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One of the challenges power system evolution research facing is deep uncertainties, which could not be described by Knightian uncertainty. This paper reviews three types of research methods involving power system evolutionary research, one is power system planning modeling, the other is complex network theory, and the third is exploratory modeling, of which exploratory modeling could handle with deep uncertainties. This paper combines the first and the third method, and proposes an exploratory modeling framework of power system evolution, which embeds the power planning model as the core to reflect the operating characteristics of the power system in the framework.

Ahstract- This paper integrates microgrid expansion planning with generation and transmission planning to study the potential advantage of the grid-connected microgrid in emission reduction. However, incorporation of resource planning is faced several challenges such as competition between power investors, unserved energy, power outage, future load growth uncertainty and environmental issues. One of the most significant challenge of the environmental issues is emission in dirty power systems. According to these challenges, some performance analysis indices are proposed to demonstrate the impact of integrating microgrid and traditional power resources into an electricity grid on emission as well as reliability and total system costs. Therefore, policies are established based on evaluating the performance of microgrid to address the emission challenges. The case studies illustrate to explore the reliability, economic, and emission reduction benefit of microgrid planning by applying proposed model and policy in a coordinated fashion power system planning.

Author(s): Rocha Formicki, Guilherme | Abstract: Favelas in Sao Paulo, Brazil have been undergoing major transformations since the 1980s with the rise of upgrading programs. These programs are widely seen as ways of alleviating urban vulnerability. However, the fact that they change the political structure of favelas, causing power imbalances, goes often untold. This article discusses the outcomes of upgrading efforts in Favela do Sape, placing a special emphasis on the social actors involved in the upgrading. Characters such as favela dwellers, governments, and parallel powers are assessed through a power planning lens. The present analysis also focuses on the social actors’ relational possibilities that are aimed at changing the power scenarios of favelas.

With the emergence of a “new economic norm” and “industrial restructuring”, the electricity demand situation in Hebei province will undergo significant changes in the future. Therefore, it is essential to predict electricity demand in the 13th Five-year for power planning and construction. Considering the factors and mechanisms determining electricity demand of various sectors are different, the total electricity consumption in this paper is divided into five parts: the first industry, industry, construction, the tertiary industry and resident sectors. The electricity demand equations of different sectors are established to make predictions, respectively. The results show that the total electricity consumption will grow at an annual rate of 3.46%-3.87% during 13 th Five-Year-Plan period, which would be more than 0.4234× 1012 kWh in 2020. The electricity consumption growth of tertiary industry and resident sectors would raise fast, which will grow at an annual rate of 8.72%-9.15% and 6.24%-6.72% during 13th Five-Year-Plan period. Moreover, comparing with the demand structure in 13th Five-Year-Plan period, the proportion for industrial electricity demand will decline by 5%, the proportions for tertiary industry and resident sector will increase by 3% and 2%. The electricity consumption structure in Hebei province would change in the future.

This paper presents a research of the behavior of the variable costs of fuel supply (CSC) in the generation of electricity by the use of gas and coal. This research was made in Colombia for the period 2012-2017. The information gathered allows coal plants to estimate their future performance under different price scenarios. It is also helps power planning organizations to evaluate the thermal generation plants in the country. Initially in the study was only considered fuels current situation and the efficiency of thermal plants in the country. We determined the procedure to calculate the CSC and last we established a financial analysis in order to compare them under the same time scenario.

Technology shrinking and increasing design frequencies causes problems like IR drop. There are different types of IR drop issues like “Package-ball to bond-pad drop”, “bond-pad to internal global power ring drop” and “internal local power ring drops”. Optimization equations are developed to minimize trace wire length on package for P/G pads drawing highest current. The cost functions in the optimization target minimized IR drop for the regions of the chip that are switching at maximum speed. By use of our optimizing P/G pad placement, results on the USB TC chip shows an improvement about 28% to 33% in worst IR drop value for different types of power planning strategy.

