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Background: Rapid emergence with low soluble inhalational agents (IA) is offset by a significant association with emergence agitation (EA). Research on the influence of elimination methods of IA on recovery characteristics is very few. We conducted this study to compare the recovery characteristics of slow elimination (SE) of desflurane with purging technique. Methodology: Forty-five participants, 18–60 years, undergoing elective laparoscopic surgeries were randomised either into Group-P (n = 23) or Group-SE (n = 22). A standardised induction-maintenance protocol including desflurane and fresh gas flow (FGF) of 0.8 l/min was followed. During recovery, the FGF was increased in Group-P to 10 L/min and in Group-SE it was continued at 0.8 L/min. The decrement in end-tidal concentration of desflurane, time for emergence and extubation, EA and time for psychomotor recovery were noted. Results: Time for emergence (Group-SE: 22.8 ± 9 vs. Group-P: 5.6 ± 1.5 min; P = 0.000) and emergence to extubation duration (Group-SE: 128 ± 36 s vs. Group-P: 11.5 ± 1.7 s; P = 0.000) were longer in the Group-SE than in Group-P. EA occurred in 22.7% patients in Group-SE and in 4.3% patients in Group-P (P = 0.07). Psychomotor recovery to baseline values was seen in more number of patients in Group-SE than Group-P at 30 min. There was no difference between the groups at 60 min post-extubation. Conclusions: Slow elimination using FGF of 0.8 L/min significantly prolongs emergence even with low soluble agent like desflurane. SE is not beneficial in decreasing the incidence of EA or hastening psychomotor recovery. Purging technique is, therefore, a better-suited technique with fewer complications for eliminating desflurane.

Marmosets’ small body size makes anesthesia challenging. Ideally, small volumes of drugs should be administered intramuscularly (i.m.). In addition, dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia are desirable properties for sedatives and anesthetics in marmosets. Telazol® (tiletamine and zolazepam) is highly concentrated, allowing the use of small injection volumes and dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia. A randomized, blinded study with crossover design in ten healthy adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was performed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of three doses of i.m. Telazol® (respectively, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg). Depth of anesthesia, cardiorespiratory effects, and induction, immobilization, and recovery times were determined. A significant difference was observed in immobilization time between 5 and 15 mg/kg of Telazol®. In addition, 15 mg/kg of Telazol® resulted in increased recovery times compared to 5 mg/kg. The cardiorespiratory effects during the first 45 min of immobilization were within clinically acceptable limits. The pedal withdrawal reflex was the best indicator of the anesthetic depth.

The article presents social hygienic characteristics of contingent of persons admitted to second stage of rehabilitation in specialized rehabilitation department after ischemic stroke at early recovery period. The attention is focused on necessity of multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation measures, taking into account the International Classification of Functioning that permits to achieve more significant results in implementation of rehabilitation measures, to reduce the number of possible complications of this disease in later period, as well as to accelerate process of returning of studied category of patients to full-fledged life.

O'Grady, MW, Young, WB, Behm, DG, and Talpey, SW. Effect of intention to squat explosively on acute countermovement jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3348-3354, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of squatting with the intention of moving the bar as fast as possible during the ascent phase on potentiating countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Fourteen recreationally resistance-trained men (age = 22.1 +/- 1.7 years, height = 179.9 +/- 4.2 cm, body mass = 83.8 +/- 6.6 kg) with a predicted 1 repetition maximum half-squat of 201.0 +/- 27.8 kg participated in this study. Subjects performed 3 CMJs before and then 4 and 8 minutes after a squat conditioning activity (CA). Conditions were randomized. For 1 condition, the CA involved subjects performing 4 repetitions of the half-squat with a 5RM load in a controlled manner (CON) at a self-selected normal squatting tempo. In the other condition, subjects used the same number of repetitions and load; however, they were instructed to move the bar up as fast as possible during the concentric phase of the half-squat (VMAX). Half-squat peak force (N), peak power (W), peak velocity (m[middle dot]s-1), and rate of force development (RFD) were measured for each CA using a force platform and linear position transducer. At 4 and 8 minutes post-CA, CMJ height, relative peak power, peak velocity, and peak force were also measured. Despite there being significant increases in the half-squat peak power, peak velocity and maximum RFD in the VMAX condition, neither condition significantly improved any post-CMJ variable. Some small improvements in jump height were observed in certain individuals after the VMAX condition, suggesting that an explosive half-squat CA may potentiate CMJ performance in certain individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this work was to estimate the effectiveness of combination neurometabolic therapy that includes 5 mg of ipidacrine hydrochloride and 300 mg of phenibut in complex therapy of patients with hemisphere hemorrhagic stroke in the early rehabilitation period. Material and methods. Open comparative randomized study and treatment of 46 patients (31 men and 15 women) with hemisphere hemorrhagic stroke in the early rehabilitation period was performed. The mean age of patients was 57.17 ±7.09 years. All patients were divided into two groups - the main group included 20 patients with hemorrhagic stroke, who took neurometabolic combination therapy (5 mg of ipidacrine hydrochloride and 300 mg of phenibut three times per day) in addition to complex recovery treatment during 30 days (start from 30th day after stroke) and control group, that included 26 patients with hemorrhagic stroke, who received standard complex recovery treatment without additional neurometabolic therapy. Outcomes. The median MoCA score of the main group of patients was 21.0 (19; 24), while the second group had 20.5 (18; 23.75) MoCA score, but without any intergroup difference. It was also identified reliable improvement of cognitive values on the MoCA scale after treatment (р ˂ 0.05). Besides, statistical difference was reached between groups in these measures. Also, we showed that statistical improvement in memory was observed in both groups at 1st and 2nd attempts using Luriya’s method “memorizing 10 words”. But subsequent such an effect took place only in the main group. The present study showed the absence of improvement “memorizing of 10 words” at 3rd, 4th and 5th attempts in control group. At the same time, patients