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Purpose – Various scams and swindles in banks demand effective supervision and competent workforce, as it involves with workplace accountability and undertaking customer support services. The purpose of this paper is to examine the managerial effectiveness of selected public, private and foreign banks in India. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 467 questionnaires from (middle and top-level) managers of (five public, five private and five foreign banks) fifteen banks have been considered. The descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA are used to differentiate each sector of banks. Findings – The significant difference denoted in terms of managerial effectiveness among banks. The results revealed that managers of public banks are action-oriented and receptive to feedback, whereas the manager of private sector banks embodies self-disclosure and perceptiveness. The correlates, namely, action-orientation, self-disclosure and receptivity to feedback evident significant among foreign banks. Practical implications – The consideration and application of such correlates would surely help managers, decision-makers and practitioners to enhance their effectiveness. Human resource professionals can use these results to develop programmes and policies for better management. Originality/value – The study is imperative as it compares the behaviour of managers of public, private and foreign banks individually. The findings demonstrate that correlates of managerial effectiveness significantly differ among the banks.

Salinity stress is one of the significant abiotic stresses that influence critical metabolic processes in the plant. Salinity stress limits plant growth and development by adversely affecting various physiological and biochemical processes. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced via salinity stress subsequently alters macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and thus constrains crop productivity. Due to which, a decreasing trend in cultivable land and a rising world population raises a question of global food security. In response to salt stress signals, plants adapt defensive mechanisms by orchestrating the synthesis, signaling, and regulation of various osmolytes and phytohormones. Under salinity stress, osmolytes have been investigated to stabilize the osmotic differences between the surrounding of cells and cytosol. They also help in the regulation of protein folding to facilitate protein functioning and stress signaling. Phytohormones play critical roles in eliciting a salinity stress adaptation response in plants. These responses enable the plants to acclimatize to adverse soil conditions. Phytohormones and osmolytes are helpful in minimizing salinity stress-related detrimental effects on plants. These phytohormones modulate the level of osmolytes through alteration in the gene expression pattern of key biosynthetic enzymes and antioxidative enzymes along with their role as signaling molecules. Thus, it becomes vital to understand the roles of these phytohormones on osmolyte accumulation and regulation to conclude the adaptive roles played by plants to avoid salinity stress.

Abstract Background Teleosts display a spectacular diversity of craniofacial adaptations that often mediates ecological specializations. A considerable amount of research has revealed molecular players underlying skeletal craniofacial morphologies, but less is known about soft craniofacial phenotypes. Here we focus on an example of lip hypertrophy in the benthivorous Lake Tangnayika cichlid, Gnathochromis permaxillaris, considered to be a morphological adaptation to extract invertebrates out of the uppermost layer of mud bottom. We investigate the molecular and regulatory basis of lip hypertrophy in G. permaxillaris using a comparative transcriptomic approach. Results We identified a gene regulatory network involved in tissue overgrowth and cellular hypertrophy, potentially associated with the formation of a locally restricted hypertrophic lip in a teleost fish species. Of particular interest were the increased expression level of apoda and fhl2, as well as reduced expression of cyp1a, gimap8, lama5 and rasal3, in the hypertrophic lip region which have been implicated in lip formation in other vertebrates. Among the predicted upstream transcription factors, we found reduced expression of foxp1 in the hypertrophic lip region, which is known to act as repressor of cell growth and proliferation, and its function has been associated with hypertrophy of upper lip in human. Conclusion Our results provide a genetic foundation for future studies of molecular players shaping soft and exaggerated, but locally restricted, craniofacial morphological changes in fish and perhaps across vertebrates. In the future, we advocate integrating gene regulatory networks of various craniofacial phenotypes to understand how they collectively govern trophic and behavioural adaptations.

Abstract Cichlid fishes of the tribe Tropheini are a striking case of adaptive radiation, exemplifying multiple trophic transitions between herbivory and carnivory occurring in sympatry with other established cichlid lineages. Tropheini evolved highly specialized eco‐morphologies to exploit similar trophic niches in different ways repeatedly and rapidly. To better understand the evolutionary history and trophic adaptations of this lineage, we generated a dataset of 532 targeted loci from 21 out of the 22 described Tropheini species. We resolved the Tropheini into seven monophyletic genera and discovered one to be polyphyletic. The polyphyletic genus, Petrochromis, represents three convergent origins of the algae grazing trophic specialization. This repeated evolution of grazing may have been facilitated by adaptive introgression as we found evidence for gene flow among algae grazing genera. We also found evidence of gene flow among algae browsing genera, but gene flow was restricted between herbivorous and carnivorous genera. Furthermore, we observed no evidence supporting a hybrid origin of this radiation. Our molecular evolutionary analyses suggest that opsin genes likely evolved in response to selection pressures associated with trophic ecology in the Tropheini. We found surprisingly little evidence of positive selection in coding regions of jaw‐shaping genes in this trophically diverse lineage. This suggests low degrees of freedom for further change in these genes, and possibly a larger role for regulatory variation in driving jaw adaptations. Our study emphasizes Tropheini cichlids as an important model for studying the evolution of trophic specialization and its role in speciation.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an essential mediator of immune cell signaling and has been anticipated as a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases, notably rheumatoid arthritis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and cancers. Significant attempts have been undertaken in recent years to develop SYK inhibitors; however, limited success has been achieved due to poor pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of inhibitors. The primary goal of this research was to identify potential inhibitors having high affinity, selectivity based on key molecular interactions, and good drug-like properties than the available inhibitor, fostamatinib. In this study, a 3D-QSAR model was built for SYK based on known inhibitor IC50 values. The best pharmacophore model was then used as a 3D query to screen a drug-like database to retrieve hits with novel chemical scaffolds. The obtained compounds were subjected to binding affinity prediction using the molecular docking approach, and the results were subsequently validated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The simulated compounds were ranked according to binding free energy (ΔG), and the binding affinity was compared with fostamatinib. The binding mode analysis of selected compounds revealed that the hit compounds form hydrogen bond interactions with hinge region residue Ala451, glycine-rich loop residue Lys375, Ser379, and DFG motif Asp512. Identified hits were also observed to form a desirable interaction with Pro455 and Asn457, the rare feature observed in SYK inhibitors. Therefore, we argue that identified hit compounds ZINC98363745, ZINC98365358, ZINC98364133, and ZINC08789982 may help in drug design against SYK.

