanol extracts of P. major, collected from Tetovo and Smetovi, showed cyto/genotoxic effects on A. cepa meristem cells.

Introduction: Nephropathy is the severe destruction of the kidney that glomerulosclerosis and declining glomerular filtration rate are two critical hallmarks of this disease. Increasing inflammation and oxidative stress are considered as significant diagnostic references in nephropathy. Investigating the role of Plantago major as modulator of inflammation and oxidative stress against doxorubicin as an important known anti-cancer that induces renal toxicity is an essential aim of present study. Methods and Materials: Rats were divided into 8 groups: control, DXR, Ext (extract) 600, Ext1200, dexamethasone+DXR, vitamin E+DXR, Ext600+DXR, and Ext1200+DXR. Duration of the study was 35 days and DXR was intravenously injected on the 7th day of the experiment. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels as important immunohistochemically markers were assessed in the left kidney. Results: DXR caused a significant increase in renal expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α as compared to control group. However, in group of DOX-treated rats with Plantago major, expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α significantly decreased as compared to DXR group. Conclusion: The current study shows that hydroethanolic extract of P.major protected renal tissue against DXR induced renal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evaluation of the effect of Plantago major (P. major) seed on ulcerative colitis (UC) symptoms . Methods and Materials: In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, 61 subjects received 3600 mg/day roasted P. major seed in intervention group (n=31) and roasted wheat flour in control group (n=30), for 8 weeks, as a complementary to standard medications. Variables were assessed using the Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Results: 51 patients completed the trial (n=28 in Plantago and n=23 in placebo groups). Abdominal tenderness (p=0.011), gastroesophageal reflux and gastric pain (p=0.049 for both), were significantly less severe in P. major group. Visible blood in stool (p=0.001), distension (p=0.001), and anal pain (p=0.051), decreased significantly in P. major group, although no significant difference was observed between the two groups: (p=0.224), (p=0.283), and (p=0.455) respectively . Conclusion: P. major seems to be effective in complementary management of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adriamycin (ADR) is an antineoplastic antibiotic against many cancers, including bladder, kidney, and cervix malignancies. Plantago major is a herbaceous plant with many pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antiapoptotic actions. This study was done to assess the possible protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Plantago major in renal toxicity caused by Adriamycin. Methods and Materials: 40 rats divided into 4 groups: 1- control, 2- Adriamycin (5mg/kg), 3- Plantago major extract (600mg/kg) +ADR, 4- Plantago major extract (1200mg/kg) +ADR. The animals received the extract orally for 35 days, and an intravenous injection of Adriamycin was done through the tail vein on the seventh day of the study. At the end of the study, animals were humanely killed, and kidneys were removed to assess oxidative stress and histopathology. Result: The results of this study showed that Adriamycin significantly decreases renal SOD and CAT activities when compared to the control group. However, Plantago major extract, especially at the dose of 1200 mg/kg, significantly increased the activity of these antioxidant enzymes. The percent of kidney tissue damage in the ADR group was also significantly higher than that of the control group, and the extract could significantly improve these morphological changes compared to the ADR group. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extracts of Plantago Major at doses used in the study could reduce oxidative stress and renal tissue damage caused by Adriamycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, low-fat composite (wheat-quinoa) cup cake was produced. Plantago major L. gum and water (1.5-7.5, 3-15, 4.5-22.5 and 6 -30%) was used as a fat replacer in levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % in cup- cake. PH, specific gravity, viscosity, moisture, firmness, crust color and overall acceptability were evaluated. PH and b* value were decrease and moisture and a* value were increased by increasing of Barhang gum. The samples containing 1.5 and 3 % gum had the lowest specific gravity and the highest specific volume and L* value. Also, the highest viscosity was indicated in the sample containing 3 % gum. On the other hand, the sample containing 3 % gum had the lowest firmness in 2 hours and 1 week after baking. Finally, the samples containing 1.5 and 3 % gum had the best overall acceptability. Therefore, it can be said that the removal of 50% of oil in cake formulation was performed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), we investigated the effect of plantain syrup on HMB. This randomized clinical trial was performed on 68 women with HMB who were referred to the traditional medicine clinics of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The intervention group received placebo capsule and plantain syrup, whereas the control group received mefenamic acid capsule and placebo syrup in the first 5 days of menstruation for three menstruation cycles. Patients were asked to complete pictorial blood assessment chart one cycle before the intervention and three intervention cycles. Hemoglobin was measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. The results