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Background: Sedentary lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, making it crucial to identify effective interventions to improve cardiovascular function in this population. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient and effective exercise intervention to improve cardiovascular health. Aim: To investigate the effects of HIIT on cardiovascular function in sedentary individuals. Methods: Fifty sedentary individuals (25 males and 25 females) were recruited and randomly assigned into either an experimental (HIIT) or a control group. The experimental group underwent a 12-week HIIT program, while the control group maintained their sedentary lifestyle. Cardiovascular function was assessed by measuring resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure (BP), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences between the HIIT and control groups in RHR, BP, or VO2max. After 12 weeks, the HIIT group had a significant decrease in RHR (from 75.2 ± 8.3 bpm to 68.3 ± 7.5 bpm, p < 0.001) and BP (systolic BP from 124.7 ± 11.5 mmHg to 118.3 ± 9.9 mmHg, p = 0.001; diastolic BP from 78.6 ± 8.5 mmHg to 72.9 ± 6.8 mmHg, p < 0.001), and a significant increase in VO2max (from 31.6 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min to 36.8 ± 4.3 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. In contrast, there were no significant changes in RHR, BP, or VO2max in the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that HIIT may be an effective intervention to improve cardiovascular function in sedentary individuals. These findings have important implications for developing interventions to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases in sedentary populations. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of HIIT on cardiovascular function and other health outcomes in sedentary individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: A high resting heart rate (RHR) and low systolic blood pressure (SBP) are a risk factor and a risk indicator, respectively, for poor heart failure (HF) outcomes. This analysis evaluated the associations between baseline RHR and SBP with outcomes and treatment patterns in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the QUALIFY (QUality of Adherence to guideline recommendations for LIFe‐saving treatment in heart failure surveY) international registry. Methods and results: Between September 2013 and December 2014, 7317 HFrEF patients with a previous HF hospitalization within 1–15 months were enrolled in the QUALIFY registry. Complete follow‐up data were available for 5138 patients. The relationships between RHR and SBP and outcomes were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model and were analysed according to baseline values as high RHR (H‐RHR) ≥75 bpm versus low RHR (L‐RHR) <75 bpm and high SBP (H‐SBP) ≥110 mmHg versus low SBP (L‐SBP) <110 mmHg and analysed according to each of the following four phenotypes: H‐RHR/L‐SBP, L‐RHR/L‐SBP, H‐RHR/H‐SBP and L‐RHR/H‐SBP (reference group). Compared to the reference group, H‐RHR/L‐SBP was associated with the worst outcomes for the combined primary endpoint of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51–2.21, p < 0.001), cardiovascular death (HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.69–4.33, p < 0.001), and HF hospitalization (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.30–2.01, p < 0.001). Low‐risk patients with L‐RHR/H‐SBP achieved more frequently ≥50% of target doses of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and beta‐blockers (BBs) than the other groups. However, 48% and 46% of low‐risk patients were not well treated with ACEIs and BBs, respectively (≤50% of target dose or no treatment). Conclusion: In patients with HFrEF and recent hospitalization, elevated RHR and lower SBP identify patients at increased risk for cardiovascular endpoints. While SBP and RHR are often recognized as barriers that deter physicians from treating with high doses of recommended drugs, they are not the only reason leaving many patients suboptimally treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence has linked elevated resting heart rate (RHR) with poor cognitive function in older adults, but the mechanisms underlying their association are poorly understood. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 4510 dementia-free participants (age ≥ 65 years; 56.9% females; 38.3% no formal education) in the baseline examination of the Multidomain Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in Rural China study. Of these, 1,386 had data on serum proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. RHR was measured using 12-lead electrocardiograph. We used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a neuropsychological test battery to assess cognitive function. Data were analyzed using the general linear and restricted cubic splines models. Results: People with high RHR were more likely to have cardiometabolic diseases and worse cognitive function (p < 0.05). There was an inverted J-shaped association of RHR with MMSE and attention scores. Having RHR ≥ 80 bpm (vs. 60–69 bpm) was significantly associated with the multivariable-adjusted β coefficients of − 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI), − 1.00, − 0.16] for MMSE score and − 0.08 (− 0.15, − 0.01) for attention score. In the serum biomarker subsample, RHR was linearly associated with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) (β coefficient = 0.19; 95%CI 0.14, 0.24), IL-8 (0.08; 0.02, 0.13), IL-10 (0.09; 0.04, 0.15), tumor necrosis factor-α (0.06; 0.01, 0.11), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (0.09; 0.04, 0.15), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (0.16; 0.11, 0.22), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (0.11; 0.06, 0.16). Conclusions: There is an inverted J-shaped association of RHR with attention and global cognition. Poor cognitive function and high RHR may be linked through systemic low-grade inflammation and endothelial injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Longitudinal patterns of resting heart rate (RHR) in patients with diabetes mellitus and their association with health outcomes are not well-characterized. Objective: We sought to explore the RHR trajectories in patients with diabetes mellitus and their association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. Design: The Kailuan Study is a prospective cohort study. Participants underwent health examinations biennially starting in 2006 and were followed until December 31, 2020. Setting: General community. Participants: A total of 8218 diabetic participants who attended at least 3 of the examinations conducted in 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 were included. Main outcome measures: CVD and all-cause mortality. Results: We identified 4 RHR trajectories in participants with diabetes mellitus between 2006 and 2012: low-stable (range, 66.83-64.91 beats/min; n = 1705), moderate-stable (range, 76.30-76.95 beats/min; n = 5437), high-decreasing (mean decreased from 92.14 to 85.60 beats/min; n = 862), and high-increasing (mean increased from 84.03 to 111.62 beats/min; n = 214). During an average follow-up of 7.25 years, 977 cases of CVD and 1162 deaths were identified. Compared with the low-stable trajectory, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD were 1.48 (95% CI, 1.02-2.14; P = .04) for the high-increasing trajectory, adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.14-1.58; P < .01) for the moderate-stable trajectory, 1.68 (95% CI, 1.35-2.10; P < .01) for the high-decreasing trajectory, and 2.47 (95% CI, 1.85-3.31; P < .01) for the high-increasing trajectory. Conclusions: RHR trajectories were associated with the subsequent risks of CVD and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims A low resting heart rate (RHR) implies a more efficient heart function and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. However, observational studies have reported a U-shaped association between RHR and atrial fibrillation (AF). In contrast, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have found an inverse causal association between RHR and AF. Hence, the causal nature of the relationship is not clear. The aim is to investigate the causal association and its shape between RHR on AF using linear and non-linear MR (NLMR). Methods and results Linear and non-linear MR were performed on individual-level data in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and UK Biobank (UKB). HUNT consists of 69 155 individuals with 7,062 AF cases, while UKB provides data on 431 852 individuals with 20 452 AF cases. The linear MR found an inverse relationship between RHR and AF with an OR = 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–0.98] and OR = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95–0.97) per unit decrease in RHR in HUNT and UKB, respectively. The NLMR was supportive of an inverse linear relationship in both HUNT and UKB for RHR values <90 beats per minute (bpm). Several sensitivity analyses were also consistent. Conclusion In contrast with the current observational knowledge of RHR and AF, an inverse causal association between RHR and AF was demonstrated in both linear and non-linear MR for RHR values up to 90 bpm. Further exploring the underlying mechanisms of the genetic instrument for RHR may shed light on whether pleiotropy is biasing this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. However, the findings of cohort studies differed. Thus, the impact of RHR on CVD mortality might be different according to the background of the population. Therefore, we examined the relationship of RHR and CVD mortality according to serum albumin (ALB) levels in a Japanese general population. Methods: In total, 8,363 individuals without a history of CVD were followed for 24.0 years. The participants were divided into four groups according to the quartiles of RHR (Q1–Q4), and they were further classified into the high and low ALB groups based on a median value of 44 g/L. We estimated the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of CVD mortality in each RHR group based on ALB levels, and the interaction between RHR and ALB groups on CVD mortality was evaluated. Results: We found no significant association between RHR and CVD mortality. However, the Q4 of RHR was significantly associated with an increased risk for CVD mortality (HR 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.57) in participants with a low ALB level. Meanwhile, the Q4 of RHR was significantly correlated with a decreased risk for CVD morality in those with a high ALB level (HR 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47–0.79) after adjusting for covariates. A significant interaction between RHR and ALB for CVD mortality was shown (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The impact of RHR on CVD mortality differed according to ALB levels in a general Japanese population.