DNA is the hereditary material for living organisms. Understanding the structural features of DNA is essential to comprehend various biological processes. This review outlines the application of solution-state NMR methods to study the structure and dynamics of duplex DNA. A brief overview of the context of NMR in the earlier days of nucleic acids research is discussed. Sample preparation methods and pertinent NMR measurables are introduced, followed by sequential resonance assignment protocol of DNA duplexes. A summary of results obtained from the application of NMR methodology to compare, contrast, and validate initial crystal crystallographic studies of DNA structure, especially the Drew-Dickerson dodecamer and A-tract sequences, is presented. This is followed by a survey of structural insights obtained in studies involving sequence-specific characteristics and mispairs. Results from relaxations experiments that reveal base pairs opening dynamics and short lived transient states of DNA is summarized. Overall, this review aims to introduce the atomistic characterization of DNA using NMR spectroscopy to a beginner level researcher.

Abstract Background The oral and pharyngeal jaw of cichlid fishes are a classic example of evolutionary modularity as their functional decoupling boosted trophic diversification and contributed to the success of cichlid adaptive radiations. Most studies until now have focused on the functional, morphological, or genetic aspects of cichlid jaw modularity. Here we extend this concept to include transcriptional modularity by sequencing whole transcriptomes of the two jaws and comparing their gene coexpression networks. Results We show that transcriptional decoupling of gene expression underlies the functional decoupling of cichlid oral and pharyngeal jaw apparatus and the two units are evolving independently in recently diverged cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika. Oral and pharyngeal jaw coexpression networks reflect the common origin of the jaw regulatory program as there is high preservation of gene coexpression modules between the two sets of jaws. However, there is substantial rewiring of genetic architecture within those modules. We define a global jaw coexpression network and highlight jaw-specific and species-specific modules within it. Furthermore, we annotate a comprehensive in silico gene regulatory network linking the Wnt and AHR signalling pathways to jaw morphogenesis and response to environmental cues, respectively. Components of these pathways are significantly differentially expressed between the oral and pharyngeal jaw apparatus. Conclusion This study describes the concerted expression of many genes in cichlid oral and pharyngeal jaw apparatus at the onset of the independent life of cichlid fishes. Our findings suggest that – on the basis of an ancestral gill arch network—transcriptional rewiring may have driven the modular evolution of the oral and pharyngeal jaws, highlighting the evolutionary significance of gene network reuse. The gene coexpression and in silico regulatory networks presented here are intended as resource for future studies on the genetics of vertebrate jaw morphogenesis and trophic adaptation.

Abstract Background Maternal deaths among young women (15–24 years) shares 38% of total maternal mortality in India. Utilizing maternal health care services can reduce a substantial proportion of maternal mortality. However, there is a paucity of studies focusing on young women in this context. This paper, therefore, aimed to examine the trends and determinants of full antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth attendance (SBA) utilization among young married women in India. Methods The study analysed data from the four rounds of National Family Health Surveys conducted in India during the years 1992–93, 1998–99, 2005–06 and 2015–16. Young married women aged 15–24 years with at least one live birth in the 3 years preceding the survey were considered for analysis in each survey round. We used descriptive statistics to assess the prevalence and trends in full ANC and SBA use. Pooled multivariate logistic regression was conducted to identify the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of the selected maternity care services. The significance level for all analyses was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results The use of full ANC among young mothers increased from 27 to 46% in India, and from 9 to 28% in EAG (Empowered Action Group) states during 1992–2016. SBA utilization was 88 and 83% during 2015–16 by showing an increment of 20 and 50% since 1992 in India and EAG states, respectively. Findings from multivariate analysis revealed a significant difference in the use of selected maternal health care services by maternal age, residence, education, birth order and wealth quintile. Additionally, Muslim women, women belonging to scheduled caste (SC)/ scheduled tribe (ST) social group, and women unexposed to mass media were less likely to utilize both the maternal health care services. Concerning the time effect, the odds of the utilization of full ANC and SBA among young women was found to increase over time. Conclusions In India coverage of full ANC among young mothers remained unacceptably low, with a wide and persistent gap in utilization between EAG and non-EAG states since 1992. Targeted health policies should be designed to address low coverage of ANC and SBA among underprivileged young mothers and increased efforts should be made to ensure effective implementation of ongoing programs, especially in EAG states.

Background: There are few reports in India about the correlation of hypertension, its risk factors and its relationship with type II diabetes. Several studies have shown that Type II diabetes in India is increasingly widespread. Aims and Objective: The main purpose of this research is to determine the association between hypertension and type II mellitus diabetes. Materials and Methods: The Department of Physiology, Era Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow and the Department of Internal Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sitapur, performed a cross-sectional study on 520 patients with type II diabetes. The structured questionnaire was prepared to collect history of hypertension, social and demographical parameters and diabetes duration. A trained staff has measured anthropometric data like height, weight and also took blood pressure by digital blood pressure monitor (CITIZEN-CH-432). Results: This study indicated a significant (p

Abstract Background Post-Transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) has not been studied in large recent cohorts. In this study, we evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of PTE with current transplant practices using the present World Health Organization criteria to define erythrocytosis. We also tested the hypothesis that the risk of PTE is greater with higher-quality kidneys. Methods We utilized the Deceased Donor Study which is an ongoing, multicenter, observational study of deceased donors and their kidney recipients that were transplanted between 2010 and 2013 across 13 centers. Eryrthocytosis is defined by hemoglobin> 16.5 g/dL in men and> 16 g/dL in women. Kidney quality is measured by Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). Results Of the 1123 recipients qualified to be in this study, PTE was observed at a median of 18 months in 75 (6.6%) recipients. Compared to recipients without PTE, those with PTE were younger [mean 48±11 vs 54±13 years, p

