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This article discusses Elizabeth Workman’s collection in the context of the early reception of Impressionism by women artists in Britain and the USA. In the 1920s Elizabeth Russell Workman (1874–1962) was recognized as one of the most enlightened collectors of her generation in Britain; Percy Wyndham Lewis described her as ‘one of the only people in England to understand French painting’. She began collecting French Impressionism well before more prominent collectors such as Samuel Courtauld and in several ways was more adventurous in her tastes. And yet today, not only is her important collection of modern French art all but forgotten, Elizabeth Workman herself remains an invisible, unknown figure, occasionally listed in provenance histories, and more often than not under her husband’s name. Born and brought up in Rhu, Dunbartonshire, Elizabeth lived in London with her husband Robert, a prominent shipowner. Her collection included works not only by Scottish contemporary artists, acquired from the early 1900s onwards, but also by Monet, Degas, Sisley, Renoir, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec, Vuillard, Matisse, Picasso, and Braque, the bulk of which were bought through the dealers Reid & Lefèvre just after the First World War. However, when Robert’s business ran into financial difficulties in the late 1920s much of the collection was dispersed, with the result that its full extent and importance has never properly been recognized. Drawing on material in the family archive, as well as information from sale catalogues and dealer stock books, this article establishes a more comprehensive overview of the Workman collection. Its aim is to reassess Elizabeth’s importance as a British collector in the interwar period and to identify her individual tastes, taking into consideration the changing economic context. It also draws parallels with earlier patterns of collecting among women collectors of the previous generation, especially those whose contribution has been overshadowed by the activities of a spouse or agent.

With the improved sensitivity with respect to the previous generation, current space-borne and ground-based gamma-ray telescopes have made the number of γ-ray sources detected at GeV- TeV energies increase many folds over the last decade. Many of the detected extended gamma-ray sources are not associated with any known sources at other wavelengths. Understanding the nature of these sources and the origin of the observed high energy gamma-ray emission remains a great challenge. Using the MAGIC telescopes, we have observed one such unassociated gamma-ray source, named HESS J1841-055 at TeV energies. We investigate the physical nature and origin of the γ-ray emission from this extended source. In this paper, we present the results of our detailed investigation on this source using MAGIC data and other multi-waveband information on nearby sources. The results included in this proceeding and shown in this presentation were published in ref. [1]. The details about the analysis, interpretation and modelling can be found in the aforementioned reference.

Earth, Planets and Space, 73 (1), ISSN:1343-8832, ISSN:1880-5981

Currently, children have a greater exposure to cyberspace and cyber threats than any previous generation. Digital technologies are evolving continuously with the result that cell phones, tablets and similar devices are more accessible to both young and old. Technological advancements create many opportunities, however it also exposes its users to many threats. Pre-school children are especially vulnerable to these threats, as they are rarely made aware of, or empowered to defend themselves against these threats. An approach to solving this problem is to create a mobile serious game that promotes cybersecurity awareness among pre-school children. The focus of this paper is the part of the game that promotes the use of strong passwords and not sharing these passwords with one’s friends.

Our knowledge of neutrino cross sections at the GeV scale, instrumental to test CP symmetry violation in the leptonic sector, has grown substantially in the last two decades. Still, their precision and understanding are far from the standard needed in contemporary neutrino physics. Nowadays, the knowledge of the neutrino cross section at O(10%) causes the main systematic uncertainty in oscillation experiments and jeopardizes their physics reach. In this paper, we envision the opportunities for a new generation of cross section experiments to be run in parallel with DUNE and HyperKamiokande. We identify the most prominent physics goals by looking at the theory and experimental limitations of the previous generation of experiments. We highlight the priorities in the theoretical understanding of GeV cross sections and the experimental challenges of this new generation of facilities.

Autonomous vehicles (AV) will shift from a mere means of transport towards becoming a diverse environment where different activities could be carried out. This would lead to a change in driving and usage patterns. Since these patterns are a novel field that is scarcely covered in the current literature, the purpose of this paper is to explore the changes in a generation of millennials, as their interaction with smart technologies is incomparable to any previous generation, suggesting them as early AV adopters. The paper focuses on the perceptions of millennials regarding in-vehicle time usage and situations when AV could be sent somewhere to conduct something instead of an individual. The data is collected with a survey questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Furthermore, millennials are divided into groups according to technology enthusiasm, and t-test is performed to observe the differences between technologically more and technologically less enthusiastic individuals. Millennials are shown to have a more positive perceptions of activities that could already be carried out in conventional vehicles, while opinions on those specific to AV are more neutral. In addition, no significant differences are observed between technologically more and technologically less enthusiastic individuals were observed, indicating that technology enthusiasm has little effect on AV-specific activities. This could be due to the fact that individuals still have vague perceptions of them; however, additional research would be needed for a deeper understanding.

To get closer towards achieving the climate targets and the resulting reduction in CO2 emissions, one possible strategy is to consider lightweight activities across all industries. In product development, this means that lightweight design should be integrated at a very early stage, as this is the only way to achieve the highest lightweight potential. However, such an integration is very complex, since necessary lightweight activities cannot be applied sequentially or universally to all products. Even multiple usage of different lightweight design strategies is not sufficient to achieve a targeted lightweight design on the overall system level. Therefore, it is necessary to support the product developer in the application of lightweight design by providing a framework with necessary methods and processes as well as recommendations regarding their timing. The possibility to apply them individually to different systems and related problems has to be given. To develop such a framework, different projects with respect to lightweight design were analyzed and evaluated. The main focus was on the determination of lightweight design strategies that were applied in the projects and the subsequent derivation of requirements in order to raise further lightweight potential. Based on this analysis and evaluation, a conceptual framework was developed that focuses on the overall system to be optimized, which can be part of a previous generation, for example. Subsequently, the available lightweight activities and design strategies were linked with supporting tools and methods from knowledge management. Therefore, this conceptual framework provides continuous support for the product developer throughout the entire product development process in lightweight activities.