Background Personality traits are known factors that may influence levels of physical activity and other healthy lifestyle measures and behaviors that ultimately lead to health problems later in life. Participants and procedure The aim of this study was to examine the association between personality traits (HEXACO) and levels of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) – measured using Fitbits, BMI, and a self-reported whole-person healthy lifestyle score for N = 2580 college students. Data were collected and analyzed for students enrolled in a University Success type course from August 2017 to May 2021. The relationships between HEXACO personality traits and various physical activity and healthy lifestyle behaviors were analyzed by building several multiple regression models using R version 4.0.2. Results In general, students who are extraverted were more physically active and students who are more open to experience had a higher RHR, even when controlling for gender. Females and males however had different profiles as to how personality influenced physical activity and other health-related measures. Male extraverts with high negative emotionality scores tend to be more physically active, whereas females tend to be more physically active when they were high in extroversion and conscientiousness, and low in openness to experience. BMI values were higher for female participants with high honesty-humility and low agreeableness and conscientiousness scores. Females also had a lower RHR for high honesty-humility and emotionality and low conscientiousness scores. Conclusions Personality can influence levels of physical activity, RHR, and BMI. This is especially true of women. Being aware of one’s personality and the relationship of personality traits to levels of physical activity and other measures of leading a healthy lifestyle can be beneficial in determining strategies to improve long-term health outcomes.

Introduction: COVID19 is an acute respiratory syndrome that affects the immune system. Obesity can increase the risk of developing this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 in female students based on their body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Methods: 700 girl students aged 15-18 years in Neyshabur City, Iran were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups: the healthy (n=519) and Corona (n=181). The results were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests of Mann-Whitney U Test, Spearman correlation coefficient and two-point string test at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: In the healthy group, the mean of BMI was 21.09±3.4, WHR 0.77±0.07, and age 16.53±1 years and in the Corona group, the mean of BMI was 22.32±4.11, WHR 0.77±0.06 and age was 16.80±0.89 years, respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test in the BMI of the two groups were significantly different (P = 0.001). Abdominal obesity was not significant in both groups (P = 0.469). There was a significant positive relationship between BMI and WHR (P = 0.00094). There was a significant relationship between BMI and Corona using the agreement coefficient with the two-point string test (P = 0.001). Also, the results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that the resting heart rate of the two groups was significantly different (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in adolescents, increasing BMI and resting heart rate increases the prevalence of Corona disease and abdominal obesity has no effect on corona virus infection. Therefore, due to the effect of exercise activities on losing weight and resting heart rate, the need to do these activities during quarantine is considered.

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Reduced physical activity and overweight are associated with poor prognosis. Breast cancer patients have a high risk to gain weight, lose muscle mass and reduce physical activity during therapy. Concepts are urgently needed to motivate patients to engage in physical activity. Methods: 110 non-metastatic breast cancer patients were included in the prospective observational BEGYN-1 study. Physiological parameters and body composition were measured before the start of therapy and then quarterly for one year. Patients used a fitness tracker and documented their physical activity in a diary throughout the study. Results: Although the patients were not offered any guided exercise, and despite the restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, they increased their physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task (MET) -minutes): p<0.001), physical fitness (decreasing resting heart rate: p=0.001) and did not gain weight (median - 0.4kg) over the course of the study. Conclusion: Improved awareness of physical activity is associated with an increase in physical activity, fitness, and a stable weight during the first year of therapy in breast cancer patients. Counselling at diagnosis should motivate patients to engage in physical activity, wear a fitness tracker and document activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the association between baseline level and change of autonomic nervous function with subsequent development of arterial stiffness. Autonomic nervous function was assessed in 4901 participants of the Whitehall II occupational cohort by heart rate variability (HRV) indices and resting heart rate (rHR) three times between 1997 and 2009, while arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) measured twice between 2007 and 2013. First, individual HRV/rHR levels and annual changes were estimated. Then, we modelled the development of PWV by HRV/rHR using linear mixed effect models. First, we adjusted for sex and ethnicity (model 1), and then for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, various clinical measurements, and medications (model 2). A decrease in HRV and unchanged rHR was associated with subsequent higher levels of PWV, but the effect of a change in HRV was less pronounced at higher ages. A typical individual aged 65 years with a SDNN level of 30 ms and a 2% annual decrease in SDNN had 1.32 (0.95; 1.69) higher PWV compared to one with the same age and SDNN level but with a 1% annual decrease in SDNN. Further adjustment had no major effect on the results. People who experience a steeper decline in autonomic nervous function have higher levels of arterial stiffness. The association was stronger in younger people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent health benefits of different physical activity (PA) intensities, especially of lower intensities, are debated due to challenges in accelerometer data processing and analyses. Using a new accelerometer data processing method and multivariate pattern analysis, this study investigated the association of PA intensities with indicators of cardiovascular and mental health. Adolescents (n = 1,235, mean age 13.6 years, 41% males) were examined for cardiovascular health: body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference (WC), resting heart rate and blood pressure, white blood cell count (WBC), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and answered questionnaires assessing stress and psychosomatic symptoms. Sex, age, and socioeconomic status were confounders. Hip-worn accelerometer data were processed with 10 Hz frequency extended method and a spectrum of 22 PA intensity categories was analyzed for association with health using partial least squares regression. Total explained variances for BMI z-score, WC, resting heart rate, stress, and psychosomatic symptoms were higher (3.3%–8.7%) compared to diastolic blood pressure, WBC, and PWV (0.9%–1.4%). We found positive associations of high-end moderate PA and vigorous PA with cardiovascular and mental health indicators. More sedentary time and lower level of light PA were associated with higher BMI z-score, WC, resting heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, WBC, and PWV, but not with mental health indicators. Very vigorous PA was negatively associated with resting heart rate, stress, and psychosomatic symptoms. In adolescents, PA of varying intensities were generally found to be positively associated with better cardiovascular health, but only higher intensity PA was associated with better mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the consistency on the target heart rate for exercise determined by simple target heart rate (sTHR) based on resting heart rate (HRrest) and heart rate at anaerobic threshold (HRAT) in cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) for patients with chronic heart failure. This is a retrospective cohort study, in which CHF patients who underwent CPET in Tongji Hospital Cardiac Rehabilitation Center Affiliated to Tongji University from March 2007 to December 2018 were enrolled. The clinical data of the patients from the electronic medical record system, HRrest and HRAT measured by CPET were collected. Patients were further divided into subgroups according to gender, age (<60 years group and ≥ 60 years group), with or without beta-blocker therapy and subgroup of heart failure (heart failure with reduced, mid-range and preserved ejection fraction). The sTHR (HRrest plus 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 bpm) and HRAT were all calculated in each patient. Paired t- test was used for the difference between the two methods, correlation analysis was shown by pearson analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for consistency test. A total of 547 CHF patients were enrolled, including 447 males (81.7%), aged 63 (56,69) years, with BMI of 25.2 (23.5,26.4) kg/m2 and LVEF of 45.0 (36.0, 52.0) %. The target heart rate determined by HRAT method was (93.59 ± 13.95) bpm, and its counterpart determined by HRrest plus 20 bpm (HRrest +20) was (93.16 ± 7.69) bpm. There was no significant difference between the two methods (P >0.05). However, it was statistically different between HRrest plus 10, 15, 25, 30 bpm and HRAT respectively (P <0.001). And HRrest +20 was positively correlated with HRAT (r = 0.418, P <0.001). Therefore, HRrest +20 below was regarded as sTHR. The ICC of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT was 0.523,95%CI 0.435–0.596 (P < 0.001) in all patients (n = 547). In patients with beta-blocker therapy (n = 464), the ICC of sTHR and HRAT consistency test was 0.534,95%CI 0.441–0.612, P < 0.001; The ICC of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT of patients without beta-blocker therapy (n = 83) was 0.407,95%CI 0.083–0.616, P < 0.05. In the sinus rhythm group (n = 466), the ICC of sTHR and HRAT consistency test was 0.527,95%CI 0.433–0.606, P < 0.001; The ICC of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT of atrial fibrillation patients in group (n = 81) was 0.482,95%CI 0.195–0.667, P < 0.05.The ICC of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT was 0.501,95%CI 0.338–0.623 (P < 0.001) in patients under 60 years old (n = 195); The ICC of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT in patients ≥60 years old (n = 352) was 0.533,95%CI 0.424–0.621, P < 0.001. In the male group (n = 447), the ICC of sTHR and HRAT consistency test was 0.577,95%CI 0.491–0.649, P < 0.001; The ICC of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT of female patients in group (n = 100) was 0.344,95%CI 0.025–0.559, P < 0.05. The ICC of sTHR and HRAT consistency test in HFrEF group (n = 170) was 0.395,95%CI 0.181–0.553, P < 0.01; The ICC values of the consistency test between sTHR and HRAT was 0.543, 95%CI 0.405–0.649 (P < 0.001) in patients with HFmrEF (n = 222); In HFpEF group (n = 155), the ICC of sTHR and HRAT consistency test was 0.620,95%CI 0.478–0.723, P < 0.001. The exercise target heart rate calculated by HRrest is consistent with that determined by HRAT in patients with CHF. For primary hospitals without CPET, exercise prescription equivalent to AT intensity for patients with CHF can be determined by HRrest. However, the target heart rate calculated by HRrest can't replace that determined by HRAT in this patient cohort completely. • In patients with CHF, the exercise target heart rate determined by HRrest plus 20 bpm is consistent with by AT. • It's feasible to develop exercise prescription equivalent to AT intensity for CHF patients by HRrest without CPET. • HRrest plus 20 bpm can be of clinical value in exercise therapy for CHF patients in primary hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alterations in heart rate (HR) may provide new information about physiological signatures of depression severity. This 2-year study in individuals with a history of recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) explored the intra-individual variations in HR parameters and their relationship with depression severity. Methods: Data from 510 participants (Number of observations of the HR parameters = 6666) were collected from three centres in the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, as a part of the remote assessment of disease and relapse-MDD study. We analysed the relationship between depression severity, assessed every 2 weeks with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8, with HR parameters in the week before the assessment, such as HR features during all day, resting periods during the day and at night, and activity periods during the day evaluated with a wrist-worn Fitbit device. Linear mixed models were used with random intercepts for participants and countries. Covariates included in the models were age, sex, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption, antidepressant use and co-morbidities with other medical health conditions. Results: Decreases in HR variation during resting periods during the day were related with an increased severity of depression both in univariate and multivariate analyses. Mean HR during resting at night was higher in participants with more severe depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that alterations in resting HR during all day and night are associated with depression severity. These findings may provide an early warning of worsening depression symptoms which could allow clinicians to take responsive treatment measures promptly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The variability of the clinical course of COVID-19 and the variety of the "geography" of its complications actualize the issue of monitoring and assessing the dynamics of the patients' condition for the most effective therapy and rehabilitation. Smart devices that track a number of physiological parameters allow you to monitor the health status and the course of the disease. Case description: We present a case of a past viral infection (COVID-19) in the aspect of assessing the dynamics of the patient's condition and the effectiveness of treatment by resting heart rate and the total index of motor activity using smart watch. The patient was a 64-year-old man with a history of hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarction. On certain days of viral infection, glucose levels, blood oxygen saturation, blood pressure and body temperature were measured. The patient was prescribed Ingavirin, Vitamins C and D, Doliprane, Azithromycin, Moxicin, Xarelto and Dexamethasone. Results and discussion: It was revealed that the dynamics of the clinical course showed the strongest correlation with resting heart rate and total index of motor activity. Resting heart rate demonstrated a very high sensitivity, also changing in response to stress factors. Thus modern smart devices are able to provide information about the COVID-19 clinical course and the effectiveness of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Resting heart rate (RHR) has been linked with an increased risk of dementia. However, evidence characterizing the associations of RHR with different dementia subtypes and their underlying mechanisms remains scarce. This study aims to investigate the relationships of RHR with different dementia types, cognitive function, and brain structural abnormalities. Methods Three hundred thirty-nine thousand nine hundred one participants with no prior diagnosis of dementia from the UK biobank were analyzed. Cox regression and restricted cubic spline models examined the associations between RHR with all-cause dementia (ACD) and its major subtypes—Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Logistic regression models assessed the associations of RHR with cognitive function, and linear regression models estimated the associations with hippocampal subfield volume and white matter tract integrity indexed by magnetic resonance imaging data. Results During an average of 3148 (± 941.08) days of follow-up, 4177 individuals were diagnosed with dementia, including 2354 AD and 989 VaD cases. RHR ≥ 80bpm was associated with ACD (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08–1.28, P < 0.001) and VaD (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08–1.54, P = 0.005) but not AD in multi-adjusted models. A 10-bpm increment of RHR demonstrated non-linear effects in VaD, consisting of J-shape relationships. Several heterogeneities were indicated in stratified analysis, in which RHR measures only showed associations with dementia incidents in relatively younger populations (age ≤ 65) and females. Apart from dementia analysis, elevated RHR was associated with worsening performance in fluid intelligence and reaction time of cognitive tasks, decreased hippocampal subfields volume, and poor white matter tract integrity. Conclusions RHR is associated with increased risks of ACD and VaD but also presented with few heterogeneities across different sex and age groups. Elevated RHR also appears to have deleterious effects on cognitive function and is distinctively associated with volume reduction in hippocampal subfields and impaired white matter tract integrity.