of the main group had improved results at 4th and 5th ones (р ˂ 0.05). Conclusion. The combined drug of neurometabolic nature, consisting of 5 mg ipidacrinum and phenibut 300 mg, improved rehabilitation effectiveness rates for account of cognitive functions in patients with hemorrhagic hemispheric stroke during recovery period during comprehensive rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract COVID-19 is reported as an extremely contagious disease with common symptoms of fever, dry cough, sore throat, and tiredness. The published literature on incidence and gender-wise prevalence of COVID-19 is scarce in Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was designed to compare the distribution, incubation period and mortality rate of COVID-19 among the male and female population of district Attock. The data were collected between 01 April 2020 and 07 December 2020 from the population of district Attock, Pakistan. A total of 22,962 individuals were screened and 843 were found positive for RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2. The confirmed positive cases were monitored carefully. Among the positive cases, the incidence of COVID-19 was 61.7% among males and 38.2% among females. The average recovery period of males was 18.89±7.75 days and females were 19±8.40 days from SARS-CoV-2. The overall mortality rate was 8.06%. The death rate of male patients was significantly higher (P

COVID-19 has upended travel across the world, disrupting commute patterns, mode choices, and public transit systems. In the United States, changes to transit service and reductions in passenger volume due to COVID-19 are lasting longer than originally anticipated. In this paper we examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on individual travel behavior across the United States. We analyze mobility data from Janurary to December 2020 from a sample drawn from a nationwide smartphone-based panel curated by a private firm, Embee Mobile. We combine this with a survey that we administered to that sample in August 2020. Our analysis provides insight into travel patterns and the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on transit riders. We investigate three questions. First, how do transit riders differ socio-demographically from non-riders? Second, how has the travel behavior of transit riders changed due to the pandemic in comparison to non-riders, controlling for other factors? And third, how has this travel behavior varied across different types of transit riders? The travel patterns of transit riders were more significantly disrupted by the pandemic than the travel of non-riders, as measured by the average weekly number of trips and distance traveled before and after the onset of the pandemic. This was calculated using GPS traces from panel member smartphones. Our survey of the panel revealed that of transit riders, 75% reported taking transit less since the pandemic, likely due to a combination of being affected by transit service changes, concerns about infection risk on transit, and trip reductions due to shelter-in-place rules. Less than 10 percent of transit riders in our sample reported that they were comfortable using transit despite COVID-19 infection risk, and were not affected by transit service reductions. Transit riders were also more likely to have changed their travel behavior in other ways, including reporting an increase in walking. However, lower-income transit riders were different from higher-income riders in that they had a significantly smaller reduction in the number of trips and distance traveled, suggesting that these lower-income households had less discretion over the amount of travel they carried out during the pandemic. These results have significant implications for understanding the way welfare has been affected for transportation-disadvantaged populations during the course of the pandemic, and insight into the recovery of U.S. transit systems. The evidence from this unique dataset helps us understand the future effects of the pandemic on transit riders in the United States, either in further recovery from the pandemic with the anticipated effects of mass vaccination, or in response to additional waves of COVID-19 and other pandemics. • The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted travel for public transit users. • Transit riders reduced their travel more than non-riders. • Among transit riders, those of lower income reduced their travel less than others. • The majority of transit riders were hesitant to use transit due to infection risk. • Less crowding, and enforcing mask use, could increase willingness to use transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nasal cycle is the alternating congestion and decongestion of the nostrils during normal breathing, marking the shift between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the latter being prominent when breathing through the left nostril. The post-exercise period is characterized by a gradual shift from sympathetic to parasympathetic dominance. It is hypothesized that breathing only through the left nostril will aid in accelerating this shift in the postexercise period. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the effect of left nostril breathing on post-exercise recovery times of heart rate and blood pressure (BP). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 young healthy male volunteers were instructed to walk on a flat treadmill, following a fixed protocol. Heart rate and BP were measured at rest and postexercise they were monitored every minute until they reached the baseline. The recovery time was noted. The procedure was the same on the 3rd day, except that during the postexercise period, the participants were instructed to breathe only through their left nostrils. Results: The recovery times of heart rate and BP, when breathing through the left nostril only, was significantly lower than when breathing normally. Conclusion: The left nostril breathing technique lowered the postexercise recovery times of cardiovascular parameters, which can be attributed to improved parasympathetic tone. These findings on the post-exercise state may be extrapolated to pathological states of sympathetic dominance, and left nostril breathing can be used as an adjunct to pharmacological therapy to manage such conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrovascular diseases, and especially their acute forms, cerebral strokes, are an important problem in modern medicine. The search and usage of new and more effective drugs, which contribute to the improvement of treatment results in the recovery period of the disease, are relevant. The aim of the study – to improve the treatment of patients with cerebral ischemic stroke in the recovery period by using phenylpiracetam in the complex therapy. Materials and Methods. The work presents the results of treatment of 70 patients (average age is (58.8±0.9) years) in the recovery period of ischemic hemispheric stroke (IHS). All the patients were divided into two clinical groups of 35 patients. The group 1 included the patients who received phenylpiracetam in a complex therapy orally in a daily dose of 200 mg, divided into 2 intakes: in the morning and at lunch for 30 days; the group 2 consisted of patients who received piracetam as a nootropic drug parenterally in a daily dose of 3000 mg once in the morning during 30 days. All the patients were carried out in the dynamics before the treatment and after 30 days the assessment of the state according to the stroke scale of the National Institute of Health in order to determine the severity of the stroke. The degree of functional restoration according to Modified Rankin Scale and the estimation of the ability of household skills and self-service according to the Barthel Index were determined. A dynamic evaluation of cognitive impairments was performed using the Mini-Menthal State Examination and the 10-word memory test. Results and Discussion. As a result of treatment, positive dynamics of all clinical-neurological and cognitive indicators was observed, it was more revealed in patients of the main group using phenylpiracetam, compared with the control group (p