The third generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves over its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detector number. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5x expansion in the readout operating bandwidth has enabled the use of this large focal plane, and SPT-3G performance meets the forecasting targets relevant to its science objectives. However, the electrical dynamics of the higher-bandwidth system depart in significant ways from the characterization and models drawn from the previous generation of cameras. We present an updated derivation for electrical crosstalk in higher-bandwidth DfMUX systems, and identify two previously uncharacterized contributions to readout noise. The updated crosstalk and noise models successfully describe the measured crosstalk and readout noise performance of SPT-3G, and suggest improvements to the readout system for future experiments using DfMUX, such as the LiteBIRD satellite.

This paper was commissioned for the design and analysis of an entire rear suspension system befitting a Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE) vehicle. The paper includes a literature review to gain a full understanding of the workings and design decisions applied to the rear suspension in the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) competition. After completing the design development process, a final analysis of the designed system was done to ensure the minimum two years-of-life requirement is met. It was found that due to constraints, a major design change was necessary that involves mounting the A-arms further forward on the chassis body than previous generation vehicles. This design increased the stresses present in the system compared to previous designs. As such, careful consid-eration had been given to the analysis aspect of the paper. Full fatigue analysis performed individually on each component proved that the lower A-arm was the most critical component, with a predicted failure at 1466 laps. However, with the given lifespan of two years, this design procured a conservative Factor of Safety of above two years.Notable mention should be given to the complete develop-ment of an FSAE uniaxial force determination code that was produced by Team Recoil. This code greatly improved the confidence in component forces and thus allowed less conservative design choices in several other aspects.

Recent exceptionally hot droughts in Amazonia have highlighted the potential role of global warming in driving changes in rainfall and temperatures in the region. The previous generation of global climate models projected that eastern Amazonia would receive less future precipitation while western Amazonia would receive more precipitation, but many of these models disagreed on future precipitation trends in the region. Here Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6) models are used to examine the shifting risk of eastern Amazonian droughts under high and low future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. This new generation of models shows better agreement that most of the Amazonian basin will receive less future rainfall, with particularly strong agreement that eastern and southern Amazonia will dry in the 21st century. These models suggest that global warming may be increasing the likelihood of exceptionally hot drought in the region. With unabated global warming, recent particularly warm and severe droughts will become more common by midcentury, but reducing the rate of greenhouse gas emissions can make extremely hot and dry years less common in the future. Simulated future rainfall changes in Amazonia under high greenhouse gas emissions are associated with changes in the tropical Pacific, but many climate models struggle to reproduce observed trends in the tropical Pacific. These shortcomings highlight the need to improve confidence in global climate models' ability to simulate observed trends in the tropics, even if more CMIP6 models agree on the sign of future rainfall trends.

Serverless computing and public Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) systems are gaining significant attention because they help easily build a highly available system. With recent advances in micro virtual machines (microVM), the internal architecture of FaaS systems substantially changes. This paper focuses on a thorough investigation of the recent improvement in public FaaS systems concerning numerous concurrent executions. The adoption of microVM has changed the nature of FaaS, especially for runtime reservations. As a result, the performance degradation has decreased significantly compared to the previous generation FaaS, as shown in the experiment.

Depth resolution in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is physically limited by the illumination angle. In recent notable progress on aberration correction technology, the illumination angle is significantly improved to be larger than 60 milliradians, which is 2 or 3 times larger than those in the previous generation. However, for three-dimensional depth sectioning with the large illumination angles, it is prerequisite to ultimately minimize lower orders of aberrations such as 2- and 3-fold astigmatisms and axial coma. Here, we demonstrate a live aberration correction using atomic-resolution STEM images rather than Ronchigram images. The present method could save the required time for aberration correction, and moreover, it is possible to build up a fully automated program. We demonstrate the method should be useful not only for axial depth sectioning but also phase imaging in STEM including differential phase-contrast imaging.

Recent years have seen great progresses in third-generation sequencing. New commercial platforms from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) can generate ultra-long reads from single-molecule nucleic acid fragments of kilobases up to megabases, exceeding the limitation of short reads and dependency on template amplification suffered by the previous generation of sequencing technologies. Moreover, it can detect epigenetic modifications directly, as well as providing all-around field usage, being pocket-sized and low cost. It has already been applied to yeast research in many aspects, such as complete de novo genome assemblies, the phylogeny of large-brewing yeasts, gene isoform identification, and base modification detection. These applications have delivered novel insights into yeast genomic and transcriptomic analysis.

Elevated temperatures negatively affect human reproduction through several processes that regulate nutrient uptake and resource allocation in pregnant women. These can interfere with foetal development, resulting in low birth weight neonates with altered development trajectories. Temperatures that affect the current generation could, therefore, also have an impact on the following generation. We asked whether heat stress affected offspring fertility by asking if current and past ambient temperatures influenced total fertility rates (TFR) in human populations distributed across the world. We analysed time series data in 65 countries using simple regression analyses based on maximum temperatures and temperature amplitudes over 55 years. Supplemental longer time series (up to 100 years) provided information on response patterns in Northern Europe and Greenland’s colder climates. There were clear and strong effects of temperatures on the TFR in the concurrent and the previous generation. Our temperature-based models account for 71–95% of the variation in TRF in European countries and Greenland, and 56–99% of the variation in 65 countries worldwide. Our findings are consistent with studies of seasonal variation in fertility and suggest that increased temperatures will negatively influence populations subjected to monthly maximum temperatures above 15–20 °C, while fertility in colder climates benefits from elevated temperatures. Our results provide strong evidence that ambient temperatures have important effects on human fertility, and that these effects persist into the following generation.

Recent unprecedented increases in mortality and morbidity during midlife are often ascribed to rising despair in the US population. An alternative and less often examined explanation is that these trends reflect, at least in part, the lagged effects of the obesity epidemic. Adults in midlife today are more likely to live with obesity and have a greater cumulative exposure to excess adiposity during their lifetime than any previous generation. Prior work has demonstrated a link between obesity and mortality risk at midlife, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Pain may represent one important pathway linking obesity to mortality trends. Pain is a debilitating condition that has increased significantly over recent decades and is associated with both morbidity and mortality, including suicide and opioid-related mortality. Evidence suggests obesity and pain may be linked, but there is little evidence of an association at the population level. In this paper, we examine to what extent increases in overweight and obesity explain the rising trends in chronic pain observed among middle-aged adults in the US from 1992 to 2016. We assess trends in both mild/moderate nonlimiting pain and severe and/or limiting pain. In doing so, we draw attention to one mechanism through which overweight/obesity may have contributed to recent population health trends. Our analysis found that increases in BMI from 1992 to 2016 may account for up to 20% of the upward trend in mild/moderate nonlimiting pain and 32% of the trend in severe and/or limiting pain for women, and 10% and 19% of the trends respectively for men., Highlights • We study the contribution of overweight and obesity to recent trends in pain among middle-aged adults. • Overweight and obesity accounted for 32.1% of increases in severe or limiting pain among women and 19.0% among men. • Overweight and obesity explained a larger share of the increase in severe than mild/moderate pain. • The study highlights the importance of obesity prevention to decrease the prevalence of pain.

