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While most solids expand when heated, some materials show the opposite behavior: negative thermal expansion (NTE). In polymers and biomolecules, NTE originates from the entropic elasticity of an ideal, freely-jointed chain. The origin of NTE in solids has been widely believed to be different. Our neutron scattering study of a simple cubic NTE material, ScF3, overturns this consensus. We observe that the correlation in the positions of the neighboring fluorine atoms rapidly fades on warming, indicating an uncorrelated thermal motion constrained by the rigid Sc-F bonds. This leads us to a quantitative theory of NTE in terms of entropic elasticity of a floppy network crystal, which is in remarkable agreement with experimental results. We thus reveal the formidable universality of the NTE phenomenon in soft and hard matter., 6 pages, 4 figures. Work reported at 2019 APS March meeting (http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR19/Session/B33.8)

We develop a quantitative life-cycle theory of occupational choice decisions, economic inequality, and financial frictions. The model is calibrated to life-cycle evidence on occupational choices and their persistence, earnings inequality, and consumption inequality in the Brazilian data. An important novelty of our theory is that individuals are heterogeneous in two ability types - ability as a worker and ability as an entrepreneur. Depending on their comparative advantage at occupations (ratio of abilities) and wealth, individuals may choose to become workers or entrepreneurs. The correlation of these two abilities is important for the quantitative implications of the theory because it determines the extent to which talented entrepreneurs are able to self-finance their businesses. When the correlation between skills is high, individuals that are talented as entrepreneurs are also talented as workers. Then, if skills are also persistent over time, young and talented individuals can work when young, build savings, and use their savings to finance their businesses when old. Thus, when entrepreneurial and working skills are highly correlated and persistent over time, the effects of financial frictions on resource allocations are less important than otherwise. Through counterfactual exercises, we want to study how alternative ways of generating economic inequality matter for the effects of financial frictions in the economy. We expect these results to deepen our understanding of the (non-trivial) interactions between inequality, financial frictions, and economic development.

The 19th and 20th centuries saw a transformation in contraceptive technologies and their take up. This led to a sexual revolution, which witnessed a rise in premarital sex and out-of-wedlock births, and a decline in marriage. The impact of contraception on married and single life is analyzed here both theoretically and quantitatively. The analysis is conducted using a model where people search for partners. Upon finding one, they can choose between abstinence, a premarital sexual relationship, and marriage. The model is confronted with some stylized facts about premarital sex and marriage over the course of the 20th century. Some economic history is also presented.

We investigate the charge separation caused by the motion of a water drop across a hydrophobic, insulating solid surface. Although the phenomenon of liquid charging has been consistently reported, these reports are primarily observational, results are difficult to reproduce, and no quantitative theory has been developed. In this work, we address both the experimental and theoretical sides of this problem. We reproducibly measure the charge gained by water drops sliding down a substrate, and we outline an analytical theory to describe this charging process. As an experimental system, we choose water drops moving down an inclined plane of glass hydrophobized with perfluoro octadecyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS). On this surface, sliding drops gain a positive charge. We observe charge saturation in three variables: increasing drop number, increasing interval between drops, and increasing drop-sliding length. These charge saturations indicate a limited “storage capacity” of the system, as well as a gradual discharging of the surface. To explain these results, we theorize that some fraction of the charge in the Debye layer is transferred to the surface rather than being neutralized as the drop passes. This fraction, or “transfer coefficient”, is dependent on the electric potentials of surface and drop. All of our experimental charge saturation results can be interpreted based on the proposed theory. Given that nearly every surface in our lives comes in contact with water, this water-dependent surface charging may be a ubiquitous process that we can begin to understand through the proposed theory.

Resurgence as Choice (RaC) is a quantitative theory suggesting that an increase in an extinguished target behavior with subsequent extinction of an alternative behavior (i.e., resurgence) is governed by the same processes as choice more generally. We present data from an experiment with rats examining a range of treatment durations with alternative reinforcement plus extinction and demonstrate that increases in treatment duration produce small but reliable decreases in resurgence. Although RaC predicted the relation between target responding and treatment duration, the model failed in other respects. First, contrary to predictions, the present experiment also replicated previous findings that exposure to cycling on/off alternative reinforcement reduces resurgence. Second, RaC did a poor job simultaneously accounting for target and alternative behaviors across conditions. We present a revised model incorporating a role for more local signaling effects of reinforcer deliveries or their absence on response allocation. Such signaling effects are suggested to impact response allocation above and beyond the values of the target and alternative behaviors as longer-term repositories of experience. The new model provides an excellent account of the data and can be viewed as an integration of RaC and a quantitative approximation of some aspects of Context Theory.