Accurately characterizing the biology of a pelagic shark species is critical when assessing its status and resilience to fishing pressure. Natural mortality (M) is well known to be a key parameter determining productivity and resilience, but also one for which estimates are most uncertain. While M can be inferred from life history, validated direct estimates are extremely rare for sharks. Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) are presently overfished in the North Atlantic, but there are no directed fisheries and successful live release of bycatch is believed to have increased. Understanding M, post-release mortality (PRM), and variables that affect mortality are necessary for management and effective bycatch mitigation. From 177 deployments of archival satellite tags, we inferred mortality events, characterized physiological recovery periods following release, and applied survival mixture models to assess M and PRM. We also evaluated covariate effects on the duration of any recovery period and PRM to inform mitigation. Although large sample sizes involving extended monitoring periods (>90 days) would be optimal to directly estimate M from survival data, it was possible to constrain estimates and infer probable values for both species. Furthermore, the consistency of M estimates with values derived from longevity information suggests that age determination is relatively accurate for these species. Regarding bycatch mitigation, our analyses suggest that juvenile porbeagle are more susceptible to harm during capture and handling, that keeping lamnid sharks in the water during release is optimal, and that circle hooks are associated with longer recovery periods for shortfin mako.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), first broke out in Wuhan, China, in 2019. SARS-CoV-2 develops many types of mutations (such as B.1.1.7), making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Although we now have a preliminary understanding of COVID-19, including pathological changes, clinical manifestations, and treatment measures, we also face new difficulties. The biggest problem is that most COVID-19 patients might face sequelae (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, pulmonary fibrosis) during the recovery phase. We aimed to test six Chinese patent medicines to treat three major abnormal symptoms in COVID-19 patients during the recovery phase, including cardiopulmonary function, sleep disturbance, and digestive function. We launched the "three syndromes and six Chinese patent medicines" randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial on April 10, 2020. The results showed that Jinshuibao tablets and Shengmaiyin oral liquid significantly improved the cardiopulmonary function of recovering COVID-19 patients. Shumian capsules, but not Xiaoyao capsules, significantly improved patients' sleep disorders. This might be because the indication of Xiaoyao capsules is liver qi stagnation rather than psychological or emotional problems. Xiangsha Liujun pills and Ludangshen oral liquid significantly improved digestive function. Our research provides a guideline for treating COVID-19 sequelae in patients during the recovery period based on high-quality evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the guiding function of dexmedetomidine combined with EEG bimodal index monitoring on awake timing of laryngeal mask removal under general anesthesia and its effect on complications in children. METHODS Totally 150 children undergoing surgery with general anesthesia admitted into the Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang from Jul. 2018 to Jul. 2020 were selected for EGG bimodal index monitoring, all the children were divided into control group (75 cases, given laryngeal mask removal when EGG bimodal index was 60-65) and observation group(75 cases, given laryngeal mask removal when EGG bimodal index was 75-80). Dexmedetomidine was applied on both groups during surgery, the mean arterial pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and systolic blood pressure(SBP) levels before and after extubation were compared between two groups, the incidences of complications of two groups were observed and recorded, and the overall satisfaction rate were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The differences in mean arterial pressure and heart rate between two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0. 05); compared with the control group, the mean arterial pressure and heart rate of children undergoing general anesthesia after extubation were higher in the observation group, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 05). There were no statistical significance in differences in the preoperative SpO2, SBP level and SBP level after extubation between two groups of children undergoing surgery with general anesthesia (P > 0. 05); compared with the control group, the SpO2 level of children undergoing surgery with general anesthesia after extubation was higher in the observation group, with statistically significant difference (P < 0. 05). There was no statistical significance in difference in the incidence of complications such as choking, breath-holding, SpO2 < 93% and laryngospasm after extubation between two groups of children undergoing surgery with general anesthesia (P>0. 