Abstract Background Chemoradiotherapy (CRT), which might affect the autonomic system, is the mainstay therapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Autonomic dysfunction has been found to possibly lead to cancer mortality in those with elevated resting heart rates (RHR). Skin sympathetic nerve activity (SKNA) is a new method of stimulating electrical signals in skin to evaluate autonomic function from sympathetic tone. In this study, we investigated the association between changes in RHR and autonomic function and ESCC mortality. Methods Thirty-nine stage II-IV ESCC patients receiving CRT between March 2019 and November 2020 were prospectively enrolled and carefully selected, followed up and received the same meticulous supportive care. Serial RHR was recorded every two weeks from before CRT to eight weeks after CRT and average SKNA were recorded before and four weeks after CRT. All-cause mortality was defined as primary outcome. Results We found the RHR of ESCC patients to be significantly elevated and peaking at four weeks after CRT (p

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Reduced physical activity and overweight are associated with poor prognosis. Breast cancer patients have a high risk to gain weight, lose muscle mass and reduce physical activity during therapy. Concepts are urgently needed to motivate patients to engage in physical activity.Methods110 non-metastatic breast cancer patients were included in the prospective observational BEGYN-1 study. Physiological parameters and body composition were measured before the start of therapy and then quarterly for one year. Patients used a fitness tracker and documented their physical activity in a diary throughout the study.ResultsAlthough the patients were not offered any guided exercise, and despite the restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, they increased their physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task (MET) -minutes): p