Two important strategies, electric power and clean energy substitution in energy system, are used to counter the effects of resource and environment limitation. Firstly, establishing a green power market space measurement model which extend the concept of power gap, introduces a dynamic adjustment process into the regional power balance. Secondly, the electric power substitution potential evaluation model with sub-regional and sub-technology categories gives a diversified anticipation of power demand based on the traditional power demand forecasting method. Then considering significant randomness and intermittency brought by high penetration of clean energy access in the future, an improved power planning optimization model is integrated. Finally, the generation and power flow capacity planning for 14th and 15th five-years in China is optimized by the model, providing references to the development of energy and power system.

Power planning is the process of predicting the future load. This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the amount of power supply provided to a region and the power demand of Sundargarh town. The D. Gs sets are surveyed to analyze the reliability of power supply for the projection process by determining the present and past scenario of energy demand and by considering the number of load shedding and whether the energy supplied to the region is sufficient or not through the two medium term and long term methods of load forecasting one is Econometric approach and other is End use approach which includes the statistical information about the customer classes, energy demand and different factors of load forecasting like weather and time factors that are essential basis for projection of future energy demand. From the present and past scenario of load demand a load curve is obtained. Though power supply is not sufficient enough still D. Gs are there to en capsule the power supply to a degree.

Summary of TIC analysis on Korean electricity industryyear 1976 1982 1993 1998 2012 Emission vsTrendemission trend aa emission>trendemission trendemission lock-outlock-in lock-outlock-in Busi.(15.4%)>Resi.(12.2%)rapid growth in residential/Ind.(67.2%)>Resi.(17.4%)>Busi.(15.3%)tariff cuts/midnight rate introduced/rapid growth in business/Ind.(59.9%)>Busi.(21.3%)>Resi.(18.7%)rapid growth in business/summer load spikes/relative price system shaken/tariff increase/Ind.(56.2%)>Busi.(26.7%)>Resi.(17%)rapid electrification of heating & cooling/summer & winter load spikes/severe energy price imbalances/ over 85% share of Ind.&Busi. consumption/Ind.(53.3%)>Busi.(32.9%)>Resi.(13.6%)Ind.: Industrial, Busi.: Business, Resi.: ResidentialGovern-ment(institu-tion)rate of return regulation launched/power planning implemented/a› aœInflation Actimplementeda›Power Plant Fast-track Act implemented/aœHeavy industry support policy implemented/a›Energy Efficiency Actaœimplemented/Energy Mini.establisheda›Alternative Energy Act implemented/aœa› aœClean Air Act / a›Environmental Impact Actaœimplemented/Energy Mini.abolishedEnvironment Mini.established/public energy utilities take over demand side management/ 1st National Energy Plan establishedElectricity Commission’s role minimized/ New & renewable energy target set(11% by 2030)/Smart grid policy implementedGnerationmix(%)oil(70)>hydro(15)=D.coal(15)oil(69.7)>nuclear(12.2)>hydro(11.6)>D.coal(6.3)nuclear(27.5)>LNG(22.4)>oil(20.1)>I.coal(17.1)>hydro(9)>D.coal(3.6)nuclear(27.6)>I.coal(23.5)>LNG(21.9)>oil(17)>hydro(7.2)>D.coal(2.5)I.coal(29.5)>LNG(26.9)>nuclear(26.1)>hydro(8.1)>oil(4.3)>community energy (3.3)>new&renew.(3.1)>D.coal(1.4)D.coal: Domestic coal, I.coal: Imported coalPower supply and demandDemand Supplyaa demand supply demand supply

Reading the paper by Howard et al ,[1][1] I reflected on my experience of the British Services Dhaulagiri Medical Research Expedition, which involved similar power planning, although on a much, much smaller scale. Our study involved collecting the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (Dexcom G4, San

As micro-grid technology's development, it has played an important role in improving the diversity and power quality of power supply. Micro-grid power supply planning is an important part of the micro-grid planning, the paper describes two different micro-grid power supply planning simulation logic, to provide some reference ideas for the micro-grid power supply planning simulation.