05). Compared with the control group, the overall satisfaction rate of children undergoing surgery with general anesthesia was higher in the observation group, with statistically significant difference(P<0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of laryngeal mask removal under dexmedetomidine combined with EGG bimodal index of 75-80 is better than that of the EEG bimodal index of 60-65, which is of great significance in reducing the incidences of complication and ensuring the safety in extubation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Therapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate disrupt the estrous cycle of adult rats. • Histopathological damages in the uterine tissue by nandrolone are dose-independent. • Uterine sex steroid receptors are affected by nandrolone in a time-dependent manner. • Sex hormone levels in androgenized rats are similar to polycystic ovary syndrome. • The recovery of nandrolone-induced uterine side effects is dose and time-dependent. Different doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) were used to investigate the expression of uterine sex steroid receptors (AR, ER-α, and ER-β) and the levels of serum sex hormones after treatment and recovery periods in adult rats. ND doses of 1.87, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 mg/kg b.w. or mineral oil (control group) were injected subcutaneously for 15 days, and the experimental groups were divided into three periods of evaluation: (a) ND treatment for 15 days, (b) ND treatment followed by 30-day-recovery and (c) ND treatment followed by 60-day-recovery. Estrous cycle was monitored daily. At the end of each experimental period, rats were euthanized for the collection of serum samples and uterine tissues. All animals showed persistent diestrus and only the highest ND dose was capable of inducing persistent diestrus until 60-day-recovery. Immunoexpression of uterine sex steroid receptors varied in a time-dependent manner. While AR expression was increase after treatment period, ER-α and ER-β expressions decreased after 60- and 30-day-recovery, respectively. ND also increased the serum levels of testosterone, 17β-estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone, especially at the highest doses of 7.5 and 15 mg ND/kg until 30 days of recovery. The levels of progesterone were significantly reduced in all ND-treated animals. No significant difference was observed in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone varied according to specific dose and period. We conclude that uterine sex steroid receptors and sex hormones are affected by ND administration and these alterations can be only restored following lower doses and long recovery periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kapalbhathi Pranayam (Kapal = forehead; bhati = shining) is a breathing exercise that has been practiced to cleanse the frontal brain in traditional practices like yoga. Still, there exists a dearth of literature on the effect of Kapalbhathi pranayama on physiological systems. So this present study was carried out to find the immediate effect of "kapalbhathi Pranayam" practice for the period of 5 min on cardiac autonomic function among the healthy volunteers. Apparently 50 healthy volunteers includes both sex were participated. They were randomly divided into Pranayama (n−25) and control (n−25) group. Pranayama group was practiced kapalbhathi pranayama 5 min (5 cycles) and control group was allowed to do normal breathing (12–16 breath/min). Lead II ECG was recorded for 5 min using simple AD converter before, immediately after practice and 20 min of recovery period. One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc test was done using R statistical software. There was a significant (p < 0.05) parasympathetic withdrawal (Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences (RMSSD) – p < 0.04 and HF n.u – p < 0.05) was found in the pranayama group immediately after practice and its was changed to parasympathetic domination (RMSSD – p < 0.04 and HF n.u – p < 0.05) after 20 min of recovery period. The present study suggested that though there was parasympathetic withdrawal immediately after practicing kapalbhathi pranayama, 20 min after the recovery period showed a parasympathetic domination in the pranayama group subjects. However, further studies are required to warrant the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a literature review in order to identify modern information and deepen understanding of the problem of ischemic stroke, its hemispheric features, modern screening capabilities, therapeutic and rehabilitation prospects. Cerebral stroke is a «global epidemic» that occupies a leading place in the structure of the causes of disability in the adult population in most countries of the world, and has great medical, social and economic importance. In the clinical presentation of cerebral ischemic hemispheric stroke, focal neurological deficit prevails, as well as cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders of varying severity, post-stroke fatigue syndrome, etc. Localization of the ischemic focus plays a significant role in the development of cognitive impairment. The analysis of neurocognitive functions has long been a topical subject of study by scientists and practicing physicians. Emergency screening of acute cerebrovascular accident is an important factor in choosing the patient’s treatment strategy. Stroke is a condition requiring emergency medical care and urgent hospitalization. The effectiveness of medical care provision for acute cerebral ischemic stroke at the hospital stage should be ensured by specialists of the multidisciplinary team according to the patient’s specific clinical route, the volume of diagnostic and treatment and rehabilitation measures.These studies are relevant, and the obtained results can be used in the practical activities of the clinician in order to deepen the understanding of the problem, optimize the timely verification of this pathology and use the optimal treatment and rehabilitation tactics.

Eccentric and concentric exercise is associated with disparate acute and chronic responses. We uniquely interspersed workload equivalent eccentric cycling during each recovery period of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) cycling trial to determine acute cardiopulmonary, thermal and psycho-physiological responses. Twelve males [age 28 years (SD 6), peak oxygen consumption 48 mL ⋅ kg–1 ⋅ min–1 (SD 6)] completed two high intensity interval cycling trials [4 × 5 min, 60% peak power output (PPO)] separated by 7–10 days. The CONR trial required participants to cycle concentrically during each recovery period (5 min, 30% PPO). The ECCR trial modified the recovery to be eccentric cycling (5 min, 60% PPO). High intensity workload (CONR: 187 ± 17; ECCR: 187 ± 21 W), oxygen consumption (CONR: 2.55 ± 0.17; ECCR: 2.68 ± 0.20 L ⋅ min–1), heart rate (CONR: 165 ± 7; ECCR: 171 ± 10 beats ⋅ min–1) and RPE legs (CONR: 15 ± 3; ECCR: 15 ± 3) were equivalent between trials. Eccentric cycling recovery significantly increased external workload (CONR: 93 ± 18; ECCR: 196 ± 24 W, P < 0.01) yet lowered oxygen consumption (CONR: 1.51 ± 0.18; ECCR: 1.20 ± 0.20 L ⋅ min–1, P < 0.05) while heart rate (CONR: 132 ± 13; ECCR: 137 ± 12 beats ⋅ min–1) and RPE of the legs (CONR: 11 ± 7; ECCR: 12 ± 7) remained equivalent. There was no significant difference in the aural temperature between the trials (ECCR: 37.3 ± 0.1°C; CONR: 37.4 ± 0.1°C, P > 0.05), yet during recovery periods mean skin temperature was significantly elevated in the ECCR (ECCR: 33.9 ± 0.2°C; CONR: 33.3 ± 0.2°C, P < 0.05). Participants preferred ECCR (10/12) and rated the ECCR as more achievable (82.8 ± 11.4 mm) than CONR (79.4 ± 15.9 mm, P < 0.01). In conclusion, eccentric cycling during the recovery period of a HIIT training session, offers a novel approach to concurrent training methodology. The unique cardiopulmonary and skeletal muscle responses facilitate the achievement of both training stimuli within a single exercise bout.