Background: India has become the diabetes capital of the world. Analyzing trends in drug prescribing helps in judging rationality of prescriptions in different settings. This study aimed to assess disease and prescribing trends with a special emphasis on evaluating use of metformin, insulin, fixed dose combinations (FDCs), concomitant medications, pill burden, and costs of drug therapy in diabetes. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which patients of either sex who attended the diabetes clinic at a tertiary care center over 9 months were included consecutively. Basic demographic profile, clinical, and treatment details on the day of visit were collected from the prescription charts. Drug costs for prescriptions were calculated using generic and median brand prices of formulations using a recognized commercial drug directory and generic price list of the government, respectively. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel and Open Epi online software to compare results with published studies. Results: Average age of diabetics was 53.9 ± 11.8 years and disease duration was 8.13 ± 7.78 years in 336 prescriptions analyzed. Dual drug regimens were seen in 32.7% prescriptions, most commonly metformin and sulfonylureas, followed by triple drug regimens (25%) with inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor. Metformin was prescribed in 95% prescriptions (mean dose 1511 ± 559.87 mg) and insulin in 22.6% prescriptions. Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs) and statins were the most commonly prescribed concomitant drugs. One FDC per prescription (median) each for diabetes and comorbidities were prescribed. Daily pill burden was 4.59 ± 2.65 pills. The median monthly cost of drug therapy with branded prescribing was INR 870.43 and INR 393.72 with the use of generics. Inferences drawn by comparison with published data showed variable results for different parameters analyzed. Conclusion: Disease pattern was as expected for the region and trends of therapy showed concurrence with rational prescribing. Pill burden and cost of therapy remain high with a significant contribution of comorbidities.

Introduction: During pulmonary vein isolation ablation procedure, the knowledge of number and position of pulmonary veins with thickness of posterior wall of left atrium (LA) is of invaluable significance. The objective of the study was to determine the left atrial wall thickness (LAWT) and its relationship with number and variations of right pulmonary veins (RPVs) and left pulmonary veins (LPVs). Methodology: In an observational study, carried out in the Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), morphological variations of pulmonary veins among 75 formalin-fixed hearts were noted. The thickness of posterior wall of LA was measured in each specimen studied. The number of RPVs and LPVs was counted. Any sexual differences in these numbers were noted. Results: Normal anatomical description of two RPVs and two LPVs opening the LA was observed in 63 out of 75 heart specimens (84%). The posterior LAWT is ranged 1.28–1.48 mm where two RPVs and two LPVs enter LA. The remaining 12 specimens (16%) showed variation in the number of veins opening into LA ranging between 1 and 5 veins of either side. The posterior LAWT ranged between 1.01 and 2.53 mm in these 12 specimens. The mean posterior LAWT thickness with 3, 4, and 5 RPVs was 1.47, 1.94, and 2.43 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The thickness of posterior wall of LA increases as the number of RPVs increases. Twelve specimens (16%) showed variation in the number of veins opening into LA ranging between 1 and 5 veins of either side.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading cause of deaths due to its persistent drug resistance and the consequent ineffectiveness of anti-TB treatment. Recent years witnessed huge amount of sequencing data, revealing mutations responsible for drug resistance. However, the lack of an up-to-date repository remains a barrier towards utilization of these data and identifying major mutations-associated with resistance. Amongst all mutations, non-synonymous mutations alter the amino acid sequence of a protein and have a much greater effect on pathogenicity. Hence, this type of gene mutation is of prime interest of the present study. The purpose of this study is to develop an updated database comprising almost all reported substitutions within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) drug target genes rpoB, inhA, katG, pncA, gyrA and gyrB. Various bioinformatics prediction tools were used to assess the structural and biophysical impacts of the resistance causing non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) at the molecular level. This was followed by evaluating the impact of these mutations on binding affinity of the drugs to target proteins. We have developed a comprehensive online resource named MycoTRAP-DB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance Associated Polymorphisms Database) that connects mutations in genes with their structural, functional and pathogenic implications on protein. This database is accessible at http://139.59.12.92. This integrated platform would enable comprehensive analysis and prioritization of SNPs for the development of improved diagnostics and antimycobacterial medications. Moreover, our study puts forward secondary mutations that can be important for prognostic assessments of drug-resistance mechanism and actionable anti-TB drugs.

Essential oils, extracts and chemical components from aromatic plants are widely used as flavors and fragrances by the food and cosmetics industries because they act highly effective against plant pathogens and pests. According to recent research studies, some botanicals derived from higher plants are efficient insecticides against particular pests, and fungicidal against necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens, in addition to their use in food production. Towards substituting synthetic insecticides/fungicides with natural substitutes, which do not carry negative health effects, the essential oils, extracts and chemical components of Curcuma species have been examined against various plant pathogens and insect pests that harm food crops. The present review discusses the efficacy of essential oils, extracts and few main components derived from a wide range of Curcuma plants against a wide variety of pests and pathogens of food crops. In addition, their mechanism of action against insects and plant pathogens as well as their potential impact on crops (i.e. the allelopathic nature) are discussed. Finally, the commercialization of Curcuma-based pesticides is reviewed and challenges and knowledge gaps are highlighted.

Objectives: Although racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare have long been recognized, recent discourse around structural racism will hopefully lead to improved transparency surrounding these issues. Despite the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial/ethnic minorities, the extent and reliability of race reporting in COVID research is unclear. Methods: COVID-19 research published in three top medical journals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was reviewed and assessed for race reporting and proportional representation. Results: Of the 95 manuscripts that were identified, 56 reporting on 252,262 patients met eligibility. Thirty-five (62.5%) did not report race distribution and 15 (26.7%) did not report ethnicity. There was no difference based on journal (P = 0.87), study sponsor (P = 0.41), whether the study was retrospective or prospective (P = 0.33), or observational vs interventional (P = 0.11). Studies with ≥250 patients were more likely to report on race (OR 4.01, 95% CI: 1.12–14.37, P = 0.027), and North American (USA and Canada) studies were more likely than European studies (OR 7.88, 95% CI: 1.73–37.68, P = 0.006) to report on race. COVID-19 research mirrored USA COVID-19 racial incidence; however, both showed higher distribution of COVID-19 infection among Blacks and a smaller proportion of Whites compared to the USA population. This suggests that research is broadly representing infection rates and that social determinants of health are impacting racial distribution of infection. Conclusions: Despite increasing awareness of racial disparities and inequity, COVID-19 research during the first wave of the pandemic lacked appropriate racial/ethnicity reporting. However, research mirrored COVID-19 incidence in the USA, with an increased burden of infection among Black individuals.