In today’s increasingly competitive wireless headphone consumer market, consumers are highly influenced in their purchasing decisions due to headphone form design. This study aims to study the form design methods of wireless headphone that accord with consumer’s preference. Based on the theory of Kansei engineering, a wide range of wireless headphone samples and Kansei words are collected. Representative headphone samples and Kansei words are picked out due to questionnaire and expert evaluation. Participants evaluated representative 14 headphone samples with selected Kansei words using 7-order semantic difference (SD) scale. The correlation between wireless headphone physical properties and user’s perception are analyzed by the perceptual evaluation matrix based on the quantitative theory type I. The wireless headphone form design strategies are proposed corresponding to consumer’s perception and preference and this approach will result in guidance to the industry for the design of headphone with user-centered concerns.

Particles flow and pack under stress, allowing shaping of the particles into target engineering geometries. Subsequently, in a process termed sintering, the particles are heated to induce bonding that results in a strong solid. Although first practiced 26,000 years ago, sintering was largely unexplained until recent times. Sintering science moved from an empirical and largely qualitative notion into a quantitative theory over a relatively short time period following World War II. That conceptual transition took place just as commercial applications for sintered materials underwent significant growth. This article highlights the key changes in sintering concepts that occurred in the 1945–1955 time period. This time span starts with the first quantitative neck growth model from Frenkel and ends with the quantitative shrinkage model from Kingery and Berg that includes several transport mechanisms.

Several recent developments have enhanced our understanding of specific ion hydration. These advances have included the Law of Matching Water Affinities and the realization that many-body dispersion forces and polarization can play important roles in ion specificity. Efforts have been made to partition the relevant ion free energies into their physically contributing parts in order to gain further insights into the driving forces. Yet a quantitative theory of ion specificity that links the necessary molecular-level treatment of the inner hydration shell with the many-body response of Lifshitz theory at longer range is still lacking. This review summarizes some steps toward quantitative models of specific ion hydration and discusses a possible path looking forward.

We develop a quantitative theory of repeated political transitions driven by revolts and reforms. In the model, the beliefs of disenfranchised citizens play a key role in determining revolutionary pressure, which in interaction with preemptive reforms determine regime dynamics. We study the quantitative implications of the model by fitting it to data on the universe of political regimes existing between 1946 and 2010. The estimated model generates a process of political transitions that looks remarkably close to the data, replicating the empirical shape of transition hazards, the frequency of revolts relative to reforms, the distribution of newly established regime types after revolts and reforms, and the unconditional distribution over regime types.

Do large firm dynamics drive the business cycle? We answer this question by developing a quantitative theory of aggregate fluctuations caused by firm-level disturbances alone. We show that a standard heterogeneous firm dynamics setup already contains in it a theory of the business cycle, without appealing to aggregate shocks. We offer an analytical characterization of the law of motion of the aggregate state in this class of models, the firm size distribution, and show that aggregate output and productivity dynamics display: (i ) persistence, (ii ) volatility, and (iii ) time-varying second moments. We explore the key role of moments of the firm size distribution, and, in particular, the role of large firm dynamics, in shaping aggregate fluctuations, theoretically, quantitatively, and in the data. (JEL D21, D22, D24, E32, L11)

The 19th and 20th centuries saw a transformation in contraceptive technologies and their take up. This led to a sexual revolution, which witnessed a rise in premarital sex and out-of-wedlock births, and a decline in marriage. The impact of contraception on married and single life is analyzed here both theoretically and quantitatively. The analysis is conducted using a model where people search for partners. Upon finding one, they can choose between abstinence, marriage, and a premarital sexual relationship. The model is confronted with some stylized facts about premarital sex and marriage over the course of the 20th century. Some economic history is also presented.