Previously conducted studies showed endocrine-disruptor properties of pyrethroids when exposed to mammals, causing disturbances in the reproductive system. The purpose of these studies was to identify the hazard of lambda cyhalothrin (LCT) reproductive toxicity, as well as to study the reversibility and/or irreversibility of the resulting damage during the recovery period. Research methods. Lambda-cyhalothrin 98.06% of purity was administered ex tempore daily, except Saturday and Sunday, by oral gavage to three groups of animals in doses 0,3; 3,0 and 10 mg/kg of body weight for 11 weeks. After the expiry of the exposure period, part of the males was selected to study the parameters of sperm and blood serum testosterone levels, while the remaining males were used for a recovery period without exposure for one full cycle of spermatogenesis (70 days). Morpho-functional indicators of the gonad state and the level of total testosterone in the blood serum were studied in all males after exposure and recovery period. The total amount and the absolute and relative number of motile sperm were determined, the percent of sperm abnormal forms was calculated. Morphometric parameters of testes and epididymis were recorded. Results. Investigated LCT causes antiandrogenic effect which characterized by impaired of spermatogenesis and oligospermia, as well as a change in the testosterone content in the blood serum of experimental animals compared to the control. Dose dependence of the severity of oligospermia and spermatozoa adynamia is linear in nature both before and after the recovery period, increasing markedly at the end of the recovery period. While the response level of testosterone to increase of the dose is non-monotonic.The most pronounced statistically significant (P

The aim of us is to define the incidence of postoperative complications two anesthesia procedures. During the period between 01.01.2016 and 01.01.2017, totally 583 patients were included in the study, who had oral-maxillofacial surgeries. Anesthesia types were determined as propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and sevoflurane-inhalation anesthesia (SA). Surgical types were divided into two groups, major and minor. Postoperative complications and recovery period were determined as tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, recovery time, additional analgesia, nausea-vomiting. While TIVA was used 241 patients, SA was used 342 patients. Incidences of patients, having had major surgeries under TIVA, for additional analgesic, nausea-vomiting, and recovery period on average were found as 12.7%; 13.5%; 13min respectively. As for the patients having had minor surgeries under TIVA, the same values were 10.2%; 6.5%; 12min respectively. Incidences of patients, having had major surgeries under SA, for additional analgesic, nausea-vomiting, recovery period on average were found as 11.3%; 34.2%; 7min respectively. Patients having had minor surgeries under TIVA performed the same values as 9.8%; 19.5%; 5min respectively. It was observed that SA caused more nause-vomiting than TIVA; however, it had a shorter recovery period. We have been in the opinion of that SA absolutely must be done with nausea-vomiting premedication and that it could be preferred owing to the shorter recovery. [Med-Science 2018; 7(2.000): 290-4]

We examined the recovery and dynamics of living tree above-ground biomass (AGB) after selective logging in an Amazonian terra firme forest managed by a private company. The forest consisted of 24 blocks (including one set aside for conservation) selectively logged in different years on a managed schedule. Trees ≥10 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) were surveyed in 2006 in 192 0.25-ha plots, in 2010 in 119 plots, and in 2012-2013 in 54 plots. A logistic growth model factoring in logging dynamics and mean AGB of a block in these years was established. Referencing the mean AGB of the unlogged forest, the model indicated that the logged forest would take on average 14 years to regain its preharvest AGB after selective logging at 1.9 trees ha-1 (dbh > 50 cm). In 2010 and 2012-2013, the AGB increased significantly for small and large trees (10-20 cm and >60 cm dbh, respectively) in the logged forest. In contrast, it decreased significantly for medium-sized trees (30-50 cm dbh) in the unlogged forest. Comparisons with the previous studies mainly conducted in the other regions of Amazon suggested that the estimated AGB recovery period with moderate logging intensity was almost appropriate and likely acceptable to forest managers.

The article investigates certain aspects of one of the current issues of the Russian history, the least studied and discussed at present. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature and previously unpublished archival documents, attempts to identify the factors that determined the adjustment and essence of the industrial and scientific-technical policy in the postwar period, the essence and results of the reorganization in the management of scientific and technical sphere. We conclude that successful implementation of post-war large-scale projects proves that there was only one possible strategy chosen by the country's leadership. In particular, the postwar geopolitical realities and the need for early recovery and strengthening of the Soviet economy demanded from the Soviet leadership a most pragmatic approach as to the issue of "borrowing". Besides, a strong research and technical complex was formed, and very impressive results were achieved, especially in the defense sphere. However, the study showed that the intensification of scientific and technical research, transformation of science into a determining factor of economic development of the country in those years failed to become a priority. The slowdown and deficiency of control were due to the increasing role of the party apparatus in the state bodies, due to the reorganizations in the system of national economy management, due to the departmental approach and shortcomings in planning, due to the insufficient professionalism of the Soviet leadership.