This paper establishes a power planning model based on minimizing operation and maintenance cost. The model take into account the costs of the wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, batteries, biomass generators, diesel generators, power electronics devices and communications facilities operation and maintenance, credit them in the objective function, and considering some certain constraints, use particle swarm algorithm model, by calculating and, simulating examples , to find the optimal solution, Finally to find the conclusion that to use wind turbines, photovoltaic cells and batteries for electric as much as possible.

The development of micro-grid technology provides power system a variety of forms, flexible ways of power supply schemes, but a lot of basic micro-grid operational problems are different from the traditional large power grids, which need to be studied specifically. This paper studies the power planning problem of micro-grid, namely to meets the system operational constraints, study how to optimize the micro-power configuration of micro-grid, so that the whole micro-grid life cycle cost is the smallest.

The worldwide drive for incorporation of IVSs (Inexhaustible vitality sources) implies that TGD (transmission growth development) must be completed over topographically wide and extensive scale systems under abnormal amounts of vulnerability. This prompts complex combinatorial TGD improvement issues, requiring an enormous measure of IPF (Ideal Power Flow) calculations. In particular, system misfortunes altogether impact TGD arrangements, yet they are frequently neglected because of their computational weight. Given their potential effect on the ideal TGD arrangement, the fundamental center of this paper is to locate a suitable misfortunes model with regards to medium to long haul TGD for extensive scale power frameworks. Keeping the harmony amongst exactness and calculation time is key in such issues. The paper presents two option direct misfortunes models.

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Long-term power planning is a stochastic problem often confronted by electrical utilities in liberalized markets. One can model it for profit maximization—using market-price estimation functions for each interval—by posing it as a quadratic programming problem with some linear equalities and an exponential number of load-matching linear inequality constraints. In order to avoid handling all the inequalities when one is attempting to solve the problem, column generation methods have been employed herein. In this paper, we describe the foundations and implementation of a heuristic that tries to iteratively guess the active set of constraints at the optimizer, alongside a normal quadratic programming solution used at each iteration. The two methods are compared and the heuristic procedure is shown to be more efficient.

The literature is vast in what regards the relationship between climate change (CC) and energy, especially in the sense of pointing this sector as an inducer of greenhouse gases (GHG) and demonstrating the importance of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in mitigating these impacts. The relationships in the opposite direction, i.e. the way how CC could affect energy systems, are now being recognized as increasingly important by some international organizations and authors. This is precisely the focus of this paper, aiming to demonstrate how CC can affect RES and future electricity scenarios. The work addresses the particular case of Portugal and departed from the assessment of the impact of CC upon parameters of interest to hydro, wind and solar power production, according to international studies. This information was used as input of an optimization model for a long term power planning, resulting in the proposal of trajectories of the Portuguese electricity system under different CC assumptions., This research was supported by a Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Scheme Fellowship within the 7th European Union Framework Programme, under project NETEP- European Brazilian Network on Energy Planning (PIRSES-GA-2013-612263.

This paper proposes a series of new metrics for the power planning assessment of microgrid considering fuel price and technological uncertainty. These metrics include economic indices and price risk indices. At first, an improved economic indices considering fluctuation of future units construction costs and operation costs during the microgrid planning horizon is proposed, in which the price and technological uncertainty is assessed by a stochastic process model based on the Real Option Theory. Then, the energy price risk indices are proposed to evaluate the possible risk of financial loss. Finally, a simulation on an islanded microgrid model shows that, the metrics can assess the uncertainty of fuel price and technological progress in microgird power planning, and support the decision-making for investors, even provide a reference for energy policy making to promote the development of low-carbon electricity.