showed that the bleeding duration and severity diminished in both groups. No significant difference was observed between two groups in severity of bleeding after intervention (Cohen's d = .24), but duration of bleeding in mefenamic acid group was reduced significantly in comparison with plantain group (Cohen's d = .57). Although mean hemoglobin alterations in mefenamic acid group had a significant difference before and after the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in mean hemoglobin alterations postintervention. Plantain syrup could be suggested as a complementary treatment for HMB, but further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to determine the protective effects of Plantago major L (PM) leaf extracts on the testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D)-induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Twenty-four mature male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were selected. They were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: Sham (sham-operated rats; all the surgical steps were performed but T/D was not induced), TDC (Control group; T/D was induced and the right testicular torsion of 720° lasting two hours was followed by detorsion), TDP50 (T/D-operated rats received 50.00 mg kg-1 of PM extract daily for seven days intraperitoneally after detorsion) and TDP100 (T/D-operated rats received 100 mg kg-1 of PM extract daily for seven days intraperitoneally after detorsion). After seven days of treatment, the right testicles were collected. Histopathological and biochemical analyses including levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) and peroxidase activities were determined in testicular tissues of the rats. Tissue sections were taken from testis, Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was done, and the slides were examined by a light microscope. The level of MDA was significantly increased in the testes of the TDC group. The CAT activity levels were decreased significantly after I/R. The post-torsion treatment with PM, particularly at 100 mg kg-1, prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation and reduced the CAT activity levels. The PM also prevented I/R-induced cellular damage and histological changes in the testicular tissues. According to the results of the current study, PM leaf extracts had significant positive effects on the testicular T/D-induced I/R injury. The possible mechanism of reduction in biochemical and histological injuries by PM extracts could be due to antioxidant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants was carried out in three Districts (called locally Cantons: Antonio Ante, Ibarra and Otavalo) of the province of Imbabura, Ecuador. The information was obtained from 802 people: 525 women and 277 men, aged 18 to 79, with a semi-structured survey. In this survey, we recorded 59 species of medicinal plants belonging to 33 families and 56 genera. The most important families of medicinal use are Lamiaceae (9 species), Asteraceae (8) and Apiaceae (4). The most commonly used part of the plant were the leaves (43%) and flowers (21%). Most of the species are used to treat joint pains, headaches, sore throat (78%), gastrointestinal (71%) and respiratory diseases (53%) and the most common use is in the form of tea. The medicinal species with the greatest cultural acceptance, according to the Tramil significant use (TSU) are Matricaria chamomilla L. (78%), Aloysia citriodora Paláu (58%), Plantago major L. (56%) and Origanum vulgare L. (56%). Out of the Young informants (ages 18 to 20), 71% know up to 10 medicinal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of the study was to compare the effects of antibiotic virginiamycin, probiotic Protexin® and Plantago major L. (plantain) on performance, serum metabolites, immune response, and the ileal microbial population of broilers. The experiment was carried out with a total of 200 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design. Chickens were allocated to five groups consisting of T1: control diet (Con), T2: Con+0.02% virginiamycin, T3: Con+0.01% Protexin, T4: Con+0.5% plantain and T5: Con+1% plantain. Each group was divided into four replicates consisting of ten chicks each. In comparison with the control group, body weight gain increased in chickens fed Protexin and 0.5% plantain groups in the starter period, as well as by antibiotic in grower and finisher periods and by 1% plantain in all periods (P < 0.01). Supplementation of plantain and virginiamycin increased (P < 0.01) feed intake in the starter and finisher periods, respectively. Feed conversion ratio improved (P < 0.05) in finisher period only by virginiamycin. All treated birds showed an elevated relative weight of carcass and bursa, and plantain increased relative weight of the spleen (P < 0.01). All treatments demonstrated a hypocholesterolemic effect (P < 0.01) and higher level of plantain (1%) decreased (P < 0.05) serum glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as well. The inclusion of Protexin and plantain enhanced immune system with increased white and red blood cells as well as second anti-SRBC immune response and reduced heterophil/lymphocyte ratio in SRBC injected birds (P < 0.05). Virginiamycin decreased ileal microbial population of Lactobacillus while Protexin and plantain increased it (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, 1% plantain suppressed ileal E. coli counts. In conclusion, 1% Plantago major L. performed the best in this study because it led to increased body and carcass weight, lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride, reduced heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, improved immune response, and ileal microflora.