Background Minimally invasive techniques in spine surgery have continued to advance as robotic technology has evolved over several generations. Although traditional techniques for placing pedicle screws are still widespread in practice, newer technology has increased the reliability of accurately placing instrumentation with smaller incisions and subsequent decreased length of stay. Additionally, advancements in planning software have improved the ability to align posterior instrumentation to assist with rod placement on multilevel constructs. Methods This paper describes the surgical techniques and operative workflow for placing pedicle screws with the latest robotic technology. The robotic platform, registration, surgical planning, and placement of instrumentation are discussed in detail. Advantages of the Mazor X Stealth Edition compared with the previous generation robot include obviating the need for K wires and eliminating the need for a percutaneous pin, as navigation is integrated into the robot. Results Our use of this new technology has been encouraging. Using the techniques described in this paper, the first 90 pedicle screws placed with the Mazor X Stealth Edition robot yielded 100% grade A accuracy on the Gertzbein-Robbins scale confirmed on immediate postoperative CT. There were no complications experienced in any case. Conclusions In our experience, this robotic technology has the potential to improve patient outcomes and is associated with advanced surgical planning compared with more traditional techniques.

This paper presents a study on mortality rates and life expectancy improvements among elderly people in Malaysia. The central age-specific mortality rates will be analyzed according to genders. The expectation of future lifetime of these old age people will be estimated using the actuarial life table approach. Two different types of life table will be developed, including life table for males and females--- to compare the results of mortality rates and life expectancies between genders. Results show that, mortality rates of Malaysian elderly, for both males and females are increasing almost in linear pattern by age, and this trend is consistent from 1950 to 2015. Comparison between genders shows that mortality of elderly females is generally lower than males at almost all ages. Nonetheless, mortality rates of Malaysian elderly males are declining faster than Malaysian elderly females. Life expentancies of females are higher than males for age groups 60 to 70, and lower than males for age 75 and above. Results also indicate that Malaysian elderly popultion is aging faster from previous generation in which elderly males age 85+ in 2010-2015 can live longer by 123% than thise in 1950-1955.

Following 35 years in the NHS I have had the immense pleasure of teaching for RCSI Bahrain, a Dublin medical school here in the Gulf. I’m 6 years into a 2 year contract (it’s that sort of place), but finally returning home. The privileged expat life can be beguiling, akin to a previous generation’s tales of the Raj. Bahrain is a sparkling jewel of an island, much less bling than Dubai, much more laid back and tolerant than many places in this region. There are 360 days of sunshine a year, the calm blue waters of the Gulf lapping up to the private beach in front of our balcony — need I go on? But of course, life in 2020 has a strangely apocalyptic air. My wife returned to the UK a few weeks ago, and, along with the rest of the world, Bahrain has been closing down. First the schools and universities closed and we are supporting our own students remotely, getting ahead on the knowledge element, planning to catch up with hands-on …

Susan Warner’s 1850 bestselling transatlantic novel The Wide, Wide World presents the story of a young American girl whose robustness differentiates her from the previous generation of inadequate Scottish, American, and British female role models. Despite the commentary of women’s health advocates, medical professionals, and respected domestic advisors, such as Catherine Beecher, physical training for girls was not adopted by most nineteenth-century American parents. This chapter argues that contrary to cultural constraints that required sedate and passive behavior in girls, Warner constructs Ellen as the quintessential American child, a physically fit transatlantic girl who, literally, embodies the best of the Old and New Worlds. Warner positions Ellen as the ideal mid-nineteenth-century heroine, an unusually athletic and more interesting kind of traveling American girl whose staunch physical fitness serves as a necessary foundation for the maintenance of her national, spiritual, and moral identity.

Permian bolosaurid parareptiles are well-known for having complex tooth crowns and complete tooth rows in the jaws, in contrast to the comparatively simple teeth and frequent replacement gaps in all other Paleozoic amniotes. Analysis of the specialized dentition of the bolosaurid parareptiles Bolosaurus from North America and Belebey from Russia, utilizing a combination of histological and tomographic data, reveals unusual patterns of tooth development and replacement. The data confirm that bolosaurid teeth have thecodont implantation with deep roots, the oldest known such example among amniotes, and independently evolved among much younger archosauromorphs (including dinosaurs and crocodilians) and among synapsids (including mammals). High-resolution CT scans were able to detect the density boundary between the alveolar bone and the jawbone, as confirmed by histology, and revealed the location and size of developing replacement teeth in the pulp cavity of functional teeth. Evidence provided by the paratype dentary of Belebey chengi indicates that replacement teeth are present along the whole tooth row at slightly different stages of development, with the ontogenetically more developed teeth anteriorly, suggesting that tooth replacement was highly synchronized. CT data also show tooth replacement is directly related to the presence of lingual pits in the jaw, and that migration of tooth buds occurs initially close to these resorption pits to a position immediately below the functional tooth within its pulp cavity. The size and complex shape of the replacement teeth in the holotype of Bolosaurus grandis indicate that the replacement teeth can develop within the pulp cavity to an advanced stage while the previous generation remains functional for an extended time, reminiscent of the condition seen in other amniotes with occluding dentitions, including mammals.

International audience; This paper highlights the optimization of Deep Rib High Speed Phase Modulators for 400G applications thanks to the optimal choice of structure and implants through a Design Of Experiment analysis, including the proposal of a new Deep Rib HSPM with Z-implants. Results show 1,6dB gain in OMA (Optical Modulation of Amplitude) at the same cutoff frequency (fc=[2Pi*RC]-1) compared to the previous generation [1] with optimized vertical implants, and up to 2,15dB gain vs [1] with the new Z-implant Deep Rib device.