Analyze the formation mechanism of low carbon benefits of the low carbon power, and combine the economic and low carbon characteristics of a low carbon power by using the low carbon economic factors, redefine low carbon benefits of the power planning and form a comprehensive evaluation model of low carbon benefits. And simulationly analyze the power planning for the least low carbon comprehensive cost as the objective function according to the design case of the typical low carbon power supply, quantitatively evaluate low carbon comprehensive benefits of the power planning. The result shows that the low carbon power planning has a lot of low carbon benefits compared with the traditional power supply planning.

The benefits of potential electric power transfers between the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and California (CA) are evaluated using a linked set of hydrologic, reservoir, and power demand simulation models for the Columbia River and the Sacramento–San Joaquin reservoir systems. The models provide a framework for evaluating climate-related variations and long-range predictability of regional electric power demand, hydropower production, and the benefits of potential electric power transfers between the PNW and CA. The period of analysis is 1917–2002. The study results show that hydropower production and regional electric power demands in the PNW and CA are out of phase seasonally but that hydropower productions in the PNW and CA have strongly covaried on an annual basis in recent decades. Winter electric power demand and spring and annual hydropower production in the PNW are related to both El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) through variations in winter climate. Summer power demand in CA is related primarily to variations in the PDO in spring. Hydropower production in CA, despite recent covariation with the PNW, is not strongly related to ENSO variability overall. Primarily because of strong variations in supply in the PNW, potential hydropower transfers between the PNW and CA in spring and summer are shown to be correlated to ENSO and PDO, and the conditional probability distributions of these transfers are therefore predictable with long lead times. Such electric power transfers are estimated to have potential average annual benefits of $136 and $79 million for CA and the PNW, respectively, at the year-2000 regional demand level. These benefits are on average 11%–27% larger during cold ENSO/PDO events and are 16%–30% lower during warm ENSO/PDO events. Power transfers from the PNW to CA and hydropower production in CA are comparable in magnitude, on average.

This paper concerns our use of a Vehicle Routing Problem with Soft Time Window (VRPSTW) model to solve hospital patient transportation assignment problems. A model of multi-objective programming for the hospital staff assignment is set up to minimize the transportation cost (over distances that patients are moved), and penalties are imposed (i.e., punishment for not meeting patient treatment location time windows). We propose a GA-based Heuristic problem solving technique to solve the problem. Our approach improves the efficiency of patient transportation staff assignment, which reduces cost, and meets satisfactory time constraints as shown in practical cases. Furthermore, we developed a Staffing Assignments Decision Support System (SADSS) to facilitate patient transport assignment.

In its report, Return to the River, the Independent Scientific Group (now called the Independent Scientific Advisory Board—the scientific peer review arm of the Northwest Power Planning Council) advanced the notion of a “normative river ecosystem” as a new conceptual foundation for salmonid recovery in the Columbia River basin. With this perspective, the sum of the best scientific understanding of how organisms and aquatic ecosystems naturally function should be the norm or standard of measure for how we judge the effects of human activities on aquatic systems. For the best likelihood of recovery, key aspects of altered systems should be brought back toward normative (although not necessarily fully back to the historical or pristine state); new alterations should be judged by how much they move key functions away from normative or what might be considered as normal. In this paper, I ask what “normative” is for fish pathogens and how this concept could help resolve the long-standing disputes betwe...

The Columbia River Basin is the site of a conflict over two resources in the Pacific Northwest: hydroelectricity and Pacific salmon. The construction of hydroelectric facilities and subsequent modification of flows to accommodate demands for electricity have resulted in the precipitous decline of salmon in the Columbia. Once abundant in Northwest rivers and streams, Pacific salmon now are threatened. Since 1981, one of the primary institutions working toward salmon restoration, the Pacific Northwest Power Planning Council, has attempted to balance these two resources in conflict. This paper provides an examination of the Council’s attempt to shift river operations toward salmon restoration through a key measure called the Water Budget. Factors that impacted the Council’s ability to shift priorities in the Columbia toward salmon restoration while accommodating the Northwest’s demand for hydroelectric power will be examined as well as the costs and benefits associated with the changes.