Introduction: A few studies have explored the association of resting heart rate (RHR) with mortality and/or other oncological outcomes in patients with specific cancers such as breast, colorectal, and lung cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the RHR and oncological outcomes in patients with early-stage cervical cancer (CC) who underwent radical surgical resection. Methods: We included 622 patients with early-stage CC (stages IA2–IB1). The patients were divided into four groups based on the RHR as follows: quartile 1, ≤64; quartile 2, 65–70; quartile 3, 71–76; and quartile 4, >76 beats per min (bpm), with the lowest quartile being the reference group. We evaluated the associations of the RHR and clinicopathological features with oncological outcomes using Cox proportional-hazards regression. Results: There were clear among-group differences. Further, there was a significant positive correlation of RHR with tumor size and deep stromal invasion. Multivariate analysis revealed that RHR was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Compared with patients with an RHR ≤70 bpm, those with an RHR of 71–76 bpm had a 1.84- and 3.05-times higher likelihood of DFS (p = 0.016) and OS (p = 0.030), respectively, while those with RHR >76 bpm had a 2.20-times higher likelihood of DFS (p = 0.016). Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that RHR may be an independent prognostic factor for oncological outcomes in patients with CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Menopause is associated with cardiovascular complications. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and soybean consumption on cardiovascular function in postmenopausal women. Subjects and Methods In this semi-experimental research, 60 postmenopausal women living in Andimshek City, Khuzestan province, Iran, were selected by purposeful sampling and then randomly divided into four groups: 1) soy (n=15), 2) exercise (n=15), 3) combined (exercise+soy, n=15), and 4) control (n=15 people). The exercise intervention consisted of eight weeks of exercises, three sessions per week with an intensity of 50-70% of heart rate reserve. Soy consumption was 80 g of soybeans daily. Paired sample t-tests and covariance analysis were used for statistical analysis, and the significance level was considered p ≥ 0.05. Results A significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate was observed in the aerobic and combined exercise groups compared to the control group (P<0.01). A significant decrease in systolic blood pressure was also observed in the soy group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Moreover, the decrease in resting heart rate was significantly higher in the aerobic and combined exercise groups than in the soy group (P<0.001). Conclusion According to the results, it can be said that aerobic exercises and the consumption of nuts have positive effects on improving cardiovascular function in postmenopausal women, and the use of both boosts effectiveness in cardiovascular protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between the fluctuation of heart rate control over time and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Our study sought to evaluate the independent association between time in target range (TIR) of resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in the AFFIRM (Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management) study. Methods: Target range of resting heart was defined as less than 80 beats per minute (bpm) for both rate and rhythm control groups. Time in target range was estimated over the first 8 months of follow-up using Rosendaal interpolation method. The association between TIR of resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes was estimated using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: Time in target range of resting heart rate (months 0 through 8) was 71 ± 34% in the rate control group and 83 ± 27% in the rhythm control group. Each 1-SD increase in TIR of resting heart rate was significantly associated with lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after full adjustment for demographics, medical history and history of prior heart surgery, as well as all-cause mortality. Conclusions: Time in target range of resting heart rate independently predicts the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Long-term maintenance of heart rate on target is of great importance for patients with atrial fibrillation.

Most people assume studying or working abroad would be stressful - but would one ever think that it could be detrimental to the health? Stress literature relates cross-cultural transactions to the chances of gaining higher levels of chronic stress. This paper reports the results of two studies on international students in Moscow in 2018. Specifically, Study 1 assessed how cross-cultural transactions perceived to affect health state during the first 6 months of their relocation. Study 2 aimed to investigate if the psychological stress linked to relocation to a different country can possibly lead to psychobiological effects of chronic stress. In Study 1, qualitative methods were applied to conduct 21 interviews with international students. In Study 2, a longitudinal pilot study was conducted for 10 foreign students during the first 2-5 (M = 3.6) months of their relocation. Stress related to cross-cultural transactions was expected to affect subjective well-being and health variables. The health state was a relatively silent topic in the interview participants of Study 1. The results of Study 2 showed that the participants had changes in the resting heart rate (RHR) baseline. Perceived chronic stress related to cross-cultural transactions may affect psychophysiological state; however, the affect varies depending on a person. Further research is required for the data consistency and for identifying non-invasive objective risk markers and individual stress pathways, with the goal of identifying at-risk students and providing treatment options before any serious harm is done to their health.

AimTo examine the direction, strength and causality of the associations of resting heart rate (RHR) with cardiac morphology and function in 20,062 UK Biobank participants.Methods and resultsParticipants underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and we extracted CMR biventricular structural and functional metrics using automated pipelines. Multivariate linear regression adjusted for the main cardiovascular risk factors and Two-sample Mendelian Randomization analyses were performed to assess the potential relationship, grouped by heart rate and stratified by sex. Each 10 beats per minute increase in RHR was linked with smaller ventricular structure (lower biventricular end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume), poorer left ventricular (LV) function (lower LV ejection fraction, global longitude strain and global function index) and unhealthy pattern of LV remodeling (higher values of myocardial contraction fraction), but there is no statistical difference in LV wall thickness. These trends are more pronounced among males and consistent with the causal effect direction of genetic variants interpretation. These observations reflect that RHR has an independent and broad impact on LV remodeling, however, genetically-predicted RHR is not statistically related to heart failure.ConclusionWe demonstrate higher RHR cause smaller ventricular chamber volume, poorer systolic function and unhealthy cardiac remodeling pattern. Our findings provide effective evidence for the potential mechanism of cardiac remodeling and help to explore the potential scope or benefit of intervention.

Background and aimsLeft-sided valvular calcification is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Resting heart rate (RHR) may influence valvular calcium progression through shear stress. Whether RHR, an established CVD risk factor, is associated with valvular calcium progression is unknown. We assessed whether RHR predicts incidence and progression of mitral annular calcium (MAC) and aortic valve calcium (AVC) in a community-based cohort free of CVD at baseline.MethodsRHR was obtained from baseline electrocardiograms of 5498 MESA participants. MAC and AVC were quantified using Agatston scoring from cardiac computed tomography scans obtained at baseline and at a second examination during follow-up. We examined associations of RHR with incident MAC/AVC and annual change in MAC/AVC scores, after adjusting for demographics, CVD risk factors, physical activity, and atrioventricular nodal blocker use.ResultsAt baseline, participants had mean age of 62 ± 10 years and mean RHR of 63 ± 10 bpm; 12.3% and 8.9% had prevalent AVC and MAC, respectively. Over a median of 2.3 years, 4.1% and 4.5% developed incident AVC and MAC, respectively. Each 10 bpm higher RHR was significantly associated with incident MAC [Risk Ratio 1.17 (95% CI 1.03-1.34)], but not incident AVC. However, RHR was associated with AVC progression [β = 1.62 (0.45-2.80) Agatston units/year for every 10 bpm increment], but not MAC progression.ConclusionsHigher RHR was associated with MAC incidence and AVC progression, independent of traditional CVD risk factors. Future studies are needed to determine whether modification of RHR through lifestyle or pharmacologic interventions can reduce valvular calcium incidence or progression.