Background Biotin is currently a matter of concern for laboratories using biotin-streptavidin-based immunoassays. Biotin interferences have been reported for high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assays. We aimed to evaluate the new generation of hsTnT and TSH electrochemiluminescent immunoassays announced to be less sensitive to biotin. Methods Firstly, we assessed the analytical performances of new generation assays (imprecision, bias, total error, limit of quantification) and compared previous and new generation assays in the absence of biotin. Secondly, we challenged both generations of assays with samples spiked with seven different biotin levels. The efficiency of new generation assays was also compared to the streptavidin beads treatment. Results New generation assays presented suitable analytical performances. Previous and new generations of hsTnT and TSH assays were commutable in the absence of biotin. In the presence of biotin, we confirmed that previous generation assays were affected by biotin concentration as low as 40.5 ng/mL and that new generation assays were not affected up to the announced tolerance threshold of 1200 ng/mL. After the streptavidin beads treatment, we observed a higher imprecision for both parameters and a constant 10% negative bias for TSH compared to new generation assays. Conclusions New generation of electrochemiluminescent immunoassays appears as a reliable systematic solution to prevent biotin interference for hsTnT and TSH testing.

Horticultural commodities are considered to have promising business opportunities. This has attracted the interest of young people to try in agriculture, both in the on farm and off farm sectors. This study aimed to describe the behavior of young farmers in doing horticultural agribusiness in Bandung Barat Regency. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach. Respondents in this study were 120 people and were farmers under the age of 40 with randomly selected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed in general the behavior of young farmers in running horticultural agribusiness was not different from the previous generation. But the prominent character of young farmers in running horticultural agribusiness is the ability of farmers to find information and be responsive to change by taking innovative steps. To run a business, farmers are required not only to be experts in the production process, but also to have managerial skills in a results-oriented business.

This study is entitled (The Elder Dictionary in Koya Accent). We have researched on the style, vocabulary and expressions of elderly people in Koya. We have pointed out the vocabulary words that they used. The paper also clarifies how this dictionary includes language and scientific information. Language would change with age due to the fact that language is a reflection of its era. Therefore, we understand that the language of old generation is different from the language of the young generation. Furthermore, the language of the previous generation is crucial to us and it is the reflection of our culture and civilization. This is why one must record it and not let it die out. Our goal is to share the knowledge and maintain our national identity with the hope of keeping out identity for good. This would introduce the vocabularies and expressions to the new generation. Kurdish language has some dialects and accents. They differ according to geographical areas. In this research, we will come to know the elderly people via their languages. The research consists of two parts; first, it is a theorical part, where we are going to describe language, dialect, accent and dictionary, the meaning of vocabularies, and the way to choose a special word by a Kurdish speaker. The second part is practical, where we have taken some vocabularies which are analyzed in terms of meaning and morphology. Some of the vocabularies died out and are no longer in use, while some others are in non-active vocabularies. Also, the meaning of some of them have changed during the time. We included various vocabularies from various areas such as; sociology, economy, agriculture, jewelry, food, game, heating, and many other areas that were special for various events. Keywords : Elder Vocabulary, Kurdish Language, Koya Accent, Dialect ئه‌م لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌یه‌ به‌ ناونیشانی (فه‌رهه‌نگی به‌ساڵاچووان له‌ شێوه‌زاری كۆیه‌دا) یه‌، ئاماژه‌مان به‌و وشانه‌ كردووه‌، كه‌ له‌ فه‌رهه‌نگی به‌ساڵاچووانی شاری كۆیه‌دا به‌كارهاتوون، ئه‌وه‌مان ڕوون كردۆته‌وه‌، كه‌ فه‌رهه‌نگ له‌ ناوه‌رۆكدا زانیاری زمانی و زانستی له‌خۆیدا هه‌ڵده‌گرێت، زمانیش به‌ پێی ته‌مه‌نی قسه‌كه‌ر ده‌گۆڕێت، له‌به‌رئه‌وه‌ی له‌گه‌ڵ پێشكه‌وتنی ژیان و سه‌رده‌م زمانیش به‌رده‌وام له‌ فراوانبوون و گۆڕاندایه‌ و خۆی له‌گه‌ڵ هه‌ر قۆناغێكی مێژووییدا ده‌گونجێنێت. بۆیه‌ ئێمه‌ هه‌ست به‌وه‌ ده‌كه‌ین كه‌ زمانی كه‌سه‌ به‌ساڵاچووه‌كان هه‌ندێك وشه‌ و ده‌سته‌واژه‌ و ده‌ربڕینی تێدایه‌ كه‌ جیاوازه‌ له‌ زمانی كه‌سانی گه‌نج و تازه‌ پێگه‌یشتوو، ئه‌م وشانه‌ گرنگی مێژووییان هه‌یه‌ و ڕه‌نگدانه‌وه‌ی دابونه‌ریت وكلتوری باب و باپیرانی ئیمه‌یه‌، بۆیه‌ پێویسته‌ تۆماربكرێن و له‌ فه‌وتان و له‌ناوچوون بپارێزرێن. كاركردنه‌كه‌شمان، هه‌وڵدانه‌ بۆ ئاشناكردنی تاكی كورد به‌ فه‌رهه‌نگی نه‌ته‌وه‌یی بۆ گه‌نجینه‌ی وشه‌كانی خۆمان و پاراستنی ئاوه‌زمه‌ندیی بیریی و ناساندنی ئه‌و وشه‌ و ده‌سته‌واژانه‌ به‌ نه‌وه‌ی نوێ، كه‌ ژماره‌یه‌كی زۆر زانیاریان هه‌ڵگرتووه‌. زمانی كوردی چه‌ندین زار و شێوه‌زاری هه‌یه‌، كه‌ له‌هه‌ر ناوچه‌یه‌كدا به‌ شێوازێك له‌ رووی ئاخاوتنه‌وه‌ به‌كاردێت، له‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌دا جیهانبینی به‌ساڵاچوان له‌ شێوه‌زاری كۆیه‌دا له‌ ڕێگای به‌كارهێنانی زمانه‌وه‌ ڕوون ده‌كه‌ینه‌وه‌، توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌مان كردووه‌ به‌ دوو به‌ش : به‌شی یه‌كه‌م، كه‌ تیۆرییه‌ تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ پێناسه‌ و چه‌مكی زار و شێوه‌زار و باسێكی گشتی فه‌رهه‌نگی زمان و لایه‌نی ئاوه‌زمه‌ندیی و واتایی وشه‌ ، به‌شی دووه‌م، كه‌ كاره‌كییه : ژماره‌یه‌ك وشه‌مان وه‌رگرتووه‌ و له‌ ڕووی واتایی و وشه‌سازییه‌وه‌ لێكمانداونه‌ته‌وه‌ و شیكردنه‌وه‌مان بۆ كردوون، هه‌ندێك له‌ وشه‌كان مردوون و به‌كارهێنانيان نه‌ماوه‌، به‌ڵام هه‌ندێكى تريان له‌ ڕيزى وشه‌ى سيستى زماندا داده‌نرێن. هه‌ندێكى تريان له‌ ئيێستادا به‌ واتايه‌كى تر به‌كاردێن، به‌ پێى پێويست باسى وشه‌ى هه‌موو بواره‌كانمان كردووه‌، وه‌ك: بوارى كۆمه‌ڵايه‌تى، ئابوورى، پیشه‌یی و كشتوكاڵ، جلوبه‌رگ وخشڵ، خواردن، يارى، ڕايه‌خ و خۆگه‌رم كردنه‌وه‌، هه‌روه‌ها ئه‌و وشانه‌ى كه‌ تايبه‌ت بوون به‌ دابونه‌ريت و بۆنه‌ى جۆراوجۆر. كلیله‌ وشه: ‌كۆيە، به‌ساڵاچووان، ،شێوه‌زار، گۆڕانی واتا، وشه‌ی چالاك Published: June 2020 DOI: 10.14500/krc2019.Gen266 http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/krc2019.Gen266