We provide empirical evidence of a novel liquidity-based transmission mechanism through which monetary policy influences asset markets, develop a model of this mechanism, and assess the ability of the quantitative theory to match the evidence. (JEL E44, E52, G12, G14, G35)

Urbanization's rapid progress presents an urgent challenge for developing a predictive, quantitative theory to support the comprehensive understanding of the urban built environment. Among, the intertwined relationship between urban functionality and activity diversity has been widely recognized and quantified in terms of the richness of points of interest (POIs). In this research, we provided a novel methodology for revealing the co-occurrences of POIs within the city and the mechanisms of the interplay between them. We built and studied the network of relatedness between POIs, finding that more common POIs are located in a densely connected core whereas rarer and more unique POIs occupy a less-connected periphery. We simulated the diffusion process of the network in different sub-district, finding that common POIs act more on the speed of diffusion, unique POIs act more on the scope of diffusion. This research may help inform stakeholders the proper way of promoting the vitality of the local urban built environment.

International audience; Algebraic varieties over finite fields are considered from the point of view of their invariants such as the number of points of a variety that are defined over the ground field and its extensions. The case of curves has been actively studied over the last thirty-five years, and hundreds of papers have been devoted to the subject. In dimension two or higher, the situation becomes much more difficult and has been little explored. This survey presents the main approaches to the problem and describes a major part of the known results in this direction.

Inversion is a phenomenon that affects the signal received by an RFID reader from a transponder in an unwanted way, as it creates zones of non-communication on the reader antenna. In a previous work we have shown how to locate and evaluate inversion with the aid of 2D maps produced with an automated scanner. The present paper supplements that work with a theory that clarifies the dependence of inversion on the parameters of the transponder circuit and on the magnetic coupling between antenna and transponder.

In 1955, Franco Modigliani wrote his lecture notes for the Carnegie Institute of Technology. This document, entitled Preliminary Notes on the Theory of Money and Interest in the Framework of General Equilibrium Analysis, has remained unpublished. Working within a temporary equilibrium model similar to that developed by Hicks in Value and Capital, Modigliani proposes a monetary theory similar to but different from that proposed by Patinkin in Money, Interest and Prices. It establishes that this model does not necessarily have an equilibrium if prices and wages are flexible. It shows that the propositions usually associated with quantitative theory-the dichotomy between the monetary and real sectors, the neutrality of money, the parallelism of price and money movements-are not generally verified. It introduces wage and price rigidity into the general equilibrium model to construct an appropriate framework for the study of monetary policies. This innovative text is important for understanding how monetary theory was conceived and taught in the United States in the 1950s. Mots clefs: Modigliani, Théorie monétaire, Effet d'encaisse réelle, Théorie quantitative, Modigliani et la question de l'existence d'un équilibre dans un modèle à prix flexibles Résumé. En 1955, Franco Modigliani rédigea les notes du cours qu'il donnait au Carnegie Institute of Technology. Ce document, qui porte le titre de Preliminary Notes on the Theory of Money and Interest in the Framework of General Equilibrium Analysis, est resté inédit. Travaillant dans le cadre d'un modèle d'équilibre temporaire voisin de celui que Hicks avait développé dans Value and Capital, Modigliani proposait une reconstruction de la théorie monétaire voisine mais différente de celle que Patinkin développera dans Money, Interest and Prices. Il établit que ce modèle n'a pas nécessairement un équilibre si les prix et les salaires sont flexibles. Il montre que les propositions habituellement associées à la théorie quantitative-la dichotomie entre secteur monétaire et secteur réel, la neutralité de la monnaie, le parallélisme de l'évolution des prix et de la monnaie-ne sont pas généralement vérifiées. Il introduit dans le modèle d'équilibre général la rigidité des salaires et des prix pour construire un cadre approprié pour l'étude des politiques monétaires. Ce texte novateur est important pour comprendre la façon dont la théorie monétaire était conçue et enseignée aux États-Unis dans les années 1950.

The gut microbiota is regarded as a densely packed microbial ecosystem. Growing data have evidenced the critical role this microcommunity plays in determining human health through its internal interactions, but it is unclear how such interactions organize into complex networks to function. Here, we propose a quantitative theory to dissect, visualize and interpret microbial interactions by inferring a directed, signed and weighted ecological network. This theory can reveal how and why gut microbes compete for resource (war) or cooperate symbiotically (peace) to reform and maintain the stability of microecological communities and predict microbial diversification, dynamics and evolution across host niches. The new theory is further incorporated into genome-wide association studies to map and identify host quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that modulate the alternative transition state of war and peace among bacteria. The discovery of such QTLs helps in designing personalized therapies that prevent microbial dysfunction to improve human health.