The immigration experience in the USA has been linked to a wide range of behavioral and physical outcomes. Studies report that immigrants, relative to native-born citizens, are less likely to develop alcohol use habits despite facing hardship during the acculturation process. Limited research, however, has examined whether and to what extent resting heart rate (RHR) plays a role in accounting for individual differences in the acculturation process in the USA. To begin to address this gap in research, cross-sectional self-report data (N = 4775) from a nationally representative sample of US adults are analyzed to examine the association between the immigrant experience, alcohol use, and drunkenness. The role of low, mean, and high RHR on this association is investigated. The results reveal that respondents with higher levels of the immigrant experience report lower levels of alcohol use and drunkenness. RHR partially conditions the relationship between the immigrant experience and alcohol use, whereby respondents with higher levels of the immigrant experience and high RHR report less alcohol use and drunkenness, compared to more native respondents with low RHR. Immigrant experience and alcohol use were associated, but not with drunkenness among respondents with average RHR levels, relative to those with low RHR levels. The results suggest that RHR may be a potential source of both risk for and resilience to the development of alcohol use behaviors among immigrants going through the acculturation process in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study effect of varied intensities of plyometric training on resting heart rate and spiking among volleyball players, random group design was employed. Randomly selected long distance runners (N=60) were divided into four groups consisting of 15 in each group. Experimental Group I underwent low intensity polymeric training, experimental group II underwent medium intensity plyometric training and experimental group III underwent high intensity plyometric training group four was control group which did not participated in any special training. The control group did not participate in any special exercises except of their routine. Pre test scores were obtained using standard tests on Resting heart rate and spiking before the experimental period and the post test scores were obtained immediately after the twelve weeks experimental period. The difference between the pre test and post test means were subjected to statistical treatment using ANCOVA, which was the effect of varied intensities of plyometric training. In all cases 0.05 level was fixed to test the hypothesis of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Globally, 30% of deaths (approximately 17 million deaths per year) are attributable to cardiovascular diseases. In 2006 alone, the estimated total direct and indirect costs associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases exceeded 400 billion dollars. Currently, in Iran, insurance organizations only bear a limited part of cardiac rehabilitation costs, while taking into account the impact of these programs in secondary prevention and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and as a result reducing the treatment costs imposed on this Organizations will focus on covering cardiac rehabilitation programs both for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the insurance organizations. According to the mentioned studies and many other studies and the high and increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Iran, and on the other hand, the clinical advantages of cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery transplant patients, including secondary prevention and preventing disease recurrence and improving the quality of life, are necessary and The importance of this research is clear. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death all over the world, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation on the functional indices of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients 55 Coronary artery transplant surgery up to 70 years old. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research consisted of 120 male coronary artery transplant patients aged 55 to 70 years who referred to the Sari Heart Center. The statistical sample included 40 people who lived in Sari city and underwent coronary artery transplant surgery for at least 2 months and at most 4 months. Then they were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of 20 people, control and therapeutic intervention of cardio sports rehabilitation. In this research, in order to measure the resting heart rate HR H before the test of two control and cardio exercise rehabilitation groups, therefore the best time to determine the heart rate in the morning after waking up is one hour after breakfast and without intense physical activity in a state of rest. For 20 minutes, the subjects of the two groups sat on a chair and were measured. All the subjects were advised to sleep early the night before and avoid any kind of stress. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the two groups were measured before the test using a dial sphygmomanometer. The time of assessment was two hours after breakfast, and the subjects were advised to refrain from smoking, vigorous physical activity, and drinking for one hour before any use of cigarettes. Avoid coffee and caffeinated drinks and sit quietly for 20 minutes and wear comfortable clothes. 12 hours before the test, blood lipid profile was taken from the subjects of both the control and cardiac rehabilitation groups fasting. The sample required for the test was 10 cc from the brachial vein immediately without delay for the actual values after lying on the bed. 24 hours. Before the test, in consultation with a cardiologist, reduce the dose of heart and blood pressure medications such as Inderal and Atenolol. Also, asthmatic patients should carry a special spray and wear comfortable clothes and shoes for the test, and avoid caffeinated drinks and cigarettes 24 hours before. Cardio sports rehabilitation program consisted of 24 sessions 3 days a week for 2 months, which included 15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of treadmill and 20 minutes of stationary bike, and 20 minutes of stationary bike and 15 minutes of cooling down. To investigate and compare pre-test and post-test variables between two groups, independent parametric t-test was used. Data analysis was done using spss software. The significance level was p<0.5. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has an effect on the improvement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), improvement of heart rate and improvement of vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients aged 55 to 70 undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusion: The findings of the current research have shown the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation course on the improvement of hemodynamic indicators and functional capacity, considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the country, and on the other hand, the high per capita consumption of drugs and their high costs, and the high importance of cardiac sports rehabilitation in improving The quality of life of heart patients, including coronary artery transplantation, is necessary and necessary to pay more attention to the category of cardiac rehabilitation and to build clinics and centers for it. The findings showed that cardio sports rehabilitation reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis by improving heart rate and as a result of heart attack and ischemic diseases. In order to control the risk factors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), it is suggested to periodically use cardiac rehabilitation programs for their treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with prevalence and incidence of diabetes, whether it is associated with undiagnosed diabetes is still unclear. We aimed to investigate whether the RHR is associated with the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in a large Korean national dataset. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008 to 2018 were used. After screening, 51,637 participants were included in this study. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for undiagnosed diabetes were calculated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses. Analyses showed that participants with a RHR of ≥90 bpm showed a 4.00- (95% CI: 2.77–5.77) and 3.21-times (95% CI: 2.01–5.14) higher prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes for men and women, respectively, than those with a RHR of <60 bpm. The linear dose-response analyses showed that each 10-bpm increment in RHR was associated with a 1.39- (95% CI: 1.32–1.48) and 1.28-times (95% CI: 1.19–1.37) higher prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes for men and women, respectively. In the stratified analyses, the positive association between RHR and the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was tended to be stronger among those who were younger (age: <40 years) and lean (BMI: <23 kg/m2). Elevated RHR was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in Korean men and women, independent of demographic, lifestyle, and medical factors. Accordingly, the value of RHR as a clinical indicator and health marker, especially in reducing the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes, is suggestible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiotoxicity is a commonly observed adverse effect seen in breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing chemotherapy with attributes toward cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD). Yoga, a mind-body system of medicine that has been shown to improve cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in various health conditions, could be an effective adjuvant approach in addressing CAD. Objective: This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Integrated Yoga Therapy (IYT) on ANS functioning, assessed using Heart rate variability (HRV) in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 68 (stage I-III) BC patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: Treatment as Usual group (TAU) and TAU with Yoga Therapy group (TAUYT). All patients underwent anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy for a total of 6 cycles with 21 days/cycle. During chemotherapy, the TAUYT group received IYT 5 days a week for 18 weeks, compared with usual care alone in the TAU group. Resting heart rate (RHR) and HRV, measured in both the time and frequency domains, were used to assess the cardiac ANS function of each patient before and after 6 cycles of chemotherapy. Results: A total of 30 subjects in the TAU group and 29 subjects in the TAUYT group were included in the analysis. At baseline (before chemotherapy), there were no significant differences between the TAU and TAUYT groups in terms of RHR and HRV indices. However, after chemotherapy, patients in the TAU group had a significantly higher average RHR (P < .02) and lower HRV indices with reduced parasympathetic indices: RMSSD (P < .01), pNN50% (P < .04), high-frequency power (P < .001) and increased sympathetic indices: low-frequency power (P < .001) with sympathovagal imbalance: LF/HF (P < .001) compared with patients in the TAUYT group. Conclusion: The study showed the protective effects of yoga therapy on CAD in patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy for BC, proposing yoga as a potential adjuvant intervention in improving cardiac health and preventing cardiovascular-related morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart rate (HR) is an important indicator of work intensity during physical activity. Maximum heart rate (MHR) is a physiological measure that is frequently used as a benchmark for maximal exercise intensity. The aim of this study was to establish reference curves for maximum heart rate (MHR) and resting heart rate (RHR) and to develop an estimated equation for Tunisian adolescent footballers. The study involved 801 adolescent players, aged 11 to 18, who belonged to five Tunisian first-division soccer teams. The LMS method was used for smoothing the curves and the multivariate linear regression to develop a prediction equation of MHR. Our results showed that MHR and RHR reference curves decrease with age. The values of the median curves of MHR and RHR ranged from 208.64 bpm (11 years) to 196.93 (18 years) and 73.86 (11 years) to 63.64 (18 years), respectively. The prediction equation obtained from the model was MHR= 225.08 – 1.55 X Age (years) (R2 = 0.317; P < 0.001; standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 5.22). The comparisons between the estimated values and the measured values have found that our model (- 0.004 ±5.22 bpm) was to be more accurate than two other widely known models. BOX's equation underestimates the measured MHR values by -3.17 ± 5.37 bpm and TANAKA's equation overestimates by + 4.33 ±5.5 bpm. The reference curves can be used by coaches and physical trainers to classify the resting heart rate (RHR) and maximum heart rate (MHR) of each adolescent player, track their evolution over time, and design tailored training programs with specific intensities for Tunisian soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The resting heart rate is considered to be a good barometer of the overall cardiac health and it is mainly governed by the para-sympathetic activity. The resting heart rate is a simple measurement with prognostic implications.4 Present study was aimed to clinically assess resting heart rate in smoker and nonsmoker healthy individuals. Material and Methods: Present study was cross sectional, case-control study, carried out in the 200 subjects who included 100 cases (smokers) and 100 controls (non-smoker healthy individuals). Results: In present study, majority cases were from 21-30 years age group (56%). Age & physical characteristics (height, weight, BMI) distribution among smokers & nonsmokers was comparable & difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Among smokers, as per smoking index, cases were distributed into light smokers (1-100), moderate smokers (101-200) & heavy smokers (>200) as 32%, 42% & 26% respectively. Gradual increase in resting heart rate was noted as increase in smoking index. Resting heart rate was more in smokers (83.26 ± 5.24 beats/min) as compared to nonsmokers (76.44 ± 5.30 beats/min) & difference was statistically significant (p-0.001). Conclusion: Significantly increased resting heart rate was noted among smokers as compared to nonsmokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the elevated resting heart rate (RHR) represents a separate risk factor for mortality or only a sign of physical fitness. Material and methods: The sample size for this research was 410 males. All men were given a clinical examination by a doctor (FG) that included a discussion of their responses to a questionnaire and a test of their aerobic capacity (VO2Max) on a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate and labour load data from a bicycle ergometer were used to calculate estimates of physical fitness using the strand nomogram. Using a manometer created by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, BP was taken on the right arm of sitting subjects after at least 10 minutes of rest. The survey's questions on hypertension care led to the collection of useful data. Results: An elevated resting heart rate has been linked to decreased fitness, hypertension, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and body mass index. Everyone got along, regardless of age or status. Smoking prevalence was greater among participants with lower resting heart rates than among those with higher resting heart rates. The VO2Max and HR at rest correlated extremely significantly (R=0.29, p0.001). Higher fitness levels were associated with decreased resting heart rates. Using heart rate as a continuous variable in an adjusted model, we find that for every 10 bpm beyond 60, the chance of death rises by 16%. Resting heart rate, smoking, and mortality all interacted to a nearly statistically significant degree. Resting heart rate was included as a continuous variable in the final model, and an increase of 10 beats per minute was associated with a 25% increase in risk for smokers and a 15% increase in risk for non-smokers. Conclusion: Resting heart rate was shown to be an independent risk factor for death in this research of 410 healthy middle-aged and older people, regardless of physical fitness (VO2Max) as measured by a bicycle ergometer, recreational physical activity, or other traditional risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: (1) investigate the associations of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, pulse pressure (PP), physical fitness, and BMI; (2) explore whether cardiovascular risk factors and ADHD share genetic and environmental influences; (3) assess if pharmacological treatment for ADHD influences these associations. Methods: We identified 395,978 individuals born between 1973 and 1991 who had military conscription examinations at a mean age of 18.3 years (SD = 0.57) and their full‐siblings within the same cohort (N = 208,060) by linking population‐based registers in Sweden. Results: Significantly increased risk of ADHD was observed in individuals with low systolic blood pressure (SBP) and PP, low physical fitness, and in those who had overweight or obesity after adjustments (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] ranging from 1.10 to 1.45). Full siblings of individuals with low SBP, low physical fitness, and obesity were more likely to receive an ADHD diagnosis compared to full siblings without those risk factors (OR ranging from 1.17 to 1.31). Additionally, analyses showed robust associations between ADHD and low SBP, low physical fitness, and obesity, even in ADHD medication‐naïve individuals. Conclusions: Individuals with several cardiovascular risk factors are more often diagnosed with ADHD, regardless of psychiatric comorbidity. These association are not explained by ADHD pharmacotherapy, rather, they are in part due to shared familial risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of skipping rope training on resting heart rate and cardio-respiratory endurance among soccer players. A total of forty male soccer players (age 19 – 24 years) were selected from Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur (India) who participated in the national-level competition. The subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups, the experimental group (n=20) and the control group (n=20). The groups were measured before the intervention with resting heart rate and cardio-respiratory endurance to find out the overall significant effect among soccer players. After the initial test, the subjects of the experimental group participated in a supervised skipping rope training program, where no special exercise was administered to the control group. Skipping rope training programs were carried out for a period of six weeks, five days of training (Monday to Friday), and 60 minutes for each session. The experimental group showed improved scores in resting heart rate and cardiorespiratory endurance compared to the control group (p<0.05). The mean of the resting heart rate for the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group were 58.60 and 56.45 respectively. The values of the cardio-respiratory endurance were 72.41 and 80.47 respectively. The significant improvement in skipping rope training of the experimental group might be due to the six weeks of the soccer players. Skipping rope trainprogramsgram significantly improved physiological variables such as resting heart rate and motor fitness variables such as cardio-respiratory endurance of the male soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resting Heart Rate (RHR) is commonly viewed as a reflection of underlying co-morbidities and not an independent risk factor. Here we compared whether high RHR (80-99 beats/min) and hypertension (blood pressure, BP ≥140/90 mmHg) independently predict all-cause mortality in 692,217 adults from Asia and Europe., Methods: Taiwan MJ cohort constituted of 636,064 adults (1994-2017) and the HUNT cohort of 56,153 Norwegian adults (1995-1997). Both cohorts were followed for about 25 years. We report adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality, and life expectancy were calculated., Results: The prevalence of high RHR changed little between those aged 20-29 years (21.2 %) and ≥ 70 years (25.2 %, ns.), whereas hypertension prevalence increased from 4.5 % to 57.3 %, respectively. We observed similar all-cause mortality among those with a high RHR and a normal BP and those with hypertension and normal RHR of 60-69 beats/min. We observed higher all-cause mortality among those with normal BP (≤120/80 mmHg) but high RHR than among those with hypertension and normal RHR. All-cause mortality risk associated with hypertension was not significant for those <40 years of age, whereas risk associated with high RHR remained significant across all age groups. Reductions in life expectancy was larger among individuals with normal BP, but high RHR (10.29 years, 95 % CI 8.09-12.49) compared with those with hypertension but normal RHR (5.53 years, 95 % CI 3.57-7.59)., Conclusions: Our data clearly demonstrate that elevated RHR should be considered as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality. The observation that elevated RHR in young adulthood to middle age (20-50 years of age) served as better predictor of all-cause mortality than hypertension calls for a paradigm shift particularly among these age groups, and we suggest it is time that RHR should be regarded as a vital clinical sign measured and evaluated at all clinical visits., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Rate control plays a fundamental role in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF), but the optimal target of resting heart rate (RHR) for reducing mortality remains uncertain. This study used longitudinal follow-up RHR data to evaluate the relation between RHR and all-cause mortality. Data from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study were retrospectively analyzed. The association between RHR and mortality was longitudinally analyzed using mean RHR (mRHR) and trajectory patterns, where the Cox proportional hazards model and group-based trajectory model were used. A total of 3,921 patients (mean age, 69.47 ± 8.09 years) with AF were included in our study. A total of 578 deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 3.4 years. Cox regression analyses showed an mRHR ≥80 bpm was associated with an increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.59 to 2.55). Consistent association was found in the subgroup analyses. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed notably reduced survival probabilities for patients with mRHR ≥80 bpm. Patients were classified into 4 stable trajectories based on RHR during follow-up, with the classes >70 bpm associated with an elevated risk of mortality. In conclusion, longitudinally measured RHR ≥80 bpm was associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with AF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The safety of dietary interventions is often unmonitored. Wearable technology can track elevations in resting heart rate (RHR), a marker of physiologic stress, which may provide safety information that is incremental to self-reported data., Methods: A single subject was placed on an isocaloric diet for four weeks. In weeks # 1 and 4, timing of food consumption was unregulated. In week #2, food was consumed during a three-hour feeding window (one-meal-a-day, OMAD). During week #3, food was consumed at six intervals, spaced three hours apart (6-meal diet). A Fitbit Versa ™ was worn continuously, and questionnaires were administered twice daily., Results: Meal frequency did not affect the subject's weight. Hunger scores from morning and night were widely split on OMAD and relatively constant on the 6-meal diet. Energy, happiness, irritability, and sleep scores were more favorable on the 6-meal diet than on OMAD. RHR extracted from the wearable device was lower during the 6-meal diet than during OMAD, especially in the late afternoon, evening, and nighttime (p<0.05). Lower RHR during the 6-meal diet corresponded to more favorable questionnaire scores., Conclusions: Changes in RHR patterns acquired by wearable technology are promising indicators of physiologic stress during dietary interventions. Wearable technology can provide physiologic data that are complementary to questionnaire scores or timed manual measurements., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