Indonesian Abstract: Pemudaadalahpenerusperjuangangenerasiterdahuluuntukmewujudkancita-cita bangsa.Pemudamenjadiharapandalam setiapkemajuandidalam suatunegara ataubangsa,pemudahlahyangdapatmerubahpandanganorangterhadapsuatu bangsadanmenjaditumpuhanparagenerasiterdahuluuntukmengembangkan suatubangsaide-ideataupungagasanyangberilmu,wawasanyangluas,serta berdasarkankepadanilai-nilaidannormayangberlakudidalam masyarakat.Pada jamanduludansekarangpemudalahyangterusmenjaditonggakperubahanbangsa. Danpemudahlahyangdapatmembangunbangsakedepandengankarya-karyanya khususnyadieramilenialsekarang,pemudamilenialmempunyaiperanaktifdengan teknologiyangmerekataudengandemikianpemudamilenialbisamenjadiperan ataspembangunanbangsaindonesiayangsekarangdanuntukkedepannya. Kata Kunci: pengertian pembangunan bangsa indonesia,pokok-pokokpikiran pembangunan bangsa indonesia ,dan peran pemuda-pemudimilenialdalam pembangunanbangsaindonesia. EnglishAbstract Youth is the successor to the struggle of the previous generation to realize the ideals of the nation. Youth are the hope in every progress in a country or nation, it is the facilitator who can change people's views of a nation and become the foundation of previous generations to develop a nation of ideas or ideas that are knowledgeable, broad insight, and based on values and norms prevailing in society.In the past and present it is the youth who continue to be a milestone in national change. And facilitators who can build the nation going forward with their works, especially in the millennial era now, millennial youth have an active role in technology that they know.

We use an evolutionary model to determine what sorts of misperceptions are likely to persist. In our model, every period a new generation of agents uses their subjective models and the outcome distribution induced by the previous generation to update their beliefs about some underlying parameters. Different agents may employ different subjective models and subjective models that induce actions that perform better increase their relative prevalence. To test the stability of steady states, we introduce the possibility that a small fraction of agents enlarges their subjective model in a way that lets them better fit their observations. We characterize which equilibria are resistant to "local mutations'' to a nearby model, and which are resistant to mutations where agents drop one of the hypotheses they had been imposing on their beliefs, e.g. relaxing independence to positive correlation.

This chapter analyses the intellectual shifts and methodological concerns in British sociology between the 1930s and 1970s. This was a period dominated by an interest in sociological theory relevant to the contemporary problems British society was facing (in contrast to the abstract and historically broad theoretical approach of the previous generation of sociologists). The British empirical tradition in social research, which existed in parallel to academic sociology, was rejected and labelled as un-sociological, in spite of the fact that there was still little clarity as to what ‘sociology’ actually was. This view was heightened by a widespread fear, however unlikely, of British sociology falling into ‘an obsession with empiricism’, with empirical research and quantitative methods being portrayed as a fruitless path for the future development of British sociology and a distraction from what ought to be the priority—theoretical research.

In solving large scale optimization problems, CMA-ES has the disadvantages of high complexity and premature stagnation. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved CMA-ES, called GI-ES, for large-scale optimization problems. GI-ES uses all the historical information of the previous generation of individuals to evaluate the parameters of the distribution of the next generation. These estimates can be considered as approximate gradient information, which complete covariance information is not required. Thus GI-ES is friendly to large scale optimization problems. Comparative experiments have been done on state-of-the-art algorithms. The results proved the effectiveness and efficiency of GI-ES for large scale optimization problems.