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing has been widely used in the experimental economics literature. Typically, attention is restricted to type-I-errors. We demonstrate that not taking type-II errors into account is problematic. We also provide evidence, for one prominent area in experimental economics (dictator game experiments), that most studies are severely underpowered, suggesting that their findings are questionable. We then illustrate with several examples how poor (no) power planning can lead to questionable results.

Panel A new scramble for Africa? The rush for energy resources southwards of the Sahara, mod. Sören Scholvin, Georg Strüver http://www.nomadit.co.uk/ecas/ecas2013/panels.php5?PanelID=1800; Power pools were formed to improve network efficiency and power exchange between two or more utilities. The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) has been established in 1995 with the aim to supply electricity to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Member States. The SAPP covers policy, coordinates planning and the interconnected regional power system, and involves governments, power utilities and financial agencies. Today, the SADC is faced with diminishing generation capacity, the SAPP therefore attempts to encourage investments in the region and launch infrastructures development. Inga I and II existing hydropower stations are experiencing recurrent problems: Kinshasa is regularly plunged into darkness by power cuts. It didn't prevent the DRC government from rejecting the Inga site development proposed by Westcor, a consortium led by the SADC Member States national companies. Nevertheless, in 2011, Presidents Kabila and Zuma signed a Memorandum of Understanding, and in 2012 agreed on a draft treaty for (re)launching the Grand Inga project. DRC is not only part of the SAPP, but also involved in the Eastern and Central African Power Pool (EAPP and CAPP). In 2008, a tripartite agreement has been signed between EAPP, SAPP and COMESA, thus paving the way for partnerships between regional organizations and regional energy markets. In this paper, the challenges between South Africa and DRC will be identified at the regional level with a focus on the energy actors involved in the Inga hydropower stations and on the cooperation/competition between South Africa and DRC for the project benefits.

The medium-term planning for a company participating in a pure pool market can be considered under different behavioral principles: cartel, endogenous cartel with respect to hydro generation, and equilibrium. One of the important aspects of the model is the medium-term load matching, where load is represented by the load duration curves of each period into which the medium-term horizon is subdivided. The probabilistically exact Bloom and Gallant formulation of load matching could be employed, but its exponential number of load-matching inequality constraints limits its use to small cases. A heuristic has been proposed where only a small subset of the load-matching constraints, hopefully containing the active ones at the optimizer, is employed. This heuristic does not perform totally well with the more complex models, as those of endogenous cartel and equilibrium behavior, and a more comprehensive heuristic procedure is presented here. A well-known alternative method of medium-term load matching is the multi-block approximation to the load duration curve. The three load-matching techniques mentioned above are here described and are compared, and computational results for realistic systems are analyzed for the different behavioral models, showing the advantages of each procedure.

The Columbia River Basin, one of the world′s most complex developed hydropower systems, is also the spawning area for over 100 stocks of salmon, 3 of which have recently been listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Electricity ratepayers in the basin have spent over a billion dollars since 1980 to increase salmon populations. This paper describes simulation and optimization models developed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of salmon recovery measures, as required by the 1980 Northwest Power Planning Act. The results suggest that the combination of optimization and simulation is useful for analyzing the system-wide cost-effectiveness of mitigation measures.

The forecasting to mid-long term load is important because it can provide important evidence to the power planning. Traditional forecast techniques apply a single forecaster to carry out the task. However, this forecaster might not be the best for all situations or databases. A combinational model on the basis of Support Vector Machine (SVM) theory is proposed in this paper. During the process of the forecast, several single forecasting methods such as trend prediction model, exponent model, non-linear regression model, improved grey predictive model and improved grey verhulst predictive model, are used to form a model group, and then the fitted results by different traditional predictive models in time sequence act as the input of the support vector machine regression (SVMR) model, then by relative SVMR approach based on known input and output samples, we can obtain the test model. In the paper, the procedure of the combinational prediction on transformer faults based on SVMR is discussed in details. The example on load data has proven that the proposed model can give good results on both the fitting to the known data in time sequence and the extrapolation to the data to be predicted. Moreover, compared with other predictive approaches, both single model and other combinational model, the proposed combinational forecasting model has higher prediction accuracy.