The resting HR is an upward trend with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity. Chest computed tomography (CT) has been regarded as the most effective modality for characterizing and quantifying COPD. Therefore, CT images should provide more information to analyze the lung and heart relationship. The relationship between HR variability and PFT or/and COPD has been fully revealed, but the relationship between resting HR variability and COPD radiomics features remains unclear. 231 sets of chest high-resolution CT (HRCT) images from "COPD patients" (at risk of COPD and stage I to IV) are segmented by the trained lung region segmentation model (ResU-Net). Based on the chest HRCT images and lung segmentation images, 231 sets of the original lung parenchyma images are obtained. 1316 COPD radiomics features of each subject are calculated by the original lung parenchyma images and its derived lung parenchyma images. The 13 selected COPD radiomics features related to the resting HR are generated from the Lasso model. A COPD radiomics features combination strategy is proposed to satisfy the significant change of the lung radiomics feature among the different COPD stages. Results show no significance between COPD stage Ⅰ and COPD stage Ⅱ of the 13 selected COPD radiomics features, and the lung radiomics feature Y1-Y4 (P > 0.05). The lung radiomics feature F2 with the dominant selected COPD radiomics features based on the proposed COPD radiomics features combination significantly increases with the development of COPD stages (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the lung radiomics feature F2 with the dominant selected COPD radiomics features not only can characterize the resting HR but also can characterize the COPD stage evolution.