Buccoadhesive drug delivery systems have distinct advantages in comparison with oral administration. Plant exudates like gum or mucilage are being studied for their use as pharmaceutical adjuvant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the properties of the Plantago major seed mucilage as a mucoadhesive agent and propranolol hydrochloride is chosen as a model drug. Mucoadhesive tablets of propranolol hydrochloride were formulated by combination of two mucoadhesive polymers include Carbopol 934P and Plantago major mucilage, and properties such as in vitro drug release, swelling, erosion, mucoadhesive force were studied. The results show increase in bioadhesive strength and decrease in release rate with increase in percent of Carbopol 934P, as F13 (containing Carbopol 934P alone) and F8 (containing mucilage alone) show the highest bioadhesive strength and highest release rate respectively and these results were matched to swelling results which decrease in swelling of matrices results in decrease in bioadhesion. Matrices with both Plantago major mucilage and Carbopol have the optimum drug release in bioadhesive formulation of propranolol tablets.

Plantago major is an indicator of environmental pollution in the city. The plant grows along the traversed paths, close to the sidewalks. Contaminating substances accumulate on the leaves of the plantain. In the summer of 2016, samples of plants were collected in the central Murmansk region for analysis using a scanning electron microscope to identify dust particles on their surface, and to study leaves using the ICP-MS method to determination of heavy metals content. A relatively serious concentration of lead, zinc, copper, nickel as well as high arsenic and chromium content has been demonstrated in the city center, along with ties with human activities (vehicular traffic). High iron content is associated with peat soils used in the city for fertilization. The remaining metal content is relatively low. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1461064

Cultures of microorganisms were isolated from endosphere of Lake Baikal littoral zone plants: Veronica chamaedrys L., Alchemilla subscrenata Buser, Achillea asiatica Serg., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Plantago major L. Morphology and biochemical properties of isolated bacteria were studied. For the majority of the endophytic bacterial cultures cellulolitic and proteolytic activity has been shown, which necessary for the effective colonization of plant tissue. For many cultures revealed ability in varying degrees to form a biofilm to improve survival in a vegetative organism. Their potencial role in adaptation of plant-hosts under conditions of climat Baikal region was shown. In particular, 9 of cultures demonstrated ability to act as nitrogen retainer. The vast majority of bacterial cultures did not have phytotoxicity or demonstrated its low level, reflecting and minimum negative effects of them on plant. Moreover, culture with encryption P3, isolated from Plantago major in August, showed a stimulatory effect in experiments on phytotoxicity. This same culture possessed the highest ability to secrete sugars as at +26°С and at +4°С.