The opium poppy has been a source of painkilling drugs synthesized by the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway. Here, the authors report an improved genome assembly and reveal gene clustering and copy number variation in alkaloid metabolic pathways.

Abstract Both classical and recent genetic studies have unanimously concluded that the genetic landscape of South Asia is unique. At long distances the ‘isolation-by-distance’ model appears to correspond well with the genetic data, whereas at short distances several other factors, including the caste, have been shown to be strong determinant factors. In addition with these, tribal populations speaking various languages add yet another layer of genetic complexity. The Kol are the third most populous tribal population in India, comprising communities speaking Austroasiatic languages of the Northern Munda branch. Yet, the Kol have not hitherto undergone in-depth genetic analysis. In the present study, we have analysed two Kol groups of central and western India for hundreds thousands of autosomal and several mitochondrial DNA makers to infer their fine genetic structure and affinities to other Eurasian populations. In contrast, with their known linguistic affinity, the Kol share their more recent common ancestry with the Indo-European and Dravidian speaking populations. The geographic-genetic neighbour tests at both the temporal and spatial levels have suggested some degree of excess allele sharing of Kol1 with Kol2, thereby indicating their common stock. Our extensive analysis on the Kol ethnic group shows South Asia to be a living genetics lab, where real-time tests can be performed on existing hypotheses.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and senses of coherence (SoC) can be affected by the use of tobacco. Hence, the aim of the present study was to explore the association between HRQOL and SoC among health professionals working in primary health centers (PHCs) consuming Tobacco. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study where sampling technique used was systematic stratified random sampling. Jaipur District has 37 PHCs retrieved from site of NRHM Rajasthan. A close-ended questionnaire was prepared to conduct the interview. Results: Majority of study participants (57; 37.01%) were of 36–40 years of age. Males respondents (86; 55.85%) consuming tobacco were more in number than female respondents. Majority of study subjects (91; 59.09%) consumed smoked kind of tobacco, in which most contributed were nurses (49; 62.82%). On applying a linear regression model, it was determined that all subscale of SF-36 was significantly (P ≤ 0.000) associated with SoC. Conclusion: From above, it was concluded that there was a strong association between HRQOL and SoC among health professionals working in primary health centers consuming tobacco.

Rice is an essential primary food crop in the world, and it plays a significant part in the country’s economy. It is the most often eaten stable food and is in great demand in the market as the world’s population continues to expand. Rice output should be boosted to fulfil the growing demand. As a result, the yield of plant crops diminishes, creating an environment conducive to the spread of infectious illnesses. To boost the production of agricultural fields, it is necessary to remove plant diseases from the environment. This study presents ways for recognising three types of rice plant diseases, as well as a healthy leaf, in rice plants. This includes image capture, image preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification of three rice plant illnesses, as well as classification of a healthy leaf, among other techniques. Following the K-means segmentation, the features are extracted utilising three criteria, which are colour, shape, and texture, to generate a final product. Colour, shape, and texture are the parameters used in the extraction of the features. It is proposed that a novel intensity-based technique is used to retrieve colour features from the infected section, whereas the form parameters of the infected section, such as the area and diameter, and the texture characteristics of the infected section are extracted using a grey-level co-occurrence matrix. The colour features are retrieved depending on the characteristics of the features. All three previous techniques were surpassed by the proposed fuzzy logic-based probabilistic neural network on a range of performance metrics, with the new network obtaining greater accuracy. Finally, the result is validated using the fivefold cross-validation method, with the final accuracy for the diseases such as bacterial leaf blight, brown spot, healthy leaf, and rice blast being 95.20 percent, 97.60 percent, 99.20 percent, and 98.40 percent, respectively, and 95.40 percent for the disease brown spot.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) in deceased donors is not associated with graft failure (GF). We hypothesize that hemodynamic AKI (hAKI) comprises the majority of donor AKI and may explain this lack of association. Methods In this ancillary analysis of the Deceased Donor Study, 428 donors with available charts were selected to identify those with and without AKI. AKI cases were classified as hAKI, intrinsic (iAKI), or mixed (mAKI) based on majority adjudication by three nephrologists. We evaluated the associations between AKI phenotypes and delayed graft function (DGF), 1-year eGFR and GF. We also evaluated differences in urine biomarkers among AKI phenotypes. Results Of the 291 (68%) donors with AKI, 106 (36%) were adjudicated as hAKI, 84 (29%) as iAKI and 101 (35%) as mAKI. Of the 856 potential kidneys, 669 were transplanted with 32% developing DGF and 5% experiencing GF. Median 1-year eGFR was 53 (IQR: 41–70) ml/min/1.73m2. Compared to non-AKI, donors with iAKI had higher odds DGF [aOR (95%CI); 4.83 (2.29, 10.22)] and had lower 1-year eGFR [adjusted B coefficient (95% CI): -11 (-19, -3) mL/min/1.73 m2]. hAKI and mAKI were not associated with DGF or 1-year eGFR. Rates of GF were not different among AKI phenotypes and non-AKI. Urine biomarkers such as NGAL, LFABP, MCP-1, YKL-40, cystatin-C and albumin were higher in iAKI. Conclusion iAKI was associated with higher DGF and lower 1-year eGFR but not with GF. Clinically phenotyped donor AKI is biologically different based on biomarkers and may help inform decisions regarding organ utilization.