Russian Abstract: В работе приводятся результаты анализа показателей, поведение которых как кризисных предикторов активно обсуждается в настоящее время. Проанализированы причины неудачи кризисных предикторов предыдущего поколения, показавших свою несостоятельность в 2007 – 2008 гг. Детально рассмотрены индексы финансовых условий, спрэды доходности казначейских облигаций США, коэффициент Шиллера, показатели финансового цикла, VIX («индекс страха»), премии за риск и некоторые другие показатели из семейства «новых кризисных предикторов». Было показано, что все эти показатели нацелены на поиск ответа на вопрос о времени начала следующего кризиса, в то время как другие параметры возможного кризиса (где, в какой стране и в каком секторе экономики следует ожидать начала кризиса; что именно может случиться, какая из уязвимостей имеет наивысшие шансы реализоваться) привлекают намного меньше внимания. Более того, экономические риски отсутствуют в числе наиболее опасных рисков, с точки зрения международных финансовых организаций. Мы провели анализ поведения предлагаемых кризисных предикторов на ретроспективных данных, в результате чего сформировали их последовательность с точки зрения подачи сигнала до начала кризиса, а также влияние внешних предикторов на показатели российской экономической динамики и состояния финансового рынка. Был сделан вывод о том, что наряду с внешними шоками большое значение для начала российских рецессий имеют внутренние факторы, на основе анализа которых был предложен российский индекс финансовых условий, показавший хорошие предикторские свойства. Были также сформулированы гипотезы о причинах более позднего вхождения российской экономики в кризис 2007 – 2009 гг. и более высокой волатильности экономической динамики в России. English Abstract: The paper presents the results of the analysis of indicators whose behavior as crisis predictors is actively discussed at the present time. The paper analyzes reasons for the failure of the crisis predictors of the previous generation, which showed their failure in 2007 - 2008. Indices of financial conditions, yield spreads of US treasury bonds, Schiller's ratio, financial cycle indicators, VIX (“fear index”), risk premiums and some other indicators from the “new crisis predictor” family are examined in detail. It was shown that all these indicators are aimed at finding an answer to the question about the time of the beginning of the next crisis, while other parameters of a possible crisis (where, in which country and in which sector of the economy should the crisis begin to be expected; what exactly can happen, which of vulnerabilities have the highest chance of being realized) attract much less attention. Moreover, economic risks are not among the most dangerous risks from the point of view of international financial organizations. We conducted an analysis of the behavior of the proposed crisis predictors on retrospective data, as a result of which we formed their sequence in terms of signaling before the crisis, as well as the influence of external predictors on indicators of Russian economic dynamics and the state of the financial market. It was concluded that along with external shocks, internal factors are of great importance for the start of Russian recessions, on the basis of which the Russian financial conditions index was proposed, which showed good predictor properties. Hypotheses were also formulated about the reasons for the later entry of the Russian economy into the crisis of 2007-2009. and higher volatility of economic dynamics in Russia.

Exposure to predation risk can induce a fearful baseline state, as well as fear reactions toward novel situations (i.e., neophobia). Some research indicates that risk exposure during sensitive periods makes adults more prone to acquiring long-term fearful phenotypes. However, chronic risk can also lead to ignoring threats in order to maintain other activities. We sought to assess how a relatively long period of low risk, experienced either early in life or by the previous generation, influences fear behaviour acquired from a short period of high risk as adults. We used fathead minnows as study subjects and simulated predation risk with repeated exposures to conspecific chemical alarm cues. The period of high risk experienced by adults induced typical fear behaviour (baseline freezing and neophobia), whereas the early-life low-risk period 1 year prior caused only a reduction in baseline foraging. We found no evidence that the early-life risk significantly altered the fear acquired from the adult-risk period. However, in a second experiment, a low-risk period during the parental generation interacted with a high-risk period experienced by the adult offspring. The combination of both risk periods heightened baseline freezing despite parental risk having little effect independently. Hence, our study provides evidence that parental risk exposure can lead to an additive intergenerational effect on fear acquisition in minnows.

This paper presents our further efforts pertaining to the development of a noninvasive automated scoliosis screening and diagnostic solution, as well as some other spine disorders, using commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) devices such as the recently announced Azure Kinect. The aim and main benefit of developing a MATLAB interface to the aforementioned device compared to a previously developed standalone programmed solution using a previous generation Kinect device is reducing the future development and trial costs by gaining a solution that can quantify precision and clinical tests more easily. The presented research is being done to also offset the upcoming clinical trial costs by making it available to other interested research groups, which in turn could validate if our developed computer vision methods can stand up to other already available commercial solutions. whose costs compared to acquiring our solution makes them prohibitive to be acquired by just one research group and thus have this solution be further continuously developed and improved.

The changes in lifestyle and living conditions have affected not only humans but also microorganisms. As man invents new drugs and therapies, pathogens alter themselves to survive and thrive. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is the talk of the town for decades now. Many generations of medications have been termed useless as MDR rises among the infectious population. The surge in nanotechnology has brought a new hope in reducing this aspect of resistance in pathogens. It has been observed in several laboratory-based studies that the use of nanoparticles had a synergistic effect on the antibiotic being administered to the pathogen; several resistant strains scummed to the stress created by the nanoparticles and became susceptible to the drug. The major cause of resistance to date is the efflux system, which makes the latest generation of antibiotics ineffective without reaching the target site. If species-specific nanomaterials are used to control the activity of efflux pumps, it could revolutionize the field of medicine and make the previous generation resistant medications active once again. Therefore, the current study was devised to assess and review nanoparticles' role on efflux systems and discuss how specialized particles can be designed towards an infectious host's particular drug ejection systems.

We study the structural properties of a class of model social networks representing blood sibling and sibling-in-law relationships, in the case where the size of the married population varies between successive generations. These kinship networks are characterized by Poissonian degree distributions and the presence of a connected component encompassing a large part of the population, along with high values of clustering and assortativity. By means of numerical simulations and comparison with Erdős-Renyi networks of the same size and connectivity, we show that global clustering and assortativity remain high unless the size of the married population drops drastically. In contrast, the largest connected component collapses when the married population shrinks to just about two thirds of its size in the previous generation.

VDL Bus and Coach has presented new generation of Futura 2 coaches on June 2018, 8 years after premiere of the first generation. Since that, Valskenwaard factory has been left by 3500 vehicles, which makes 8,5% share of european touristic buses market. Almost 250 buses are used by polish carriers, with FHD2-129 as the most poppular model. However, Futury 2 technical parameters are still satisfying, VDL decided on the next step in order to optimalize eksploatation costs TCO and reducing environmental influence. Drive system has been improved, what is more weight of vehicle has been reduced. As a result, has been increased reliability and fuel usage has been reduced by 3,5% in comparison to previous generation.