A quantitative theory of Fraunhofer diffraction by right- and left-handed multiwalled cylindrical scroll nanotubes is developed on the basis of the kinematical approach. The proposed theory is mainly dedicated to structural studies of individual nanotubes by the selected-area electron diffraction technique. Strong and diffuse reflections of the scroll nanotube were studied and explicit formulas that govern relations between the direct and reciprocal lattice of the scroll nanotube are achieved.

Gamma-band synchronization coordinates brief periods of excitability in oscillating neuronal populations to optimize information transmission during sensation and cognition. Commonly, a stable, shared frequency over time is considered a condition for functional neural synchronization. Here, we demonstrate the opposite: instantaneous frequency modulations are critical to regulate phase relations and synchronization. In monkey visual area V1, nearby local populations driven by different visual stimulation showed different gamma frequencies. When similar enough, these frequencies continually attracted and repulsed each other, which enabled preferred phase relations to be maintained in periods of minimized frequency difference. Crucially, the precise dynamics of frequencies and phases across a wide range of stimulus conditions was predicted from a physics theory that describes how weakly coupled oscillators influence each other’s phase relations. Hence, the fundamental mathematical principle of synchronization through instantaneous frequency modulations applies to gamma in V1 and is likely generalizable to other brain regions and rhythms.

The accurate prediction of mixed mass induced by turbulent Rayleigh-Taylor mixing is of fundamental importance for many natural phenomena and engineering applications; however, no quantitative theory based on it has been established yet. In this study, we establish a quantitative theory to predict its evolution at arbitrary density ratios by combining the theory of density-ratio-invariant mean species profiles, which was recently developed by us, and the closure model for the turbulent fluctuations presented in this letter. The transformation formula between mixed mass and mixing width is obtained; in addition, the quantitative variation of normalized mixed mass with respect to the density ratio is derived. The theoretical results agreed very well with the direct numerical simulations at varied density ratios. The study sheds light on the quantitative prediction of mixed mass in practical engineering applications such as inertial confinement fusion.

The purpose of this editorial is to discuss methodological advancements to enhance quantitative theory-testing entrepreneurship research. As the impact of entrepreneurship scholarship accelerates and deepens, our methods must keep pace to continue shaping theory, policy, and practice. Like our sister fields in business, entrepreneurship is coming to terms with the replication and credibility crisis in the social sciences, forcing the field to revisit commonly-held assumptions that limit the promise and prospect of our scholarship. Thus, we provide suggestions for reviewers and editors to identify concerns in empirical work, and to guide authors in improving their analyses and research designs. We hope that our editorial provides useful and actionable guidance for entrepreneurship researchers submitting theory-testing papers to Journal of Business Venturing.