Lead (Pb) toxicity is a major problem in agricultural soil that negatively affects plant growth and development. Glycine betaine (GB) is an effective compatible solute that resists abiotic stress and plays an important role to mitigate various stresses. The present study is the first of its kind on the application of GB to mitigate Pb toxicity on barley cultivars. To elucidate the role of GB in mitigating Pb toxicity of three concentrations (15 mM, 25 mM, and 35 mM) in two barley varieties (BH-959 and BH-946) with and without foliar application of GB (2 mM) was examined. The study found that increasing Pb concentration significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced the level of primary metabolites viz. photosynthetic pigments, protein, and carbohydrates in both cultivars upto 42.4%, 38.4% and 39% respectively. However malondialdehyde content, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, and POX) were found to increased significantly ( p < 0.05) as compared to control treatment upto 83.4%, 83.2% and 51% respectively. In contrast, the application of GB led to significantly ( p < 0.05) improved physio-biochemical parameters as well as antioxidant enzyme activity (53%) and reduced oxidative stress along with malondialdehyde content (14.42%) in both varieties. An increment in these parameters revealed that exogenous application of GB (2 mM) significantly improves Pb (up to 35 mM) toxicity in barley plants and its use may be beneficial for crops susceptible to Pb toxicity to improve growth and yield.

Abstract Bacterial blight in pomegranate is a devastating disease caused by bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (XAP), recording huge damage to pomegranate crop worldwide. Antibiotics and copper‐based chemicals are being used for the management of this blight, while in this present work, we investigated the effect of eugenol and clove oil either singly or in combination with copper oxychloride (COC) on the induction of plant defense responses and concomitant prevention of bacterial blight. Our results provided evidence that clove oil (0.2%–1%) and eugenol (0.1% and 0.2%) successfully inhibit the growth of XAP in paper disk diffusion assay. Strikingly under the greenhouse condition, clove oil (0.2%) as foliar application 24 h before XAP inoculation recorded the lowest disease severity of 7.34%, whereas eugenol (0.2%) recorded maximum disease severity of 14.56%. However, the combination of clove oil (0.2%) and copper oxychloride (0.3%) recorded the least disease severity of 2.38%. A similar trend was observed in field conditions. Prophylactic application of clove oil leads to enhanced nitrate reductase activity and nitric oxide production which was further enhanced in clove oil pre‐treated plants challenged with XAP. Strikingly, the total ROS and H2O2 levels were reduced in response to clove oil application. Clove oil also induced the systemic response by inducing expression levels of defense genes. The reduction of disease severity by clove oil and COC combination also reflected on total yield recording via large‐scale field experiments where maximum yield of 14.04 tonnes/acre was observed, whereas streptocycline application recorded 11.12 tonnes/acre. Application of COC and clove oil resulted in a high remunerative value of ₹ 1:5.6, compared to streptocycline (1:4.85) and control (1:1.85). The present study revealed that clove oil as a plant derivative and eugenol as a synthetic option can be effectively used for the successful management of bacterial blight in pomegranate.

The genus Cajanus (Family: Fabaceae) consists of approximately 37 species, and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) is a significant member of the genus. It is a commercial legume crop widely grown in sub-tropical and semi-arid tropical areas of the world. C. cajan is well known for its folk medicinal uses to treat various disorders, such as toothache, dizziness, diabetes, stomachache, female ailments and chronic infections. These properties have been linked to the presence of several value-added nutritional and bioactive components. Different solvent extracts from C.cajan (leaves, root, stem and seeds) have been evaluated for their phytochemical and biological activities, namely antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, and considering the prominent nutraceutical and therapeutic properties of C. cajan, this review article focuses on the important details including ethnomedicinal uses, chemical composition, biological applications and some other medicinal aspects related to C.cajan nutraceutical and pharmacological applications.

Silicon (Si) is the most abundant element on earth after oxygen and is very important for plant growth under stress conditions. In the present study, we inspected the role of Si in the mitigation of the negative effect of salt stress at three concentrations (40 mM, 80 mM, and 120 mM NaCl) in two wheat varieties (KRL-210 and WH-1105) with or without Si (0 mM and 2 mM) treatment. Our results showed that photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll stability index, relative water content, protein content, and carbohydrate content were reduced at all three salt stress concentrations in both wheat varieties. Moreover, lipid peroxidation, proline content, phenol content, and electrolyte leakage significantly increased under salinity stress. The antioxidant enzyme activities, like catalase and peroxidase, were significantly enhanced under salinity in both leaves and roots; however, SOD activity was drastically decreased under salt stress in both leaves and roots. These negative effects of salinity were more pronounced in WH-1105, as KRL-210 is a salt-tolerant wheat variety. On the other hand, supplementation of Si improved the photosynthetic pigments, relative water, protein, and carbohydrate contents in both varieties. In addition, proline content, MDA content, and electrolyte leakage were shown to decline following Si application under salt stress. It was found that applying Si enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities under stress conditions. Si showed better results in WH-1105 than in KRL-210. Furthermore, Si was found to be more effective at a salt concentration of 120 mM compared to low salt concentrations (40 mM, 80 mM), indicating that it significantly improved plant growth under stressed conditions. Our experimental findings will open a new area of research in Si application for the identification and implication of novel genes involved in enhancing salinity tolerance.

We compared wheat yield, losses of nitrogen (N) in leaching, and gaseous losses as nitrous oxide (N2O) in silt and sand soil lysimeters. The studied cultivation systems were based on mineral fertilizer or mineral fertilizer together with clover green manure mulched at three different time points (August, October or May) before sowing of the main crop (either winter or spring wheat). Replacing 50–60% of mineral fertilizer N with green manure from a mixture of three clover species did not compromise the crop yield of winter or spring wheat. The results suggest that mulching of the green manure in the spring succeeding its sowing is the most beneficial practice with respect to environmental impacts. Total N leaching was higher from sandy soil than from silt loam whereas emissions of N2O were higher from the silt soil. Residual N from the clover biomass did not lead to an increase in leaching losses of N during the growing season or one year from the harvest. However, the residual N can be a source of high N2O emissions during the winter period in boreal climatic conditions.

Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth from its site of development within the alveolar process to its functional position in the oral cavity. It is a complex process that can be influenced by a number of general factors like genetics, nutrition, preterm birth, socioeconomic factors, hormonal factors, various systemic diseases and some local factors. Timing of tooth eruption depends on the chronologic age. Marked deviation in eruption timing and developmental stage at which tooth erupts may confuse a clinician and affect the treatment planning so knowledge of such cases helps in delivering proper treatment. This article reports a case where eruption of rootless premolar is seen in a child of 7 year of age.