Background: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains a problem of public health concern. Better prognostication is needed to predict outcomes in these patients. Resting heart rate (HR) and HR recovery (HRR) have been proposed as prognostic markers for future events. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients admitted for ADHF were enrolled. Baseline demographic data and routine investigations were noted for all. After medical stabilization, before discharge, a 6-min walk test (6-MWT) was performed for all patients. Resting HR at the start, maximum HR achieved, chronotropic reserve, and hearing rate recovery was observed 1 min after completing the exercise. All patients were followed for the appearance of a primary composite outcome consisting of death, heart transplant, or hospitalization for HF. Results: Primary composite outcome occurred in 6 (24%) patients, including 3 (12%) deaths and 3 (12%) HF hospitalizations. The patients who had the primary outcome had a trend toward a shorter distance of walking of 6 min (154.33 ± 51.84 vs. 210.53 ± 78.62, P = 0.16). Resting HR was significantly higher among patients with primary outcome (113.00 ± 17.74 vs. 89.58 ± 16.25, P ≤ 0.01). HRR and chronotropic reserve were significantly lower in patients with primary outcome (7.33 ± 1.75 vs. 17.42 ± 9.47, P < 0.01 and 15.00 ± 11.93 vs. 34.94 ± 19.81, P = 0.02; respectively). A resting HR of 109/min, HRR of 9/min, and chronotropic reserve of 20/min had sensitivity/specificity for predicting the primary outcome of 83.33%/89.47%, 84.21%/83.33%, and 84.21% a/as 83.33%, respectively. Conclusions: Elevated resting HR, decreased HR reserve, and decreased chronotropic reserve are associated with hospital readmissions and decreased event-free survival in patients with ADHF. Resting HR is especially helpful in this regard given the simplicity and ease of its assessment.

Background: Chemoradiotherapy (CRT), which might affect the autonomic system, is the mainstay therapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Autonomic dysfunction has been found to possibly lead to cancer mortality in those with elevated resting heart rates (RHR). Skin sympathetic nerve activity (SKNA) is a new method of stimulating electrical signals in skin to evaluate autonomic function from sympathetic tone. In this study, we investigated the association between changes in RHR and autonomic function and ESCC mortality.Methods: Thirty-nine stage II-IV ESCC patients receiving CRT between March 2019 and November 2020 were prospectively enrolled and carefully selected, followed up and received the same meticulous supportive care. Serial RHR was recorded every two weeks from before CRT to eight weeks after CRT and average SKNA were recorded before and four weeks after CRT. All-cause mortality was defined as primary outcome.Results: We found the RHR of ESCC patients to be significantly elevated and peaking at four weeks after CRT (p < 0.001) and then to gradually decrease. Those with an elevated RHR above the cutoff level (18 beat-per-minute) at eight weeks after CRT had worse overall survival. In addition, those with higher baseline sympathetic tone (average SKNA ≥ 0.86 μV) also had poor outcome.Conclusions: Increased pre-treatment sympathetic tone and elevated RHR after CRT are alarm signs of poor ESCC outcome. Further exploration of the mechanisms underlying these associations could potentially lead to intervention strategies for reducing mortality.Trial Registration: This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03243448. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resting heart rate (RHR) has been linked with an increased risk of dementia. However, evidence characterizing the associations of RHR with different dementia subtypes and their underlying mechanisms remains scarce. This study aims to investigate the relationships of RHR with different dementia types, cognitive function, and brain structural abnormalities. Methods: Three hundred thirty-nine thousand nine hundred one participants with no prior diagnosis of dementia from the UK biobank were analyzed. Cox regression and restricted cubic spline models examined the associations between RHR with all-cause dementia (ACD) and its major subtypes—Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Logistic regression models assessed the associations of RHR with cognitive function, and linear regression models estimated the associations with hippocampal subfield volume and white matter tract integrity indexed by magnetic resonance imaging data. Results: During an average of 3148 (± 941.08) days of follow-up, 4177 individuals were diagnosed with dementia, including 2354 AD and 989 VaD cases. RHR ≥ 80bpm was associated with ACD (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08–1.28, P < 0.001) and VaD (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.08–1.54, P = 0.005) but not AD in multi-adjusted models. A 10-bpm increment of RHR demonstrated non-linear effects in VaD, consisting of J-shape relationships. Several heterogeneities were indicated in stratified analysis, in which RHR measures only showed associations with dementia incidents in relatively younger populations (age ≤ 65) and females. Apart from dementia analysis, elevated RHR was associated with worsening performance in fluid intelligence and reaction time of cognitive tasks, decreased hippocampal subfields volume, and poor white matter tract integrity. Conclusions: RHR is associated with increased risks of ACD and VaD but also presented with few heterogeneities across different sex and age groups. Elevated RHR also appears to have deleterious effects on cognitive function and is distinctively associated with volume reduction in hippocampal subfields and impaired white matter tract integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Empagliflozin reduces cardiovascular death (CVD) or heart failure hospitalization (HHF) in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Treatment effects and safety in relation to resting heart rate (RHR) have not been studied. Methods and results: The interplay of RHR and empagliflozin effects in EMPEROR‐Preserved was evaluated. We grouped patients (n = 5988) according to their baseline RHR (<70 bpm [n = 2650], 70–75 bpm [n = 967], >75 bpm [n = 1736]) and explored the influence of RHR on CVD or HHF (primary outcome) and its components in sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) and adverse events. We studied the efficacy of empagliflozin across the RHR spectrum. Compared to placebo, empagliflozin did not change heart rate over time. The primary outcome (p for trend = 0.0004) and its components CVD (p trend = 0.0002), first HHF (p for trend = 0.0099) and all‐cause death (p < 0.0001) increased with RHR only in sinus rhythm but not AF. The risk increase with RHR was similar in patients with heart failure and mildly reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 40–49%) and HFpEF (LVEF ≥50%). Baseline RHR had no influence on the effect of empagliflozin on the primary outcomes (p for trend = 0.20), first HHF (p for trend = 0.49). There were no clinically relevant differences in adverse events between empagliflozin and placebo across the RHR groups. Conclusion: Resting heart rate associates with outcomes only in sinus rhythm but not in AF. Empagliflozin reduced outcomes over the entire RHR spectrum without increase of adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have recorded the benefits of exercise to cardiovascular responses, pulmonary function and body composition. Sedentary lifestyle can lead to the degradation of cardiovascular responses. Another factor that may influence the effect of exercise is gender, but less supportive data have been documented. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise on resting heart rate (RHR), resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), and resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between male and female among sedentary individuals. The secondary objective was to determine the relationship between pulmonary function ((force vital capacity (FVC) and body composition (percentage of body fat (PBF) and fat free mass (FFM)) among sedentary individuals. Thirty sixth healthy individuals (17 males and 19 females) performed aerobic exercise on a stationary cycle ergometer with moderate to vigorous intensity 40% to 85% of heart rate reserve (HRR) and the duration of cycling exercise was 30 minutes to 40 minutes. The individuals required to follow all the training given 3 times per week for 4 weeks. FVC, PBF, and FFM measurements were taken during pre-test while RHR, resting SBP, and resting DBP were taken during pre-test and every week of exercise intervention. There was a significant difference over time on RHR, resting SBP, and resting DBP on exercise between male and female (p < 0.001). However, RHR, SBP, and DBP showed no significant difference between male and female in the effect of exercise (p > 0.05). The finding also showed that there was no correlation between the FVC and PBF (r = - 0.10, p = 0.56) and FFM (r = 0.02, p = 0.91). In conclusion, aerobic exercise will improve the cardiovascular responses for both gender and no relationship between pulmonary function and body composition among sedentary students, perhaps due to there have a similar fitness level at the baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains a problem of public health concern. Better prognostication is needed to predict outcomes in these patients. Resting heart rate (HR) and HR recovery (HRR) have been proposed as prognostic markers for future events. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients admitted for ADHF were enrolled. Baseline demographic data and routine investigations were noted for all. After medical stabilization, before discharge, a 6-min walk test (6-MWT) was performed for all patients. Resting HR at the start, maximum HR achieved, chronotropic reserve, and hearing rate recovery was observed 1 min after completing the exercise. All patients were followed for the appearance of a primary composite outcome consisting of death, heart transplant, or hospitalization for HF. Results: Primary composite outcome occurred in 6 (24%) patients, including 3 (12%) deaths and 3 (12%) HF hospitalizations. The patients who had the primary outcome had a trend toward a shorter distance of walking of 6 min (154.33 ± 51.84 vs. 210.53 ± 78.62, P = 0.16). Resting HR was significantly higher among patients with primary outcome (113.00 ± 17.74 vs. 89.58 ± 16.25, P ≤ 0.01). HRR and chronotropic reserve were significantly lower in patients with primary outcome (7.33 ± 1.75 vs. 17.42 ± 9.47, P < 0.01 and 15.00 ± 11.93 vs. 34.94 ± 19.81, P = 0.02; respectively). A resting HR of 109/min, HRR of 9/min, and chronotropic reserve of 20/min had sensitivity/specificity for predicting the primary outcome of 83.33%/89.47%, 84.21%/83.33%, and 84.21% a/as 83.33%, respectively. Conclusions: Elevated resting HR, decreased HR reserve, and decreased chronotropic reserve are associated with hospital readmissions and decreased event-free survival in patients with ADHF. Resting HR is especially helpful in this regard given the simplicity and ease of its assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhicong Wang,&ast; Xi Chen,&ast; Yuxuan Wu,&ast; Wei Jiang, Ling Yang, Hong Wang, Shuping Liu, Yuehong Liu Orthopaedic Center of Deyang City, Department of Orthopedics, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shuping Liu; Yuehong LiuOrthopaedic Center of Deyang City, Department of Orthopedics, Deyang People’s Hospital, No. 173 Taishan North Road, Jingyang District, Deyang, 618000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 838 241 8102Fax +86 838 241 8102Email doctorliushuping@126.com; doctorliuyuehong@163.comPurpose: To investigate the relationship between admission resting heart rate (RHR) and all-cause mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture.Methods: A retrospective cohort study with 837 patients based on the established hip fracture database was conducted. Admission RHR was measured via electrocardiogram, and patients were grouped by the median RHR value (beats per minute, bpm). The main outcomes were 1-year and total all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline were used to assess the relationship between RHR and mortality. Sensitivity analyses were further performed to determine whether the results were stable.Results: The mean and median RHR were 82.3 and 80.0 bpm, respectively. After a median follow-up of 31.8 months, the 1-year and total all-cause mortality were 17.6% and 31.2%. Multivariable Cox analyses showed that high RHR was an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality (HR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08– 2.13; p = 0.016), and total mortality (HR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.12– 1.85; p = 0.005). For each 10 bpm increase in RHR, the risk of 1-year death increased by 23.0% (HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.09– 1.39; p = 0.001), and total death increased by 21.0% (HR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09– 1.34; p < 0.001). A typical J-shaped curve was observed in the restricted cubic spline for the association between RHR and 1-year mortality, with the lowest mortality risk at 70 bpm. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar findings.Conclusion: An increase in RHR was independently associated with all-cause mortality, and may be a useful prognostic predictor for elderly patients with hip fracture.Keywords: elderly, hip fracture, resting heart rate, prognosis, mortality