Background and objectives: The present study was conducted to explore the mean age at menarche and associating factors among the Nepali school girls of Jorpati, Kathmandu. Materials and methods: The 500 girls of aged between 9-18 years were collected from the seven school of Gokarneshowr Municipality, Jorpati, Kathmandu after taking ethical clearance from NHRC. The healthy girls without any growth-related disorders and genetic abnormalities were included in the study. The consent was taken from the school authority and individual student by providing written consent and ascent form. The data thus collected were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Results: The age at menarche of the respondents was 12.56 ±1.12years and menarchial age varied from 9-16 years. Similarly, the mean age at menarche of sisters and mothers were 12.96 ± 1.25 and 14.30 ± 1.58 respectively. The mean age at menarche of vegetarian group was 12.42 years as compared to non-vegetarian was 12.58 years. The lowest mean age at menarche was in Newar (12.30 years) and highest mean age at menarche in Limbu (13.33years). Followed by age at menarche in Brahmin (12.58 years), Chhetri (12.74 years), Rai (12.60 years), Lama (12.43 years), Gurung (12.66 years) and others (12.56 years). Conclusions: There was decrease in age at menarche with successive generation as a result of increase in urbanization, better dwelling and smaller family size as compared to previous generation.

This research aims about how to build parent’s trust at Super Rasa Jaya Company. This is a family company engaged in bakery industry. This research was a descriptive qualitative. For data collecting technique, this study used interview and observations method. The data were validated though data validity test. Data triangulation was carried out by interviewing 6 informants who worked as entrepreneurs. Four of them have become a successful leaders of the next generation for more than 5 years. Two others were the owners of Super Rasa Jaya Company. This study found the owner of Super Rasa Jaya Company (head of the generation) had not been able to have their trust on the performance of their future generations yet. To gain that trust, the future generations had to work very hard. They were also required to provide evidence about their work. The next generation had to be able to demonstrate high performance in running and organizing the company. They had to able to produce a variety of new products and improve the quality of production in order to get the trust from the heads of the previous generation.

Purpose: The BrightOcular® implants are the newest model of cosmetic iris devices that are currently advertised as safe. The previous generation known as NewColorIris® have had severe ocular side effects and were subsequently withdrawn from the market. There is little literature on the safety profile of BrightOcular® implants. Case Report: Herein we describe two cases with varying degrees of ocular tolerability. The first case had a normal ocular exam 1 year after implantation, whereas the second case had unilateral severe corneal edema requiring explantation of the iris device and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty 9 months after bilateral implantation. Conclusions: These two cases attest to the unpredictability of the results of these cosmetic surgeries. Patients should be counseled about the vision-threatening complications of iris implants.

Premarital sexual behavior among Indonesian adolescents currently becomes easier to be found than previous generation. Based on health survey in 2017, both female and male adolescents admitted that they experienced dating since the aged of 16. Data showed that adolescents who were in relationship admitted having premarital sex than the common adolescents. This study’s objectives was to investigate the correlation between age of first dating and sexual behavior among adolescents and adults in Indonesia. The sample of this study involved respondents of health demographic survey in Indonesia 2012 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of men and women aged 15-24 years and unmarried. This research was a quantitative research using descriptive analytic research design with cross sectional approach. The age of first dating on adolescents was higher (96.2%) than young adults (3.8%). The numbers of dating teenagers and adults with sexual behavior (90.3%) was higher than those without sexual behavior (9.7%). Chi-Square correlation test results by using 95% of confidence revealed p-value equal to 0.004 0.05 with value of correlation coefficient equal to 0.023 indicating positive and significant correlation. Conclusion: There was correlation between age of first dating and sexual behavior on adolescents and adults in Indonesia.

Beckman Coulter recently reformulated their commercial TSH assay with primary calibration to the World Health Organization 3rd TSH international standard. An extensive evaluation of the performance characteristics for this assay was completed.Intra-day and inter-day precision was evaluated using 3 concentrations of commercial quality control material. Linearity, reportable range, stability, sensitivity and susceptibility to common inferences were determined using pooled patient specimens. Inter-assay variability was assessed across 5 different platforms (n=47 patient specimens).Intra-day and inter-day CVs were10% at all concentrations evaluated. The LOQ, LOD and LOB were 0.0047μIU/ml (10% CV), 0.0012μIU/ml and 0.0005μIU/ml, respectively. Variable bias was observed for the TSH3 assay when evaluated against the previous generation assay and other platforms, but overall TSH3 gave comparable results.The TSH3 assay for UniCel DxI 800, is precise, highly sensitive and comparable to the previous generation assay. The assay is acceptable for clinical testing.

Background/Aims: We assessed how the novel PrisMax continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) system performed in a prospective international multicentre setting. We compared this device to its predecessor, the Prismaflex, with regards to multiple treatment parameters. Additionally, we performed a survey, aiming to measure user satisfaction. Methods: Data was prospectively collected from 7 intensive care units (ICU) in 6 countries. The PrisMax device data logs constituted the raw material. Clinical parameters like treatment time, filter life span, downtime, delivered dose and number and type of alarms were recorded. A user questionnaire was sent out to 3 of the participating ICUs. Results: Filter life, downtime, blood pump stops, bag changing time and number of malfunction alarms showed significantly improved values compared to the historic Prismaflex data. The survey showed high scores with regards to user friendliness. Conclusion: The PrisMax CRRT device is safe and outperformed its’ previous generation counterpart in virtually all aspects. Video Journal Club “Cappuccino with Claudio Ronco” at http://www.karger.com/?doi=489213.

s Depth resolution in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is physically limited by the illumination angle. In recent notable progress on aberration correction technology, the illumination angle is significantly improved to be larger than 60 milliradians, which is 2 or 3 times larger than those in the previous generation. However, for three-dimensional depth sectioning with the large illumination angles, it is prerequisite to ultimately minimize lower orders of aberrations such as 2- and 3-fold astigmatisms and axial coma. Here, we demonstrate a live aberration correction using atomic-resolution STEM images rather than Ronchigram images. The present method could save the required time for aberration correction, and moreover, it is possible to build up a fully automated program. We demonstrate the method should be useful not only for axial depth sectioning but also phase imaging in STEM including differential phase-contrast imaging.