The aircraft obstacle lights on the power transmission towers, which are located at the places without the utility mains, are powered mainly by solar cells and subordinately by rechargeable batteries. The power supply with solar cells and batteries are configured and coordinated according to the weather conditions. The designed power capacities are to keep the aircraft obstacle lighting system uninterruptable either under the drastic weather variation or a long period of insufficient sunlight. An exemplar case is planned on the basis of the local weather data in recent 6 years. A more economical and precise planning is made for the capacities of solar cells and batteries. The design has demonstrated, through simulations, the feasibility and the accuracy in reality.

The paper proposes an application of an optimization evolutionary technique, improved Differential Evolution, to reactive power planning. This problem could be formulated mathematically as a nonlinear, non smooth, mixed-integer, multi-objective optimization problem. The main objective deals with the minimization of the real power losses that result in a better reactive power dispatch and improving the voltage profile across the system and keeping the control variables in their operational limits. Here we use an approach to deal with discrete variables, Mixed Integer Hybrid Differential Evolution (MIHDE), a modified Differential Evolution algorithm. The proposed approach has been tested in a modified version of two electric networks, the Nordic 32, 60 bus and IEEE 118 bus system.

Other regions might well benefit from this case history, illustrating how a region marshalled its resources to bring manufactured housing--a significant share of its new residential sector--into the modern era of energy efficiency. Everyone was a winner. In the Pacific Northwest, as in many parts of the country, a significant proportion of new homes are HUD-code manufactured, or so-called mobile, homes. About 25% of new single-family houses in the Pacific Northwest are manufactured homes. They represent an even larger share - nearly 40% - of new electrically heated housing in the region, and this share has been growing. When Congress enacted the Pacific Northwest Power Planning Act of 1980, it also permitted the four Northwest states to establish an interstate compact body - the Northwest Power Planning Council - and required the Council to produce an integrated resource plan for the region served by the Bonneville Power Administration, the federal power marketing and transmission agency that operates the region's major transmission grid and sells most of its bulk power. Both the law and the plan charge Bonneville with developing cost-effective programs to save electricity in all end-use sectors through improved energy efficiency.

The development of energy management tools for next-generation PhotoVoltaic (PV) installations, including storage units, provides flexibility to distribution system operators. In this paper, the aggregation and implementation of these determinist energy management methods for business customers in a microgrid power system are presented. This paper proposes a determinist energy management system for a microgrid, including advanced PV generators with embedded storage units and a gas microturbine. The system is organized according to different functions and is implemented in two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power management at the customer side. The power planning is designed according to the prediction for PV power production and the load forecasting. The central and local management systems exchange data and order through a communication network. According to received grid power references, additional functions are also designed to manage locally the power flows between the various sources. Application to the case of a hybrid supercapacitor battery-based PV active generator is presented. 58;10