When a rotating external field larger than a critical strength is applied to a meandering spiral with frequency close to the spiral frequency, the spiral may phase-lock to the applied field and perform rigid rotation instead. We show that this conversion happens by stabilization of an unstable circular-core spiral due to the external field. From calculating overlap integrals of adjoint critical modes (response functions), the Arnold tongue for phase-locking is predicted, matching the outcome from direct numerical simulations. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Teng-Chao Li Bing-Wei Li Bo Zheng Hong Zhang Alexander Panfilov Hans Dierckx Teng-Chao Li Bing-Wei Li Bo Zheng Hong Zhang Alexander Panfilov Hans Dierckx Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China Laboratory of Computational Biology and Medicine, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. Teng-Chao Li, Bing-Wei Li, Bo Zheng, Hong Zhang, Alexander Panfilov and Hans Dierckx 2019-04-01 2019-04-08 07:10:30 cgi/release: Article released cgi/article: new .article bin/incoming: New from .zip Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004731 LY16A050003 National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 11675141 11775186 China Postdoctoral Science Foundation https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002858 No. 2018M632444 yes When a rotating external field larger than a critical strength is applied to a meandering spiral with frequency close to the spiral frequency, the spiral may phase-lock to the applied field and perform rigid rotation instead. We show that this conversion happens by stabilization of an unstable circular-core spiral due to the external field. From calculating overlap integrals of adjoint critical modes (response functions), the Arnold tongue for phase-locking is predicted, matching the outcome from direct numerical simulations. General Scientific Summary Introduction and background . Spiral waves have been observed in diverse systems, from the well-known Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction to cardiac tissue, where they cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The dynamics of a spiral wave is determined by the motion of its tip, also known as a "topological defect" or "phase singularity". Tip orbits are often not circular but follow complex cycloidal orbits, which is called "meander". It was hypothesized that spiral wave meander is the cause of a potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia "Torsade de Pointes", which often occurs as a result of adverse drug action or genetic mutations. Thus, control of spiral wave meander is an important scientific question. Until now, several control schemes have been proposed to control or suppress meandering of spiral waves. Nevertheless, most of previous works are purely phenomenological and lack quantitative explanation. Main results . We propose a new way to control spiral wave meander, by application of a rotating external field which converts the spiral to a rigidly rotating spiral via phase-locking. Based on a response functions approach, we develop a quantitative theory to predict the stabilization regime and the conditions of phase locking and show that our theory is in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. Wider implications . We believe that the methodology presented here will be applicable to control spiral wave dynamics not only in chemical systems but also in other excitable systems in physics, chemistry and biology (e.g. cardiac tissue). 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We outline a theory to quantify the interplay of entropic and selective forces on nucleotide organization and apply it to the genomes of single-stranded RNA viruses. We quantify these forces as intensive variables that can easily be compared between sequences, outline a computationally efficient transfer-matrix method for their calculation, and apply this method to influenza and HIV viruses. We find viruses altering their dinucleotide motif use under selective forces, with these forces on CpG dinucleotides growing stronger in influenza the longer it replicates in humans. For a subset of genes in the human genome, many involved in antiviral innate immunity, the forces acting on CpG dinucleotides are even greater than the forces observed in viruses, suggesting that both effects are in response to similar selective forces involving the innate immune system. We further find that the dynamics of entropic forces balancing selective forces can be used to predict how long it will take a virus to adapt to a new host, and that it would take H1N1 several centuries to adapt to humans from birds, typically contributing many of its synonymous substitutions to the forcible removal of CpG dinucleotides. By examining the probability landscape of dinucleotide motifs, we predict where motifs are likely to appear using only a single-force parameter and uncover the localization of UpU motifs in HIV. Essentially, we extend the natural language and concepts of statistical physics, such as entropy and conjugated forces, to understanding viral sequences and, more generally, constrained genome evolution.

The quantitative theory of diffraction by spiral nanotubes of any chemical composition is offered. Distribution of diffraction intensities along layer lines and layer planes, strong and diffuse reflexes, pseudoorthogonality effect has been simulated and analyzed. The investigation is oriented to electron microdiffraction from a single nanotube.

According to the coupling relationship of goods transport attributes (goods value, transportation forms, transportation batch, volume and weight, transportation distance, transportation risk, container suitability and timeliness) and transport services attributes (transportation costs, time, punctuality, quality, security and frequency ), the transport goods are divided into six categories by Quantitative Theory III: time-sensitive goods, containerized goods, general break-bulk goods, hazardous goods, long and heavy goods , bulk goods. It provides new idea and way to classification of transport goods, which can give reference for other similar researches.

E-book reader is analyzed based on Kansei Engineering this paper. Investigation about e-book reader has been made and the investigation results are analyzed to get intention diagram, using quantitative theory IV class to establish engineering model. Improvement trend of the e-book reader is put forward to provide theoretical support for e-book reader.

In this rejoinder, we suggest that Professor Tweney’s commentary on our article not only contains stark mischaracterizations of our analysis, but is rife with misunderstandings of basic quantitative theory, and loose, unfounded speculations. We conclude, in short, that it makes no contribution to the clarification of the phenomenon of regression towards the mean.

We present an introduction to periodic and stochastic homogenization of ellip- tic partial differential equations. The first part is concerned with the qualitative theory, which we present for equations with periodic and random coefficients in a unified approach based on Tartar's method of oscillating test functions. In partic- ular, we present a self-contained and elementary argument for the construction of the sublinear corrector of stochastic homogenization. (The argument also applies to elliptic systems and in particular to linear elasticity). In the second part we briefly discuss the representation of the homogenization error by means of a two- scale expansion. In the last part we discuss some results of quantitative stochastic homogenization in a discrete setting. In particular, we discuss the quantification of ergodicity via concentration inequalities, and we illustrate that the latter in combi- nation with elliptic regularity theory leads to a quantification of the growth of the sublinear corrector and the homogenization error., Comment: Lecture notes of a minicourse given by the author during the GSIS International Winter School 2017 on "Stochastic Homogenization and its applications" at the Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; This version contains a correction of Lemma 2.17