Non-functional requirements plays a critical role in designing variety of applications domain ranges from safety-critical systems to simple gaming applications. Performance is one of the crucial non-functional requirement, especially in control and safety systems, that validates the design. System risk can be quantified as a product of probability of system failure and severity of its impact. In this paper, we devise a technique to do the performance analysis of safety critical and control systems and to estimate performance based risk factor. The technique elaborates Petri nets to estimate performability to ensure system dependability requirements. We illustrate the technique on a case study of Nuclear Power Plant system. The technique has been validated on 17 safety critical and control systems of Nuclear Power Plant. Keywords: Safety-critical systems, Performance analysis, Petri nets, Markov chain

Abstract Background Understanding how variation in gene expression contributes to morphological diversity is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fishes from the East African Great lakes exhibit striking diversity in trophic adaptations predicated on the functional modularity of their two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal). However, the transcriptional basis of this modularity is not so well understood, as no studies thus far have directly compared the expression of genes in the oral and pharyngeal jaws. Nor is it well understood how gene expression may have contributed to the parallel evolution of trophic morphologies across the replicate cichlid adaptive radiations in Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Results We set out to investigate the role of gene expression divergence in cichlid fishes from these three lakes adapted to herbivorous and carnivorous trophic niches. We focused on the development stage prior to the onset of exogenous feeding that is critical for understanding patterns of gene expression after oral and pharyngeal jaw skeletogenesis, anticipating environmental cues. This framework permitted us for the first time to test for signatures of gene expression underlying jaw modularity in convergent eco-morphologies across three independent adaptive radiations. We validated a set of reference genes, with stable expression between the two jaw types and across species, which can be important for future studies of gene expression in cichlid jaws. Next we found evidence of modular and non-modular gene expression between the two jaws, across different trophic niches and lakes. For instance, prdm1a, a skeletogenic gene with modular anterior-posterior expression, displayed higher pharyngeal jaw expression and modular expression pattern only in carnivorous species. Furthermore, we found the expression of genes in cichlids jaws from the youngest Lake Victoria to exhibit low modularity compared to the older lakes. Conclusion Overall, our results provide cross-species transcriptional comparisons of modularly-regulated skeletogenic genes in the two jaw types, implicating expression differences which might contribute to the formation of divergent trophic morphologies at the stage of larval independence prior to foraging.

Abstract Biodesulfurization helps in removal of sulfur from organosulfur present in petroleum fractions. All microorganisms isolated to date harbor a desulfurization operon consisting of three genes dszA, -B and -C which encode for monooxygenases (DszA & C) and desulfinase (DszB). Most of the studies have been carried out using dibenzothiophene as the model organosulfur compound, which is converted into 2 hydroxybiphenyl by a 4S pathway which maintains the calorific value of fuel. There are few studies reported on the regulation of this operon. However, there are no reports on the proteins which can enhance the activity of the operon. In the present study, we used in vitro and in vivo methods to identify a novel TetR family transcriptional regulator from Gordonia sp. IITR100 which functions as an activator of the dsz operon. Activation by TetR family regulator resulted in enhanced levels of desulfurization enzymes in Gordonia sp. IITR100. Activation was observed only when the 385 bp full length promoter was used. Upstream sequences between − 385 and − 315 were found to be responsible for activation. We provide evidence that the TetR family transcription regulator serves as an activator in other biodesulfurizing microorganisms such as Rhodococcus erythropolis IGTS8 and heterologous host Escherichia coli. This is the first report on the isolation of a possible transcriptional regulator that activates the desulfurization operon resulting in improved biodesulfurization.

Background: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), accounting for 10%–20% of all cases of tuberculosis (TB), is known to be determined by host immunity. However, the contribution of bacterial factors to the development of EPTB has not been studied extensively. Mycolic acids are predominant lipids constituting the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and keto-mycolic acid is involved in the synthesis of foamy macrophages that facilitate persistence of mycobacteria. Hence, the present study was performed to gain an insight into variable expression of mycolic acids in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis under stress. Methods: Pansusceptible clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from patients with lymph node TB (LNTB) (n = 10) and pulmonary TB (PTB) (n = 10) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stress, and the expression of mycolic acid and its biosynthetic genes was compared. Any bias arising due to the genotype of the clinical isolates was ruled out by performing single-nucleotide polymorphism cluster grouping (SCG), wherein no significant difference was observed between the SCG of LNTB or PTB isolates. Results: The expression of α-mycolic acid during the exposure to SDS was high in 7/10 (70%) LNTB and 6/10 (60%) PTB isolates. Methoxy mycolic acid showed an increased expression in 7/10 (70%) LNTB isolates and 4/10 (40%) PTB isolates. Increased expression of keto-mycolic acid on exposure with SDS was observed in 8/10 (80%) M. tuberculosis LNTB and 3/10 (30%) PTB isolates. Similarly, the mycolic acid synthesis gene, fas, was upregulated more in LNTB isolates than PTB isolates in vitro and ex vivo. SCG 3a was the most common SCG observed in 40% (8/20) of the isolates, followed by SCG 3b in 30% (6/20) of the isolates. There was no significant difference between the SCG of LNTB or PTB isolates. Conclusion: The higher expression of keto-mycolic acid in LNTB as against PTB isolates may indicate better survival in LNTB isolates in the presence of stress.