Background and Study Aim. This study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity interval training on the physiological variables of university students. Material and Methods. Forty male sports science students aged 18-25 years were randomly assigned to the Experimental group (n=20) and the Control group (n=20). The Experimental group underwent low-intensity interval training for eight weeks, whereas the Control group did not. Measurements of physiological variables such as resting heart rate, respiratory rate, recovery heart rate, breath-hold time, maximal oxygen uptake, and blood pressure were obtained for all subjects before and after the intervention. To compare the mean physiological variables between the experimental and control groups, an independent samples t-test was used. Results. Statistical significance was set at p 0.05. After the training intervention, the experimental group showed significantly better improvements than the control group in resting heart rate, respiratory rate, recovery heart rate, breath-holding time, maximal oxygen uptake, and blood pressure (p 0.05). Post intervention maximum oxygen uptake was statistically significant with t (38) = 3.086, p value 0.004. Post experiment systolic blood pressure was statistically significant with t (38) = -2.405, p value 0.021 for low intensity interval training and control group. Post experiment diastolic blood pressure was statistically highly significant with t (38) = 0.569, p value 0.001 for low intensity interval training and control group. The result of the study showed that there was a significant difference in post rest heart rate, respiratory rate, recovery heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, breath holding and maximal oxygen uptake between the low intensity interval training and the control group (p 0.05). Conclusions. Thus, it was concluded that eight weeks of low-intensity interval training show significant improvement in physiological variables of university students.

BackgroundAlthough resting heart rate (RHR) and empathy are independently and negatively associated with violent behavior, relatively little is known about the interplay between these psychophysiological and temperament-related risk factors.MethodsUsing a sample of 160 low-income, racially diverse men followed prospectively from infancy through early adulthood, this study examined whether RHR and empathy during early adolescence independently and interactively predict violent behavior and related correlates in late adolescence and early adulthood.ResultsControlling for child ethnicity, family income, and child antisocial behavior at age 12, empathy inversely predicted moral disengagement and juvenile petitions for violent crimes, while RHR was unrelated to all measures of violent behavior. Interactive effects were also evident such that among men with lower but not higher levels of RHR, lower empathy predicted increased violent behavior, as indexed by juvenile arrests for violent offenses, peer-reported violent behavior at age 17, self-reported moral disengagement at age 17, and self-reported violent behavior at age 20.ConclusionsImplications for prevention and intervention are considered. Specifically, targeting empathic skills among individuals at risk for violent behavior because of specific psychophysiological profiles may lead to more impactful interventions.

Purpose: To investigate whether monitoring of easily measurable stressors and symptoms can be used to distinguish early between acute fatigue (AF) and functional overreaching (FOR). Methods: The study included 30 subjects (11 female, 19 male; age 40.8 ± 10.8 y, VO2max 51.8 ± 6.3 mL ⋅kg-1 ⋅min-1) who participated in an 8-d cycling event over 1300 km with 18,500 climbing meters. Performance was measured before and after the event using a maximal incremental test. Subjects with decreased performance after the event were classified as FOR, others as AF. Mental and physical well-being, internal training load, resting heart rate, temperature, and mood were measured daily during the event. Differences between AF and FOR were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVAs. Logistic regression was used to determine the best predictors of FOR after 3 and 6 d of cycling. Results: Fifteen subjects were classified as FOR and 14 as AF (1 excluded). Although total group changes were observed during the event, no differences between AF and FOR were found for individual monitoring parameters. The combination of questionnaire-based changes in fatigue and readiness to train after 3 d cycling correctly predicted 78% of the subjects as AF or FOR (sensitivity = 79%, specificity = 77%). Conclusions: Monitoring changes in fatigue and readiness to train, using simple visual analog scales, can be used to identify subjects likely to become FOR after only 3 d of cycling. Hence, we encourage athlete support staff to monitor not only fatigue but also the subjective integrated mental and physical readiness to perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Running is increasingly popular in Indonesia as a recreational and competitive sport. Training volume per week is known to be associated with the cardiorespiratory fitness of runners. A straightforward method of assessing fitness is by measuring the resting heart rate (RHR). Objective. This study aimed to analyze the RHR and its runners, recreational runners, and non-runners in the city of Padang, West Sumatera. Methods. This cross-sectional study recruited 51 subjects by purposive sampling (elite runners n= 16, recreational runners n=15, and non-runners n=20). RHR (beat per minute [bpm]) was measured using electrocardiography, while exercise volume perweek (km) was obtained using an electronic questionnaire (Google form). Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test, Mann-Whitney U test, and One-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis. Results. The results of this study indicated that the RHR of elite runners was lower than recreational runners and non-runners (55.0; 65.2; 73.4 bpm, respectively; p = 0.001). The correlation between training volume per week and RHR was not statistically significant in elite runners (Spearman r=-0.31; p=0.25), but statistically significant in recreational runners (Spearman r=-0.73; p=0.002). Conclusion. It can be concluded that elite runners have the best cardiorespiratory fitness, followed by recreational runners and non-runners. There is a correlation between weekly training volume and RHR in recreational runners, but not in elite runners.