We develop a quantitative theory of stochastic homogenization for linear, uniformly parabolic equations with coefficients depending on space and time. Inspired by recent works in the elliptic setting, our analysis is focused on certain subadditive quantities derived from a variational interpretation of parabolic equations. These subadditive quantities are intimately connected to spatial averages of the fluxes and gradients of solutions. We implement a renormalization-type scheme to obtain an algebraic rate for their convergence, which is essentially a quantification of the weak convergence of the gradients and fluxes of solutions to their homogenized limits. As a consequence, we obtain estimates of the homogenization error for the Cauchy-Dirichlet problem which are optimal in stochastic integrability. We also develop a higher regularity theory for solutions of the heterogeneous equation, including a uniform $C^{0,1}$-type estimate and a Liouville theorem of every finite order., Comment: 69 pages, minor revision

Spiral-wave generators, or 'rotors', have been identified by advanced mapping methods in experimental and clinical atrial fibrillation (AF). In this Review, Nattel and colleagues describe the concepts of phase mapping and spiral-wave rotors, and summarize the ways in which rotor sources might be involved in AF maintenance. They also consider the relevance of spiral-wave rotors to the management of patients with AF. Treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice, remains challenging. Improved understanding of underlying mechanisms is needed to improve therapy. Functional re-entry is central to AF maintenance. The first detailed, quantitative theory of functional re-entry, the 'leading circle' model, was developed 40 years ago. Subsequently, an alternative paradigm based on 'spiral waves' has evolved. Spiral-wave generators, or 'rotors', have been identified using advanced mapping methods in experimental and clinical AF. A central tool in the analysis of spiral-wave rotors is the phase transformation, allowing for easier visualization of rotors and tracking of 'phase singularity' points at the rotor tip. In contrast to leading circle theory, which is expressed in terms familiar to (and easily understood by) cardiologists, the ideas needed to understand rotors are much more theoretical and harder for clinicians to apply. In this Review, we summarize the basic notions of phase mapping and spiral-wave rotors, and the ways in which rotor sources might be involved in AF maintenance. We discuss competing observations about the role of spatially confined rotors, short-lived rotors clustered at the edge of fibrotic zones, endocardial–epicardial interactive breeder properties and transmural re-entry, as well as studies underway to resolve them. We conclude with consideration of the clinical relevance of the issues discussed and their potential implications for the management of patients with AF.

Karst collapses in Zaozhuang area are the typical karst collapses induced by groundwater over-pumping in north China, which lead to severe economic loss and negative societal influence. Based on the comprehensive analysis of all natural influencing factors and human influencing factors associated with karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model by means of fuzzy mathematic method, in which the Quantitative theory method was firstly applied in determination of the factor weights. The karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model with 14 evaluation indicators can be effectively used for quantitative evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility. So, an analysis and evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed by means of karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model. The karst collapse area of Zaozhuang region is divided into very high susceptibility area, high susceptibility area, medium susceptibility area and low susceptibility area, which account for about 6.3, 5.2, 10.4 and 78.1 % of the total karst area and the karst collapse susceptibility evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. The results above will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.

A quantitative theory of protein folding should make testable predictions using theoretical models and simulations performed under conditions that closely mimic those used in experiments. Typically, in laboratory experiments folding or unfolding is initiated using denaturants or external mechanical force, whereas theories and simulations use temperature as the control parameter, thus making it difficult to make direct comparisons with experiments. The molecular transfer model (MTM), which incorporates environmental changes using measured quantities in molecular simulations, overcomes these difficulties. Predictions of the folding thermodynamics and kinetics of a number of proteins using MTM simulations are in remarkable agreement with experiments. The MTM and all atom simulations demonstrating the presence of dry globules represent major advances in the proteins folding field.