Background: Rapid emergence with low soluble inhalational agents (IA) is offset by a significant association with emergence agitation (EA). Research on the influence of elimination methods of IA on recovery characteristics is very few. We conducted this study to compare the recovery characteristics of slow elimination (SE) of desflurane with purging technique. Methodology: Forty-five participants, 18–60 years, undergoing elective laparoscopic surgeries were randomised either into Group-P (n = 23) or Group-SE (n = 22). A standardised induction-maintenance protocol including desflurane and fresh gas flow (FGF) of 0.8 l/min was followed. During recovery, the FGF was increased in Group-P to 10 L/min and in Group-SE it was continued at 0.8 L/min. The decrement in end-tidal concentration of desflurane, time for emergence and extubation, EA and time for psychomotor recovery were noted. Results: Time for emergence (Group-SE: 22.8 ± 9 vs. Group-P: 5.6 ± 1.5 min; P = 0.000) and emergence to extubation duration (Group-SE: 128 ± 36 s vs. Group-P: 11.5 ± 1.7 s; P = 0.000) were longer in the Group-SE than in Group-P. EA occurred in 22.7% patients in Group-SE and in 4.3% patients in Group-P (P = 0.07). Psychomotor recovery to baseline values was seen in more number of patients in Group-SE than Group-P at 30 min. There was no difference between the groups at 60 min post-extubation. Conclusions: Slow elimination using FGF of 0.8 L/min significantly prolongs emergence even with low soluble agent like desflurane. SE is not beneficial in decreasing the incidence of EA or hastening psychomotor recovery. Purging technique is, therefore, a better-suited technique with fewer complications for eliminating desflurane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the period affected by extreme rainfall that triggers debris flow and the modification of the critical rainfall threshold for debris flows after extreme events in the Chenyulan watershed in central Taiwan. Three rainfall indices, Im (maximum hourly rainfall depth), Rd (maximum 24-h rainfall amount), and RI (= Im × Rd), were used to analyze the variations in rainfall thresholds for triggering debris flow. Five extreme rainfall events with RI > 365 cm2/h that triggered multiple debris flows are discussed. Critical rainfall (the rainfall threshold of Im, Rd, and RI for triggering debris flow) drops significantly at the initial stage after an extreme rainfall event; it then increases to revert to its original value after subsequent rainfall events. The lowered critical rainfall and the required recovery period were associated with the RI driven by an extreme rainfall event. Empirical relationships for modified critical rainfall and recovery period after an extreme rainfall event are also presented. The critical RI and Im (or Rd) could be reduced by 70% and 40%, respectively. The maximum recovery period was approximately three years after an extreme rainfall. The recovery period has an increasing trend with the increasing ratio of landslide area bought by an extreme rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been more than two months since the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the overall epidemic situation is now under effective control with the number of cured discharged cases surpassing existing confirmed ones. Although the general condition of discharged patients has been improved to a certain extent，quite a number of them still have clinical symptoms and organ injury. Therefore，follow-up rehabilitation treatment for these patients is of great importance. Our team went to Wuhan，the center of epidemic regions，to assist clinical treatment using traditional Chinese medicine. From our experience? we found the course of the disease is relatively long，and that the problem of pulmonary fibrosis is more prominent during the recovery period. Most COVID-19 patients at the recovery stage tend to present with a complicated state of multiple patterns, characterized by dominant qi deficiency, increasing severity of blood stasis together with remaining excess of pathogens. Based on field observations, we hold that the qi deficiency and blood stasis is the core pathogenesis. Therefore, management of COVID-19 patients during the recovery period should target at pulmonary fibrosis as the key pathology by using qi-tonifying blood-activating treatment as the basic principle，combined with methods of clearing away the remaining pathogenic factors. Flexible medicinal modification could help patients recover better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eccentric and concentric exercise is associated with disparate acute and chronic responses. We uniquely interspersed workload equivalent eccentric cycling during each recovery period of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) cycling trial to determine acute cardiopulmonary, thermal and psycho-physiological responses. Twelve males [age 28 years (SD 6), peak oxygen consumption 48 mL ⋅ kg–1 ⋅ min–1 (SD 6)] completed two high intensity interval cycling trials [4 × 5 min, 60% peak power output (PPO)] separated by 7–10 days. The CONR trial required participants to cycle concentrically during each recovery period (5 min, 30% PPO). The ECC R trial modified the recovery to be eccentric cycling (5 min, 60% PPO). High intensity workload (CONR : 187 ± 17; ECC R: 187 ± 21 W), oxygen consumption (CONR : 2.55 ± 0.17; ECC R: 2.68 ± 0.20 L ⋅ min–1), heart rate (CONR : 165 ± 7; ECC R: 171 ± 10 beats ⋅ min–1) and RPE legs (CONR : 15 ± 3; ECC R: 15 ± 3) were equivalent between trials. Eccentric cycling recovery significantly increased external workload (CONR : 93 ± 18; ECC R: 196 ± 24 W, P < 0.01) yet lowered oxygen consumption (CONR : 1.51 ± 0.18; ECC R: 1.20 ± 0.20 L ⋅ min–1, P < 0.05) while heart rate (CONR : 132 ± 13; ECC R: 137 ± 12 beats ⋅ min–1) and RPE of the legs (CONR : 11 ± 7; ECC R: 12 ± 7) remained equivalent. There was no significant difference in the aural temperature between the trials (ECC R: 37.3 ± 0.1°C; CONR : 37.4 ± 0.1°C, P > 0.05), yet during recovery periods mean skin temperature was significantly elevated in the ECC R (ECC R: 33.9 ± 0.2°C; CONR : 33.3 ± 0.2°C, P < 0.05). Participants preferred ECC R (10/12) and rated the ECC R as more achievable (82.8 ± 11.4 mm) than CONR (79.4 ± 15.9 mm, P < 0.01). In conclusion, eccentric cycling during the recovery period of a HIIT training session, offers a novel approach to concurrent training methodology. The unique cardiopulmonary and skeletal muscle responses facilitate the achievement of both training stimuli within a single exercise bout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study sought to assess the detrimental effects of isoproterenol (ISO) on major organs and investigate the potential reversibility of these adverse reactions in mice. Male mice were divided into normal control, 0.2 mg/kg.d and 3.0 mg/kg.d ISO groups, and were subcutaneously administered of the respective doses for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, a recovery period experiment was conducted, replicating the aforementioned procedure, followed by an additional 2-week recovery period for the mice. Following 14 consecutive days of administration, mice treated with ISO exhibited notable cardiac damage manifested by abnormal ECG patterns, dysregulated energy