Although the problem of rational power generation has been extensively studied, traditional approaches for power optimization do not offer good solutions to this purpose, especially in a competitive electricity market environment where many factors are uncertain. In this paper, within the framework of two‐stage linear stochastic programming, the method for power planning has been developed, with uncertain factors taken into account, through a continuously distributed set of scenarios. The objective is to find the structure of the power plants capacity in the region which minimizes the sum of the investment and the expected operating costs over the long‐term planning horizon, taking into account the environmental impact. The structure of the considered task corresponds to a power investment planning problem that often arises in the developing regions. The method is developed for solving the stochastic optimization problem by the sequence of Monte‐Carlo sampling estimators. The procedures developed make it possible to solve stochastic problems with an admissible accuracy by means of an acceptable amount of computations. As follows from numerical experiments the approach presented enables us to decrease the total expected costs of power planning versus deterministic planning solution. Article in English. Stochastinio programavimo naudojimas planuojant elektros energijos infrastruktūrą ir gamybą Santrauka.Nors elektros energijos infrastruktūros ir gamybos uždavinys sprendžiamas intensyviai, tradiciniai optimizavimo metodai nepateikia tinkamų sprendinių, ypač kai elektros energijos rinkoje daugelis veiksnių yra neapibrėžti. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamas elektros energijos gamybos planavimo metodas, sukurtas remiantis dviejų etapų stochastiniu programavimu, kai neapibrežtumas aprašomas tolydžiaisiais pasiskirstymo scenarijais. Uždavinio tikslas – rasti tinkama regiono elektros jėgainiu struktūra, kuri minimizuotų investavimo ir ilgalaikės energijos gamybos sąnaudas. Sprendžiant uždavinį atsižvelgiama į gamtosaugos problemas. Taikant optimizavimo metodą naudojami baigtinių Monte Karlo sekų įverčiai. Siūloma procedūra leidžia išspręsti stochastinius uždavinius gana tiksliai, naudojant priimtinus skaičiavimo išteklius. Skaitiniai eksperimentai rodo, kad siūlomas metodas padeda sumažinti bendrasias elektros energijos gamybos sąnaudas, palyginti su deterministiniu uždavinio sprendiniu. Reikšminiai žodžiai:stochastinis programavimas,Monte Karlo metodas,elektros energijos gamyba,stochastinis gradientas,statistiniai kriterijai,ϵ leistinoji kryptis. First published online: 10 Feb 2011

Rather than one solution to improve the efficiency of electric power planning and regulation, there may be many. Let's let the issue determine the approach.

This work examines the potential value of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission “Katrina order” and discusses benefits and practicality of technology alternatives. The analysis is based on the effects of 2008 hurricanes Dolly, Gustav, and Ike through extensive supportive photographic evidence from on-site surveys. This information is compared with Hurricane Katrina's data. The analysis seems to indicate that the “Katrina Order” may not address some important issues, and that other technical approaches may provide a better solution.

Optimising the placement and sizing of distributed generators into decentralised power networks is receiving increasing research attention. The studies presented thus far, however, do not capitalise on the most contemporary techniques described in the multiobjective optimisation literature. This work illustrates, through both theoretical and empirical analyses, the consequences of this deficiency and provides a tutorial on how best to integrate core multiobjective concepts into the optimisation process. Initial results suggest that such integration may be of significant value to both researchers and design-engineers alike.

With the development of city, the planning of underground power pipelines becomes more and more important. The layout is difficult because pipelines situate underground. They are invisible and related with many factors such as roads, buildings, transformer substations, other pipelines and so on. In order to improve planning efficiencies, a new technique based on virtual reality is presented. Firstly, a virtual scene is constructed according to the existing pipeline and related environment. And the area partition method is introduced to increase rendering speed. So the designer can browse the virtual underground space at their choice. It makes the planning work simple. Then, a planning drawing and a three-dimensional demonstration will be automatically produced on the basis of the planning message. When the technique was applied to power planning of Pudong District in Shanghai, China, it saved planning and lay out time about 20%.

On 15 October 1987, the Northwest Power Planning Council approved a master plan for the Yakima/Klickitat Fisheries Project. The purpose of this unique experimental project was to increase both natural production and harvest of anadromous salmonids in the Yakima and Klickitat rivers, major tributaries of the Columbia River system, through supplementation and habitat protection. The Bonneville Power Administration provides general management of the project, and funds construction and operation with revenues from Pacific Northwest electric rate payers. Studies indicate that egg incubation, rearing, and out-planting facilities in the Yakima and Klickitat subbasins will supplement natural production and increase harvest benefits. We summarize predesign studies requested by the Council as necessary to precede construction and discuss the uncertainties and concerns associated with the project. This experimental approach to supplementation may provide information useful for rebuilding salmonid stocks in ...