Experimental studies have identified an anomalous grain size dependence associated with the critical tensile pressure that a metal may sustain before catastrophic failure by cavitation processes. Here we derive the first quantitative theory (and its associated closed-form solution) capable of explaining this phenomena. The theory agrees well with experimental measurements and atomistic calculations over a very wide range of conditions. Utilizing this theory, we are able to map out three distinct regimes in which the critical tensile pressure for cavitation failure (i) increases with decreasing grain size in accordance with conventional wisdom, (ii) nonintuitively decreases with decreasing grain size, and (iii) is independent of grain size. The theory also predicts microscopic signatures of the cavitation process which agree with available data.

There is no consensus yet on the definition of semantic information. This paper contributes to the current debate by criticising and revising the Standard Definition of semantic Information (SDI) as meaningful data, in favour of the Dretske-Grice approach: meaningful and well-formed data constitute semantic information only if they also qualify as contingently truthful. After a brief introduction, SDI is criticised for providing necessary but insufficient conditions for the definition of semantic information. SDI is incorrect because truth-values do not supervene on semantic information, and misinformation (that is, false semantic information) is not a type of semantic information, but pseudo-information, that is not semantic information at all. This is shown by arguing that none of the reasons for interpreting misinformation as a type of semantic information is convincing, whilst there are compelling reasons to treat it as pseudo-information. As a consequence, SDI is revised to include a necessary truth-condition. The last section summarises the main results of the paper and indicates the important implications of the revised definition for the analysis of the deflationary theories of truth, the standard definition of knowledge and the classic, quantitative theory of semantic information.

Employment volatility is larger for young and old workers than for prime aged. At the same time, in economies with high tax rates, the share of total hours supplied by the young/old workers is smaller. These two observations imply a negative correlation between government size (measured by the share of taxes in total output) and aggregate output volatility. This paper assesses in a calibrated heterogenous agent, overlapping generations model the quantitative importance of these two facts to account for the empirical relation between government size and macroeconomic stability. The baseline calibration accounts correctly for the quantitative relation between output volatility and government size observed in the data.

The quantitative theory of diffraction by separate chiral nanotubes of arbitrary chemical composition is offered. The pseudoorthogonality effect and dependence of diffraction on the azimuthal ordering are considered. The calculated diffraction patterns for the case of electron microdiffraction by separate chrysotile nanotubes are adduced. Запропоновано кількісну теорію дифракції за допомогою окремих хіральних нанотрубок довільного хімічного складу. Досліджено вплив псевдоортогональності та залежність дифракції від азимутальної впорядкованості. Наведено розрахункові дифрактограми для випадку електронної мікродифракції окремими хризотиловими нанотрубками.

A traffic crash prediction model was developed to accurately estimate roadway section safety. Crash rate of a roadway section was selected as the predicting measure. Moreover, the following seven factors were selected as major influencing factors: number of years of driving, number of lanes, radius of horizontal curves, longitudinal grade, road surface status, type of intersection, and width of road surface. The traffic crash prediction model was established based on fuzzy quantitative theory. To validate the model, crash data were collected at an actual site between 490.900km to 550.789km on a national highway. The result from the model was in agreement with the actual field data. The conclusion is that the model can be applied to other roadway locations.

When conducting canonical correlation analysis, researchers generally rely on function and structure coefficients when interpreting noteworthy canonical functions. This article describes how human resource development (HRD) researchers can use canonical commonality analysis to interpret their canonical functions more completely and thereby inform theory. Using the correlation matrix, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Dimensions of Learning Organizational Questionnaire (DLOQ) to illustrate the utility of canonical commonality analysis. Researchers will see how canonical commonality analysis can bring to light theoretically relevant relationships in canonical functions that might be left undetected by only examining function and structure coefficients.

When it comes to multiple linear regression analysis (MLR), it is common for social and behavioral science researchers to rely predominately on beta weights when evaluating how predictors contribute to a regression model. Presenting an underutilized statistical technique, this article describes how organizational researchers can use commonality analysis to more completely interpret their regression effects and thereby inform theory. Using an empirical example from published literature, readers will see how regression commonality analysis can uncover important theoretical relationships that might be left undetected by only examining beta weights.

This article describes why measurement invariance is a critical issue to quantitative theory building within the field of human resource development. Readers will learn what measurement invariance is and how to test for its presence using techniques that are accessible to applied researchers. Using data from a LibQUAL+TM study of user perceptions of service quality, we demonstrate how measurement invariance can threaten the validity of group comparison tests and ensuing theoretical conclusions. Moreover, we identify how measurement invariance can uncover important relationships in data that would otherwise go left unnoticed.