Abstract Background Egg size represents an important form of maternal effect determined by a complex interplay of long-term adaptation and short-term plasticity balancing egg size with brood size. Haplochromine cichlids are maternal mouthbrooders showing differential parental investment in different species, manifested in great variation in egg size, brood size and duration of maternal care. Little is known about maternally determined molecular characters of eggs in fishes and their relation to egg size and trophic specialization. Here we investigate maternal mRNA inputs of selected growth- and stress-related genes in eggs of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes adapted to different trophic niches from Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria and compare them to their riverine allies. Results We first identified two reference genes, atf7ip and mid1ip1, to be suitable for cross-species quantification of mRNA abundance via qRT-PCR in the cichlid eggs. Using these reference genes, we found substantial variation in maternal mRNA input for a set of candidate genes related to growth and stress response across species and lakes. We observed negative correlation of mRNA abundance between two of growth hormone receptor paralogs (ghr1 and ghr2) across all haplochromine cichlid species which also differentiate the species in the two younger lakes, Malawi and Lake Victoria, from those in Lake Tanganyika and ancestral riverine species. Furthermore, we found correlations between egg size and maternal mRNA abundance of two growth-related genes igf2 and ghr2 across the haplochromine cichlids as well as distinct clustering of the species based on their trophic specialization using maternal mRNA abundance of five genes (ghr1, ghr2, igf2, gr and sgk1). Conclusions These findings indicate that variations in egg size in closely related cichlid species can be linked to differences in maternal RNA deposition of key growth-related genes. In addition, the cichlid species with contrasting trophic specialization deposit different levels of maternal mRNAs in their eggs for particular growth-related genes; however, it is unclear whether such differences contribute to differential morphogenesis at later stages of development. Our results provide first insights into this aspect of gene activation, as a basis for future studies targeting their role during ecomorphological specialization and adaptive radiation.

Despite the high morbidity and mortality among patients with extensive cutaneous burns in the intensive care unit due to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, effective therapeutics remain to be determined. This is primarily because the mechanisms leading to acute lung injury (ALI) in these patients remain unknown. We test the hypothesis that cutaneous chemical burns promote lung injury due to systemic activation of neutrophils, in particular, toxicity mediated by the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We also demonstrate the potential benefit of a peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor to prevent NETosis and to preserve microvascular endothelial barrier function, thus reducing the severity of ALI in mice. Our data demonstrated that phenylarsine oxide (PAO) treatment of neutrophils caused increased intracellular Ca2+-associated PAD4 activity. A dermal chemical burn by lewisite or PAO resulted in PAD4 activation, NETosis, and ALI. NETs disrupted the barrier function of endothelial cells in human lung microvascular endothelial cell spheroids. Citrullinated histone 3 alone caused ALI in mice. Pharmacologic or genetic abrogation of PAD4 inhibited lung injury following cutaneous chemical burns. Cutaneous burns by lewisite and PAO caused ALI by PAD4-mediated NETosis. PAD4 inhibitors may have potential as countermeasures to suppress detrimental lung injury after chemical burns.

The 32 years impact of manuring and fertilization on carbon mineralization in macro- and micro-aggregates in major soil groups of India was studied. Mollisol, Inceptisol, Vertisol, and Alfisol samples were collected (0-15 cm soil depth) from the treatments comprising of control, 100% NPK, 50%NPK+50% N-FYM, 50%NPK+50%N-WR (Wheat residue), 50% NPK + 50% N-GM (Green manure) in the year 2015. The results showed that the mineralizable C pool was significantly higher in treatments applied with 50%NPK+50%N-GM in Mollisol and Vertisol. In Alfisol and Inceptisol, 50% NPK+50% N-FYM and 50% NPK+50% N-GM were significantly higher in both macroaggregates and micro-aggregates protected carbon. Supplementation of fertilizer N either through FYM or various green manuring crops like Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L. in Inceptisol), greengram (Vigna radiata L. in Mollisol), sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L. in Vertisol) and karanj (Pongamia pinnata L. in Alfisol) significantly improved mineralizable carbon pool signifying their potential contributions to nutrient cycling and thereby nutrient availability to various crops in the cropping systems in the above soils.

BackgroundFemale sterilization is a permanent method of contraception practiced widely in India. Though, the important evidences of behavior of contraceptives is widespread in the literature, relatively less research has been conducted that explores particularly female sterilization method and how its behavior has remained dominant over the past two decades. The present study aims to examine how the level of women's socio-demographic and fertility related characteristics intersect to shape the behavior for the dominance of female sterilization.MethodsThis study was based on pooled data from 1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-06 and 2015-16 India's DHS (NFHS) surveys. The outcome variable of the study was different types of contraceptive methods used. Multinomial logistic model has been applied to examine the relationship between the dependent variable and the explanatory variables. The software STATA version14 has been used for the entire analysis.ResultThe result of this study clearly demonstrates the evidence of continuing sterilization dominance in the India's family planning program. The choice of different types of contraceptive methods is influenced by the longstanding heterogeneity of population associated with religion and the caste system. Reliance over female sterilization was observed in almost all parts of the country with southern India being the leading zone. Women in the lowest wealth quintile, uneducated, higher parity, and less exposed to media were more likely to use sterilization as a method of birth control.ConclusionThe study was successful in identifying the factors behind the excessive dependency on female sterilization and also highlights the weakness of family planning program to promote other useful modern methods over the past two decades.

Feeding is a complex behaviour comprised of satiety control, foraging, ingestion and subsequent digestion. Cichlids from the East African Great Lakes are renowned for their diverse trophic specializations, largely predicated on highly variable jaw morphologies. Thus, most research has focused on dissecting the genetic, morphological and regulatory basis of jaw and teeth development in these species. Here for the first time we explore another aspect of feeding, the regulation of appetite related genes that are expressed in the brain and control satiety in cichlid fishes. Using qPCR analysis, we first validate stably expressed reference genes in the brain of six haplochromine cichlid species at the end of larval development prior to foraging. We next evaluate the expression of 16 appetite related genes in herbivorous and carnivorous species from the parallel radiations of Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Interestingly, we find increased expression of two appetite-regulating genes (anorexigenic genes), cart and npy2r, in the brain of carnivorous species in all the three lakes. This supports the notion that appetite gene regulation might play a part in determining trophic niche specialization in divergent cichlid species, already prior to exposure to different diets. Our study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on the neurological circuitry that controls feeding transitions and adaptations in cichlids and other teleosts.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most devastating form of extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans. Severe inflammation and extensive tissue damage drive the morbidity and mortality of this manifestation of tuberculosis (TB). Antibiotic treatment is ineffective at curing TBM due to variable and incomplete drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy, used to dampen the inflammation, and the pathologic manifestation of TBM, improves overall survival but does not entirely prevent the morbidity of the disease and has significant toxicities, including immune-suppression. The rabbit has served as a fit for purpose experimental model of human TBM since the early 1900s due to the similarity in the developmental processes of the brain, including neuronal development, myelination, and microglial functions between humans and rabbits. Consistent with the observations made in humans, proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of TBM in rabbits focusing the attention on the utility of TNF-α inhibitors in treating the disease. Thalidomide, an inhibitor of monocyte-derived TNF-α, was evaluated in the rabbit model of TBM and shown to improve survival and reduce inflammation of the brain and the meninges. Clinical studies in humans have also shown a beneficial response to thalidomide. However, the teratogenicity and T-cell activation function of the drug limit the use of thalidomide in the clinic. Thus, new drugs with more selective anti-inflammatory properties and a better safety profile are being developed. Some of these candidate drugs, such as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, have been shown to reduce the morbidity and increase the survival of rabbits with TBM. Future studies are needed to assess the beneficial effects of these drugs for their potential to improve the current treatment strategy for TBM in humans.