Objective: To determine the effect of Plantago major (P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 38) were randomly divided into normal control (n = 6) and experiment (n = 32) groups. The latter was subdivided into four groups and induced with APAP (1000 mg/kg) per oral, followed by P. major extract and N-acetylcysteine orally to the respective groups for six days. Results: On the seventh day, the serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and tissue malondialdehyde were increased in APAP groups whereas the total protein in serum, tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were reduced. The plant extract treatment reduced the histological deteriorations such as aggregation of hepatocellular cords, formation of binucleated cells and vacuolisation of the cells with scanty cytoplasm. It also revealed significant reduction of malondialdehyde and increased level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The findings in the extract treated groups were comparable to the group treated with N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions: In conclusion, P. major can enhance innate antioxidant activity and ameliorate the APAP-induced liver injury.

The vasculature of higher plants is important with transport of both nutrient and information molecules. To understand the correspondence of this tissue in molecular responses under phosphate (Pi) deficiency, Plantago major, a model plant for vasculature biology study, was chosen in our analysis. After RNA-Seq and de novo transcriptome assembly of 24 libraries prepared from the vasculature of P. major, 37,309 unigenes with a mean length of 1571 base pairs were obtained. Upon 24 h of Pi deficiency, 237 genes were shown to be differentially expressed in the vasculature of P. major. Among these genes, only 27 have been previously identified to be specifically expressed in the vasculature tissues in other plant species. Temporal expression of several marker genes associated with Pi deficiency showed that the time period of first 24 h is at the beginning stage of more dynamic expression patterns. In this study, we found several physiological processes, e.g., "phosphate metabolism and remobilization", "sucrose metabolism, loading and synthesis", "plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction", "transcription factors", and "metabolism of other minerals", were mainly involved in early responses to Pi deficiency in the vasculature. A number of vasculature genes with promising roles in Pi deficiency adaptation have been identified and deserve further functional characterization. This study clearly demonstrated that plant vasculature is actively involved in Pi deficiency responses and understanding of this process may help to create plants proficient to offset Pi deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nephropathy is defined as rational loss of renal function related with glomerulosclerosis and declining glomerular filtration rate. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in nephropathy. Plantago major has antioxidant effects. The aim of present study is the investigation of the effect of Plantago major hydroalcoholic extract on the oxidative stress and renal function in kidney of rat. Methods: Rats were divided into five groups: control (Co), doxorubicin (DOX), doxorubicin+vitamin E (DOX+Vit E), 600mg/kg Plantago major (PM)+doxorubicin (PM600+DOX), 1200mg/kg Plantago major (PM)+doxorubicin (PM1200+DOX). DOX (5mg/kg, IV), Vit E and PM extract (600 and 1200mg/kg, PO) were administrated for 35 days. Finally, urine, blood samples and renal tissue were collected to measurement of redox markers, functional parameters and renal index percentage. Results: The renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total thiol and functional parameters significantly reduced and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased in DOX group in comparison with control group. The renal SOD, catalase activities and total thiol content were significantly increased and MDA level decreased in PM treated groups along with DOX group in comparison with DOX group. The functional parameters significantly enhanced in treated groups with PM in comparison with the DOX group. The extract did not relive enhanced % renal index induced by DOX. Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of PM, specially at its high dose led to an improvement in DOX-induced renal function and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major is an indicator of environmental pollution in the city. The plant grows along the traversed paths, close to the sidewalks. Contaminating substances accumulate on the leaves of the plantain. In the summer of 2016, samples of plants were collected in the central Murmansk region for analysis using a scanning electron microscope to identify dust particles on their surface, and to study leaves using the ICP-MS method to determination of heavy metals content. A relatively serious concentration of lead, zinc, copper, nickel as well as high arsenic and chromium content has been demonstrated in the city center, along with ties with human activities (vehicular traffic). High iron content is associated with peat soils used in the city for fertilization. The remaining metal content is relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of