metabolism, elevated cardiac hypertrophy, and increased heart pathological score. Additionally, the administration of ISO resulted in liver and kidney damage, as evidenced by increased pathological score, serum albumin level, and urea level. Lung damage was also observed, indicated by an increase in lung pathological score. Furthermore, the administration of ISO at a dosage of 3.0 mg/kg.d resulted in a decrease in liver mass index, serum iron content, and an increase in lung mass index. After a 2-week recovery period, mice treated with ISO showed abnormalities in ECG patterns and dysregulated myocardial energy metabolism, accompanied by a decrease in serum iron content. Histopathological examinations revealed continued pathological changes in the heart and lung, as well as significant hemosiderin deposition in the spleen. Furthermore, the group treated with ISO at a dosage of 3.0 mg/kg.d showed an increase in serum AST and TP levels. In summary, the study demonstrates that both 0.2 mg/kg.d and 3.0 mg/kg.d doses of ISO can induce damage to the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and spleen, with the higher dose causing more severe injuries. After a 2-week withdrawal period, the liver, kidney, and thymus injuries caused by 0.2 mg/kg ISO shows signs of recovery, while damage to the heart, lung, and spleen persists. The thymus injury mostly recovers, with minimal kidney pathology, but significant damage to the heart, liver, and lung remains even after the withdrawal period for the 3.0 mg/kg ISO dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stomach eversion is common in sharks captured during fishing activities, however, records of subsequent retraction of the stomach once animals are released are rare and limited by the logistics of recording post-release behaviors in the wild. Here, we report stomach eversion and retraction by a tiger shark captured and tagged at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Initial eversion occurred during capture, and retraction was recorded by video and tri-axial acceleration sensors approximately five minutes after release. The ability to retract the stomach without apparent ill effect is consistent with the documented resilience of tiger sharks to stressful capture events, but remains to be confirmed for other species. • Stomach eversion and retraction were recorded by a captured and tagged tiger shark. • Biologging tags documented the energetic stomach retraction behavior. • Stomach retraction is consistent with tiger shark resilience to stressful capture events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two tomato genotypes with constitutively different ABA level, flacca mutant and wild type of Ailsa Craig cv. (WT), were subjected to three repeated drought cycles, with the aim to reveal the role of the abscisic acid (ABA) threshold in developing drought tolerance. Differential responses to drought of two genotypes were obtained: more pronounced stomatal closure, ABA biosynthesis and proline accumulation in WT compared to the mutant were compensated by dry weight accumulation accompanied by transient redox disbalance in flacca. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis of isolated cell wall material and morphological parameter measurements on tomato leaves indicated changes in dry weight accumulation and carbon re-allocation to cell wall constituents in flacca, but not in WT. A higher proportion of cellulose, pectin and lignin in isolated cell walls from flacca leaves further increased with repeated drought cycles. Different ABA-dependent stomatal closure between drought cycles implies that acquisition of stomatal sensitivity may be a part of stress memory mechanism developed under given conditions. The regulatory role of ABA in the cell wall restructuring and growth regulation under low leaf potential was discussed with emphasis on the beneficial effects of drought priming in developing differential defense strategies against drought.

The expression of molecular and cellular regulators of apoptosis (proapoptotic protein Bad and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2) was measured in the follicular apparatus of rat ovaries during the recovery period (days 7 and 14) after hyperthermia (up to rectal temperature 43.5°C). The Bcl-2/Bad index was calculated. The expression of Bcl-2 in the follicular apparatus of rat ovaries increased on day 7 after the exposure. The Bcl-2/Bad index also increased, which suggests that the development of apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway in follicles was limited at this term after hyperthermia. On day 14 after hyperthermia, the area of immunohistochemical staining for the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 significantly decreased in cells of the ovarian follicular epithelium, but the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bad significantly increased; these changes led to a decrease in Bcl-2/Bad index, which attested to weakening of the antiapoptotic defense and activation of oocyte apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although various issues about low flow anaesthesia had been investigated previously, impact of different flow rates on perioperative follow-up and safety outcomes were not well-addressed. Here, we aimed to assess the influence of different flow rates of low flow fresh gas mixtures on hemodynamic state, gas exchange parameters and recovery time during general anaesthesia of urogenital system operations in a single tertiary centre. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two patients (American Society of Anaesthesiologists score I or II) to whom low flow anaesthesia with sevoflurane had been administered were subsequently gathered in three distinct -A, moderate flow (2 L/minimum), B, low flow (1 L/minimum), C, minimal flow (0.5 L/minimum) -groups. Hemodynamic data before and during anaesthesia, additionally, gas exchange and blood gas analysis parameters at 30th minute and before cessation of anaesthesia were recorded. Recovery period was observed by a second physician and times of interest were noted. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar among study groups. Most of the data regarding vital signs, gas exchange and blood gas analysis at the 30th minute and prior to cessation of anaesthesia were comparable. During operation, inspiratory sevoflurane levels were significantly higher in group A (1.7±0.6 vs 1.3±0.3 vs 1.3±0.3, p=0.043). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of recovery data [time to spontaneous breathing (p=0.21), time to extubation (p=0.113), time to eye opening (p=0.5), time to verbal response (p=0.518) and time to reach a Modified Aldrete score of 9 or 10 (minimum, 13.7±6.8 vs 13.6±5.2 vs 14.8±4, p=0.717)]. Conclusion: Limiting the flow rate of gas mixture to 0.5 L/minutes in low flow anaesthesia maintenance may facilitate reduced utilization of volatile anaesthetics without a compromise in hemodynamic status and recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Large-scale vegetation restoration has important impacts on plant species diversity, which then influences plant community stability and resilience. The purpose of this paper is to compare the diversity of plantations as well as the diversity of artificially restored and naturally restored grasslands under different years of recovery and to identify the plots with the highest species diversity by vegetation type and restoration duration to determine strategies for vegetation restoration in hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau. Stands of Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinskii of different ages (10, 20, 30 and 40 years old) in the Danangou catchment on the Loess Plateau of China were selected as a case study to analysis effects of afforestation on the structure and function of ecosystems. The results showed that (1) under different numbers of years of recovery, the species diversity of woodland changes with changes in the coverage of woody plants, and the species diversity of R. pseudoacacia plantations planted on sunny slopes and R. pseudoacacia and C. korshinskii plantations planted on shady slopes reaches its maximum when coverage reaches a minimum value after 20 and 30 years of recovery, respectively; (2) soil moisture (in both shallow and deep layers) is the key factor controlling species diversity in woodlands, as the soil moisture changes with the coverage of woody plants following different numbers of years of recovery, which then influences the species diversity; (3) compared to the woodlands, the natural grassland exhibited higher species diversity under all recovery duration. Therefore, natural recovery is recommended if only species diversity is considered rather than human demand for wood, but if demand for materials is considered, we recommend thinning R. pseudoacacia on sunny and shady slopes at the ages of 10–20 and 10–30 years, respectively. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Diversity of woody plants were changing with its coverage. • Soil moisture was significant correlated with species diversity. • Herb diversity was increasing with years of recovery. • If mankind's demand for wood is not considered, natural recovery was recommended. • If human demand for materials is considered, thinning of woody plants was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Outdoor air PM 2.5 had intrinsic OP related to their physico-chemical characteristics. • Intrinsic OP of outdoor air PM 2.5 predicted induction of oxidative stress in lungs. • Nrf2 and NFκB cell signaling pathways were activated by outdoor air PM 2.5 in lungs. • Oxidative and inflammatory effects persisted in lungs despite exposure cessation. • Better knowledge of the persistence of outdoor air PM 2.5 -induced lung toxicity. More than 7 million early deaths/year are attributable to air pollution. Current health concerns are especially focused on air pollution-derived particulate matter (PM). Although oxidative stress-induced airway inflammation is one of the main adverse outcome pathways triggered by air pollution-derived PM, the persistence of both these underlying mechanisms, even after exposure cessation, remained poorly studied. In this study, A/JOlaHsd mice were also exposed acutely (24 h) or sub-chronically (4 weeks), with or without a recovery period (12 weeks), to two urban PM 2.5 samples collected during contrasting seasons (i.e. , autumn/winter, AW or spring/summer, SS). The distinct intrinsic oxidative potentials (OPs) of AW and SS PM 2.5 , as evaluated in acellular conditions, were closely related to their respective physicochemical characteristics and their respective ability to really generate ROS over-production in the mouse lungs. Despite the early activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) cell signaling pathway by AW and, in a lesser degree, SS PM 2.5 , in the murine lungs after acute and sub-chronic exposures, the critical redox homeostasis was not restored, even after the exposure cessation. Accordingly, an inflammatory response was reported through the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) cell signaling pathway activation, the secretion of cytokines, and the recruitment of inflammatory cells, in the murine lungs after the acute and sub-chronic exposures to AW and, in a lesser extent, to SS PM 2.5 , which persisted after the recovery period. Taken together, these original results provided, for the first time, new relevant insights that air pollution-derived PM 2.5 , with relatively high intrinsic OPs, induced oxidative stress and inflammation, which persisted admittedly at a lower level in the lungs after the exposure cessation, thereby contributing to the occurrence of molecular and cellular adverse events leading to the development and/or exacerbation of future chronic inflammatory lung diseases and even cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To explore the effect of different methods of scalp acupuncture for hemiplegia patients in cerebral infarction recovery period by using the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).Methods:Forty patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into four groups, 10 patients in each group, group A was treated by Yu's bilateral scalp acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training, group B, C and D were treated by the conventional Jiao's single ipsilateral scalp acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training, Yu's single ipsilateral scalp acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training and rehabilitation training respectively. Fugl-Meyer scores and MRS were used to evaluate the effect before and after the intervention of 15 days.Results:When comparing the difference in the Fugl-Meyer score within each group, group A was significantly better than group B and C (PPPPPPPPP

Health authorities worldwide recommend 2–3 days per week of resistance training (RT) performed ∼48–72 h apart. However, the influence of recovery period between RT sessions on muscle strength, body composition, and red blood cells (RBCs) are unclear.Aim: Examine the effects of three consecutive (C) or non-consecutive (NC) days of RT per week for 12 weeks on strength, body composition, and RBCs.Methods: Thirty young, healthy and recreationally active males were randomly assigned to 3 C (∼24 h between sessions) or NC (∼48–72 h between sessions) days of RT per week for 12 weeks. Both groups performed three sets of 10 repetitions at 10-repetition maximum (RM) of leg press, latissimus pulldown, leg curl, shoulder press, and leg extension for each session. Ten RM and body composition were assessed pre- and post-RT. RBC parameters were measured on the first session before RT, and 0 and 24 h post-3rd session in untrained (week 1) and trained (week 12) states.Results: No training × group interaction was found for all strength and body composition parameters (p = 0.075–0.974). Training increased strength for all exercises, bone mineral density, and total body mass via increased lean and bone mass (p < 0.001). There was no interaction (p = 0.076–0.994) and RT induced temporal changes in all RBC parameters (p < 0.001–0.003) except RBC corrected for plasma volume changes (time × training interaction; p = 0.001). Training increased hematocrit and lowered mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.001–0.041) but did not alter uncorrected RBC, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and RBC distribution width (p = 0.178–0.797).Conclusion: Both C and NC RT induced similar improvements in strength and body composition, and changes in RBC parameters.