Lake Tanganyika’s cichlid radiation is the main source of East African cichlid diversity. Irisarri et al. resolve its phylogenetic backbone using anchored phylogenomics and identify trans-lineage hybridization prior to major speciation bursts and adaptive loci underlying ecological innovations.

Abstract Purpose In the present study, effect of earthworm-processed MSW was seen on biochemical, physiological, and yield responses of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Methods Plants were grown on different amendment ratios of municipal solid waste vermicompost (MSWVC). Pot experiments were conducted by mixing MSWVC at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% ratios to the agricultural soil. Results An increase in photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of plants grown at 20 and 40% MSWVC amendment ratios was observed. Total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein contents also increased significantly in 20, 40, and 60% amendment ratios at 65 days after germination (DAG). Likewise, proline, peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation increased with increasing levels of MSWVC at both 45 and 65 DAG. Conclusion The study suggests that MSWVC could be used as organic amendment in soil depicted by good yield and antioxidative response of lady’s finger (A. esculentus) at different amendments of MSWVC (up to 60% w/w ratios). Furthermore, agricultural utilization of MSWVC will help in managing dreadful effects of the burgeoning amount of organic solid waste.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Screening for GDM is usually done at 24–28 weeks of gestation. In this case, we report a 31–year-old woman who developed gestational diabetes at 6 weeks in two successive pregnancies. She was in the perceived high-risk group to develop gestational diabetes. The first pregnancy terminated in spontaneous abortion at 10 weeks. In the second pregnancy, institution of insulin therapy at diagnosis was associated with a successful outcome. This case highlights the need of screening for gestational diabetes at the first antenatal visit in the high-risk group.

Endocarditis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus is rare and often missed without appropriate blood cultures. It does not respond to standard antitubercular treatment and is also resistant to many other antibiotics. The course of the disease may be indolent and often results in a fatal outcome. Accurate identification and sensitivity, combination therapy, and prolonged duration of antibiotics are, therefore, important for a successful outcome.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health concern that impacts 10 million people around the world. Current in vitro models are low throughput and/or lack caseation, which impairs drug effectiveness in humans. Here, we report the generation of THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage spheroids housing mycobacteria (TB spheroids). These TB spheroids have a central core of dead cells co-localized with mycobacteria and are hypoxic. TB spheroids exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory factor TNFα and growth factors G-CSF and VEGF when compared to non-infected control. TB spheroids show high levels of lipid deposition, characterized by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. TB spheroids infected with strains of differential virulence, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) HN878 and CDC1551 vary in response to Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Finally, we adapt the spheroid model to form peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lung fibroblasts (NHLF) 3D co-cultures. These results pave the way for the development of new strategies for disease modeling and therapeutic discovery.

Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still a serious and significant health concern, more so with the emergence of multidrug-resistant-TB. The inability of mankind to control this infection stems from the fact that the vaccines and drugs that were once effective against TB are no longer efficacious. This has led to a search for new antituberculous agents and adjuvant therapy. Vitamins are being revisited for their role in pathogenicity as well as for their antimycobacterial properties. Vitamins such as biotin and thiamin are essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and are required for establishment of infection. On the other hand, vitamins such as Vitamin C and Vitamin D have been shown to possess antimycobacterial properties. To combat M. tuberculosis, innovative strategies need to be devised, keeping in mind the efficacy of the agent to be used. Vitamins can prove to be useful agents capable of modifying the life cycle and biology of M. tuberculosis. We present here a brief overview of the available knowledge on thiamin, biotin, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D, keeping TB treatment and control in perspective.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as a leading killer among infectious diseases worldwide. The nature of the host immune response dictates whether the initial Mtb infection is cleared or progresses toward active disease, and is ultimately determined by intricate host-pathogen interactions that are yet to be fully understood. The early immune response to infection is mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils that can phagocytose Mtb and mount an antimicrobial response. However, Mtb can exploit these innate immune cells for its survival and dissemination. Recently, it has become clear that the immune response and metabolic remodeling are interconnected, which is highlighted by the rapid evolution of the interdisciplinary field of immunometabolism. It has been proposed that the net outcome to Mtb infection—clearance or chronic disease—is likely a result of combined immunologic and metabolic activities of the immune cells. Indeed, host cells activated by Mtb infection have strikingly different metabolic requirements than naïve/non-infected cells. Macrophages activated by Mtb-derived molecules or upon phagocytosis acquire a phenotype similar to M1 with elevated production of pro-inflammatory molecules and rely on glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway to meet their bioenergetic and metabolic requirements. In these macrophages, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation are dampened. However, the non-infected/naive, M2-type macrophages are anti-inflammatory and derive their energy from oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Similar metabolic adaptations also occur in other phagocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils upon Mtb infection. This metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells during Mtb infection can differentially regulate their effector functions, such as the production of cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial response, all of which can ultimately determine the outcome of Mtb-host interactions within the granulomas. In this review, we describe key immune cells bolstering host innate response and discuss the metabolic reprogramming in these phagocytes during Mtb infection. We focused on the major phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils and the key regulators involved in metabolic reprogramming, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1, mammalian target of rapamycin, the cellular myelocytomatosis, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, sirtuins, arginases, inducible nitric acid synthase and sphingolipids.