pollution by heavy metals and arsenic in top soil layers and medicinal plant raw materials in Voronezh Region were studied using Urtica dioica and Plantago major leaves as examples. The analyses were carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry on a graphite-furnace MGA-915MD spectrometer. Samples were collected from districts with different anthropogenic impacts across the whole region. Leaves of P. major characteristically had the highest coefficients of accumulation from the soil for Cd, As, and Ni. Leaves of U. dioica typically had high accumulation coefficients for Ni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ante el creciente interés en el aprovechamiento de las propiedades de las plantas medicinales, el estudio de compuestos bioactivos de las mismas se convierte en un campo de investigación interesante y novedoso, con el cual se busca relacionar y comprender la sinergia entre las sustancias naturales y su impacto positivo sobre la salud humana. Una importante utilidad del establecimiento de cultivos celulares es justamente que éstos ofrecen la oportunidad de analizar a nivel bioquímico el aprovechamiento industrial o clínico que tiene una determinada especie debido a la presencia de ciertos compuestos en sus órganos, con la posibilidad de producirlos a nivel celular e in vitro. En este trabajo se logró la inducción de callogénesis somática partir de la germinación de semillas in vitro de Plantago major, las cuales fueron desinfectadas utilizando un protocolo previamente establecido. Luego se tomaron explantes de hoja (1.0-1,5 cm2) de las vitro plantas y fueron cultivados en medio semi–sólido (M&S), para lo cual se generó una matriz de 28 tratamientos que combinaban diferentes concentraciones de reguladores de crecimiento (2,4-D y TDZ) en medio M&S. A partir de esta matriz se seleccionaron 3 medios de cultivo (M14, M27 y M28) con los mejores resultados tanto en la inducción de callogénesis como para embriogénesis somática. Para la identificación y cuantificación de los compuestos bioactivos presentes en los extractos liofilizados de callos, se realizaron análisis de dos estándares para comprobar su efectividad como marcadores químicos en la cuantificación de verbascósidos e iridoides con base en aucubina en P. major. Los extractos hidro-alcohólicos crudos de P. major, fueron elaborados según los protocolos establecidos por la empresa Laboratorios Lisan. Los mismos se prepararon en una concentración de 10% p/v utilizando etanol al 95%. Con el análisis mediante HPLC para ambos marcadores se generaron señales con línea base estable y buena resolución, siendo más efectivo el de verbascósido, por lo que se continuó con las pruebas necesarias para lograr establecer un protocolo de cuantificación en extractos provenientes de los callos generados. La metodología establecida para la detección y cuantificación de los metabolitos bioactivos en este sistema de callogénesis somática, aún debe ser depurada con base en un solvente de extracción que otorgue estabilidad a los extractos en un período de tiempo determinado.

Introduction. Nephropathy is an important side effect of doxorubicin. The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective effect of Plantago major extract against doxorubicin-induced functional and histological damage in rat's kidney. Materials and Methods. Sixty Albino rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Doxorubicin, 5 mg/kg, was injected intravenously on the 7th day of the study. Animals were treated with dexamethasone, 0.9 mg/kg, vitamin E, 100 mg/kg, and P major extract, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg, for 7 days before and 4 weeks after doxorubicin administration. Glomerular filtration rate, urea clearance, and urine glucose concentration were determined on the 1st day and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after doxorubicin injection. Histological changes were also examined and the end of the study. Results. Doxorubicin caused significant decreases in glomerular filtration rate and urea clearance and significant glycosuria and kidney damage. Urea clearance in the rats treated with P major showed no significant change between different days of the experiment. Administration of dexamethasone, vitamin E, and low- and high-dose P major significantly improved the glycosuria and kidney tissue damage. Conclusions. These findings suggested that hydroalcoholic extract of P major protected renal tissue against doxorubicin-induced nephropathy. The protective effects of P major on renal lesions associated with doxorubicin may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Plantago major (P. major) extract against doxorubicin (DXR)-induced renal inflammation in rats. Materials and Methods: 80 male albino rats were randomly divided into 8 groups as follows: control, DXR, Ext (extract) 600, Ext1200, dexamethasone+DXR, vitamin E+DXR, Ext600+DXR, and Ext1200+DXR. Duration of the study was 35 days and DXR was intravenously injected on the 7th day of the experiment. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels were assessed in the left kidney. Serum creatinine concentration and osmolarity were determined on the 1st, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of the experiment. Results: DXR caused a significant increase in renal expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α production compared to control animals. Administration of dexamethasone, vitamin E and P. major extract significantly improved the expression of these inflammatory mediators compared to DXR group. Compared to day 1 in DXR group, serum osmolarity showed a significant increase on days 21, 28 and 35. Also, on these days, serum osmolarity in DXR group was significantly higher than that on the same days in control group. In Vit E+DXR and Ext 1200+DXR groups, there was no significant changes in serum osmolarity among different days of the study. However, in these groups, serum osmolarity on days 21, 28 and 35 showed a significant decrease compared to the same days in DXR group. Conclusion: Present results suggest that hydroethanolic extract of P. major protected renal tissue against DXR-induced renal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni) in Plantago major leafs was comparatively studied in an urban (Cluj-Napoca) and a post-industrial area (Baia-Mare) from Romania. These two sites were selected for study as in Cluj-Napoca the dominant metal pollution sources are related to traffic, urban runoff, residential heating and municipal landfill, while in Baia-Mare the main pollution sources are the former ore processing activities and the remaining metal rich mining wastes. The average concentrations of Zn and Pb were higher in the soils collected from the postindustrial area, while the Cr and Ni in those from the urban area. The Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni in plantain leafs were comparable in both areas, while Pb and Zn were higher in the post-industrial area. Based on the enrichment factor and the metal accumulation index, plantain was found to be tolerant to high metal contents and moderate accumulator of Cu and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal benefits of Plantago major have been acknowledged around the world for hundreds of years. This plant contains a number of effective chemical constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid derivatives, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids, polysaccharides and vitamins which contribute to its exerting specific therapeutic effects. Correspondingly, studies have found that Plantago major is effective as a wound healer, as well as an antiulcerative, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, and antiviral agent. It also combats fatigue and cancer, is an antioxidant and a free radical scavenger. This paper provides a review of the medicinal benefits and chemical constituents of Plantago major published in journals from year 1937 to 2015 which are available from PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by bio-inspired route, a cost effective and fast synthesis method. Structural and morphological characterization of nanoparticles was performed by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic activity of both nanoparticles and Plantago major extract containing nanoparticles against a human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) was studied in vitro. MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays were performed using various concentrations of P. major extract (alone) and extract containing AgNPs ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 µg/ml. Data analysis showed significant level of cytotoxic activity. The potential cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the treatment of breast cancer is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO) is considered as a main air pollutant in industrialized areas that can damage vegetation. In the present study, we investigated how exposure to SO and foliar application of iron (Fe) would affect certain physiological characteristics of Plantago major. The plant seedlings exposed or unexposed to SO (3900 μg m) were non-supplemented or supplemented with Fe (3 g L) as foliar spray. Plants were exposed to SO for 6 weeks in 100 × 70 × 70 cm chambers. Fumigation of plants with SO was performed for 3 h daily for 3 days per week (alternate day). Lower leaf Fe concentration in the plants exposed to SO at no added Fe treatment was accompanied with incidence of chlorosis symptoms and reduced chlorophyll concentration. No visible chlorotic symptoms were observed on the SO-exposed plants supplied with Fe that accumulated higher Fe in their leaves. Both at with and without added Fe treatments, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity was higher in the plants fumigated with SO in comparison with those non-fumigated with SO. Foliar application of Fe was also effective in increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD. Exposure to SO led to reduced cellulose but enhanced lignin content of plant leaf cell wall. The results obtained showed that foliar application of Fe was effective in reducing the effects of exposure to SO on cell wall composition. In contrast to SO, application of Fe increased cellulose while decreased lignin content of the leaf cell wall. This might be due to reduced oxidative stress induced by SO in plants supplied with Fe compared with those unsupplied with Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plantago major has been reported to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Moreover, which