The paper presents the first part of the study within the research project Opportunities and possibilities of preservation and revitalization of the Slovene language among the Slovene minority community in the neighbouring states, which aims to analyse the situation in Benečija. In the era of global processes, European integrational processes, more favourable and sound legal bases (protection laws) and especially because of bilingual schooling, we assume that in the province of Udine there are the premises for linguistic revitalisation and de-assimilation of younger generations, including the intergenerational transmission of language and/or study of Slovene among the generations where this transmission has been interrupted. The paper introduces the first results of the study which aims to analyse the intergenerational transmission of the Slovene language, the reasons why parents have chosen bilingual schools and their expectations about bilingual schooling. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data has been analysed. Available data concerning Slovenes in Italy has been reviewed. Special stress has been put on data regarding the areas of Udine/Videm and Benečija. In the empirical part, qualitative data has been collected with interviews among parents of children attending the bilingual school in the school year 2016/17. On the basis of the answers, it can be presumed that in the previous generation the intergenerational transmission of Slovene language was often interrupted as schooling started, more exactly nursery school, which marked the transition to Italian. Consequently, bilingual schooling represents an important achievement for the Slovene population of the province of Udine. However, bilingual schooling itself cannot guarantee language preservation and revitalisation. There is the need of more support by means of language planning and policies. It has to be highlighted that all these processes are going on in an environment that is increasingly open and favourable for the Slovene language and bilingualism. Članek predstavlja prvi izsek raziskovalnega dela pri ciljnem raziskovalnem projektu Priložnosti in možnosti za ohranjanje oziroma revitalizacijo slovenščine med slovensko manjšinsko skupnostjo v sosednjih državah, namenjenem preučevanju stanja slovenskega jezika v Beneški Sloveniji. V kontekstu globalizacijskih procesov, evropskih integracijskih procesov, ugodnejših in trdnejših zakonskih podlag (t. i. zaščitnega zakona) ter predvsem zaradi prisotnosti dvojezične šole lahko oblikujemo hipotezo, da v Beneški Sloveniji obstajajo ugodne okoliščine za jezikovno revitalizacijo in deasimilacijo mlajših generacij, kar vključuje tudi ponovno učenje slovenščine med generacijami, pri katerih je medgeneracijski prenos jezika zastal. Iz zbranih podatkov je mogoče izluščiti, da je v prejšnji generaciji medgeneracijski prenos jezika pogosto zastal z začetkom šolanja oz. vstopom v vrtec, ki je zaznamoval prehod na italijanski jezik. Tudi zato je dvojezično šolanje za Beneško Slovenijo pomemben dosežek, vendar samo po sebi še ni zadosten pogoj za ohranjanje ali oživitev medgeneracijskega prenosa jezika. Potrebni so še drugi ukrepi jezikovnega načrtovanja in jezikovne politike. Ob tem gre poudariti, da se ti procesi razvijajo v okolju, ki je bolj naklonjeno slovenščini in dvojezičnosti, kot je bilo v preteklosti.

International audience; The AGATA (Advanced GAmma Tracking Array) tracking detector is being designed to far surpass the performance of the previous generation, Compton-suppressed arrays. In this paper, a characterization of AGATA is provided based on data from the second GSI campaign. Emphasis is placed on the proper corrections required to extract the absolute photopeak efficiency and peak-to-total ratio. The performance after tracking is extracted and GEANT4 simulations are used both to understand the results and to scale the measurements up to predicted values for the full 4π implementation of the device.

This study examined emotional and behavioral symptoms of children in Shanghai, China whose parents and/or grandparents had experienced potentially traumatic events (PTE). The sample was comprised of 2282 first-grade children who were rated by their teachers and parents. We compared children whose parents reported if they themselves and/or their parents had experienced a PTE, with children whose parents and grandparents had not been exposed to a PTE. We also paid attention to parental attributes including depression, overall physical health, and evaluation of the parent–child and marital relationships in order to determine their potential influence in the link between PTE exposure in a previous generation and children’s emotional and behavioral symptoms. Ordinary least square regression results indicate that children whose parents reported that they or one of their parents had PTE exposure had significantly higher levels of externalizing and internalizing behavior with effect sizes (Cohen’s d) ranging from 0.18 to 0.45. Parental depression, physical health symptoms, negative description of the parent–child relationship, and marital conflict were associated with heightened levels of children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors and accounted for some of the links between parental PTE exposure and children’s symptoms.

Introduction:An increase in a woman's age at her frst birth has occurred across all age groups but has been most pronounced in relatively older women, such that one out of every fve women in the world has her frst child after the age of 35, an 8-fold increase over the previous generation. Objective: What do infertile women in Каzakhstan over the age 40 understand of the relationship between age and fertility? Methods:82 medical card women over the 40 years old, who had consultation in IVF department of National research Center of Maternity & Child Care, were retrospectively analyzed. The data include responses to the interview questions ‘What information did you have about fertility and age before you started trying to get pregnant?’ and ‘What did you learn once you proceeded with fertility treatment?’, as well as any discussion of these topics. Results:31.7% of women in our cohort frst attempted conception at an average age more than 35 and 61% stated that they had some awareness that fertility declined after age 40. Yet 90.2% of women expected their fertility to decline gradually until menopause at around 50 years and 30.5% reported that they expected to get pregnant without difculty at age 40. When entering into the medical realm, very few participants had considered the possibility that they would need IVF and 53.7% reported being ‘shocked’ and ‘alarmed’ to discover that their understandings of the rapidity of age-related reproductive decline were inaccurate. There were 97.6% of women who advocated better fertility education earlier in life so that men and women could make more informed childbearing decisions and 80.5% who indicated that with more information about declining fertility they might have attempted conception at an earlier age. Conclusion:We found that women in our country did not have a clear understanding of the age at which fertility begins to decline. Over half of participants were ‘shocked’ to discover that the chances of conception at their ages were much lower than they had anticipated. As a result, we conclude that while the failure to appreciate the true biological relationship between aging and fertility may reflect inaccessibility or misinterpretation of information, it is not suffcient to explain the decades-long socio-demographic phenomenon of delayed childbearing.

Using two cohorts of young workers born in the early 1960s and early 1980s, this paper analyzes the temporal change in the U.S. gender wage gap and its determinants, which persists for both explained and unexplained reasons. Results suggest that the gender wage gap closed four (seven) percentage points at the mean (median) between cohorts. It finds cross-cohort evidence that young females’ increasing returns to marriage and a changing occupational wage structure contributed to a narrowing of the gap. Nonetheless, the majority of this convergence remains unexplained due to relative improvements in unobservable institutional factors or heterogeneity for females. Compared to the previous generation, millennials likely entered a more progressive, female-friendly labor market. It is also possible that female millennials are more ambitious and competitive in their early years of work experience relative to females born in the 1960s.