plant parts are more suitable as starting materials has not been explored. Objectives: To investigate the antiproliferative activity of P. major extracts against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549, and KB cancer cell lines as well as their effects on inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and interferon [IFN]-γ) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Materials and Methods: The methanol and aqueous extracts of P. major from different plant parts and its chemical compounds, i.e., ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), and aucubin were tested in this experiment. Results: Methanol and aqueous extracts of P. major seeds exhibited the greatest antiproliferative activity. The methanol extracts of seeds also demonstrated the highest inhibition of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ production. Interestingly, the roots, which were commonly discarded, exhibited comparable activities to those of leaves and petioles. Furthermore, UA exhibited stronger activities than OA and aucubin. Conclusions: The seeds are being proposed as the main source for further development of anticancer and anti-inflammatory products, whereas the roots could be included in the preparation of P. major derived products with respect to anti-inflammatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Diabetes type 1 is caused by the lack of secretion of insulin. In this study, the effect of Plantago major on the serum level of insulin and glucose, and restorative effect of extract on pancreas tissue, and nephropathic effects of diabetes were studied. Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into three groups. The first group (healthy control) that was received normal saline, and other two group were diabetized by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. One group of diabetic mice received P. major leaf extract 100mg/kg/bw as intraperitoneal injection four 6 weeks and the third group was considered as diabetic control. After the treatment period, taking blood was performed and serum levels of glucose, insulin, creatinine, and BUN were measured. After preparation of tissue sections, H&E and PAS stainings were respectively done for pancreas and kidney. Histological studies were performed with an optical microscope. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc tests. Results: In this study, P. major leaf extract significantly decreased the serum levels of glucose, BUN, creatinine and significantly increased the serum level of insulin compared to diabetic group (p

Plantago major is a common plant that grows worldwide in temperate zones and is found in fields, lawns, and on the roadsides. Its leaves and seeds have been used in almost all parts of the world for centuries as a wound healer, analgesic, antioxidant, and antibiotic, as well as an immune system modulator, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agent. Baicalein and aucubin are the two most biologically active components of P. major, and both have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Neutrophils have a pivotal role in wound healing and inflammation. Their principal mechanism of host defense is the killing of pathogens via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro effects of P. major extract, baicalein, and aucubin on human neutrophil respiratory burst activity. The cytotoxicity of the agents was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. A standard luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) assay was utilized to monitor the respiratory burst of the neutrophils after exposure to P. major extract and its two active ingredients, baicalein and aucubin. Three replicates per group were included in each of the three runs of the experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. P. major and baicalein were not toxic to the cells at any of the concentrations examined. Aucubin was toxic to the cells only at the highest concentration tested (P=0.0081). However, genistein was toxic to the cells at all of the concentrations examined except for the lowest concentration of 16.9 μg/ml (P=0.985). P. major (−0.10±0.11), aucubin (0.06±0.16), baicalein (−0.10±0.11), and genistein (−0.18±0.07) all significantly (P

Objective: Plantago major (P. major) is one of the medicinal crops in the world which has therapeutic properties for treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Theophylline is commonly used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of P. majoron lung in asthmatic male rats. Materials and Methods: 32 male adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: The control group (C) received normal saline; Asthma (A) group received a normal diet; Asthma group treated with Theophylline (200 mg/kg b.w.) (T); Asthma group which received p.major (100 mg/kg b.w.) (P). Asthma was induced by citric acid, 0.1 mg in form of spraying. The injection of P.major extract and theophylline was administered intraperitoneally for four weeks. At the end of the treatment, all of the rats were sacrificed and lungs were taken out, fixed, and stained with H&E, toluidine blue, and PAS, then histological studies were followed with light microscope. Results: Results showed that, in asthmatic group, the mean number of mast cells was significantly increased (p