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Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde yaşanan hadiseler, Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu ve Balkanlar'da kendisini bölgesel bir güç olarak takdim etmesine uygun bir zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu anlamda arabuluculuk, 2002 senesinde iktidâra gelen Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi ile birlikte bu iddiaya hizmet eden bir vasıta olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'yi arabuluculuk faaliyetlerine sevk eden saikleri ortaya koyarken bir yandan da arabuluculuk konusundaki vakâ tetkikleri yoluyla Türkiye'nin söz konusu iki bölgedeki kabiliyetleri ile birlikte gücünün sınırlarını tespit etmektir. Bu çalışmanın iddiası şudur ki, Türkiye gelişen bir orta-büyüklükte güç olarak maddi güç unsurlarının mahdut olmasından kaynaklanan meselelere ilâveten, bölgesel liderlik iddiasına hem bölgesel hem de küresel güçlerin muhalefeti ile karşılaşmaktadır. With the post-Cold War developments Turkey found a suitable environment to assert itself as a regional leader in the Balkans and Middle East. In this vein mediation became a tool for advancing Turkey's regional role with the Justice and Development Party rule that started in 2002. The aim of this study is to show Turkey's motivations in acting as a mediator while highlighting its capabilities and limits in the aforementioned regions based on case-studies of Turkey's mediation initiatives. It will be argued that Turkey as an emerging middle-power faces important limitations with regards to material capabilities and also resistance from regional and global actors against its regional leadership role. 599

Resumo El artículo tiene como objeto la cuestión de la organización territorial del Estado español a la luz de la Constitución Española de 1978. El estudio examina, de una parte, la contestación que desde determinados nacionalismos se hace al ordenamiento constitucional vigente y, de otra, las lecturas distintas del texto constitucional que conducen a la negación de concepciones que el constituyente consideró fundantes del mismo orden constitucional. La cuestión principal analizada es el perfil de Estado autonómico diseñado en la Constitución Española. Abstract The article attempts to the issue of the territorial organization of the State in the light of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The study examines, on one hand, the reply that since certain nationalisms is addressed to the existing constitutional system and, on the other hand, different readings of the constitutional text that lead to the denial of conceptions that the constituent considered foundations of the constitutional order. The main issue analyzed is the profile of the regional State designed by the Spanish Constitution.

There seems to be a broad consensus that it is unlikely that illicit activities can be stopped if offenders are not prosecuted. However, many patrolling States have long appeared reluctant to prosecute acts of piracy at sea before their domestic jurisdictions and, have preferred to rely upon judicial co-operation from third States within the region prone to piracy. Against this background, this article examines the current prevailing use of transfer agreements for the criminal prosecution of piracy suspects. The author analyzes the legality of this regional prosecution strategy from the perspective of the international law of the sea and focuses on three major issues: first, whether in certain circumstances States may be obliged to prosecute alleged pirates; second, whether the criminal jurisdiction of a prosecuting State may be equally applicable in cases where alleged offenders caught on the high seas are handed over into another State’s jurisdiction on the basis of transfer agreements; third, whether there is any other legal instrument which is able to fill UNCLOS gaps and require States to prosecute criminals, even if caught in territorial waters of other States. From the perspective taken into analysis by the author, it can be assessed that this increasing trend is in line with the relevant provisions of general law of the sea and other international Treaties. A welcoming outcome since regional prosecution seems to be an effective and efficient tool to overcome the legal and practical challenges related to piracy prosecution before the national courts of the seizing States.

Este artículo analiza algunos aspectos sociales del proceso de apropiación de las tierras públicas baldíos y ejidos y privadas en la Colombia del periodo federal 1857-1885, los recursos empleados por los interesados en ese propósito, la racionalidad geográfica y económica de esas apropiaciones y la instrumentalización del Estado llevada a cabo por algunos sectores interesados en ese bien inmueble. Nuestro análisis descansa sobre la idea de recuperar el protagonismo que va adquiriendo la relación empresarios-Estado acorde con las circunstancias de las localidades y provincias que integraban el entonces Estado Soberano de Bolívar. This article discusses some aspects of the process of appropriation of public land wastelands and ejidos and private in Colombia Federal period 1857-1885, the resources used by those interested in that purpose, geographic and economic rationality of such appropriations and instrumentalization of the state held by some stakeholders in the land. Our analysis rests on the idea of recovering the prominence it is acquiring the social sectors-State relationship in accordance with the circumstances of the towns and provinces that comprised the Sovereign State of Bolívar then.

Diplomová práce Analýza španělského modelu asymetrického regionalismu ~ 1 ~ Summary The masterʼs degree thesis "Spanish Model of Asymmetric Regionalism: An Analysis" deals with the concept of political-administrative division of a state, which has been typical of the Kingdom of Spain. The masterʼs degree thesis aims to profoundly analyze all the substantial aspects of this unique type of inner arrangement of a state, namely in broader (above all in legal, in historical and in political) relations. When elaborating on the topic I drew on Czech and English monographic literature (this applies both to the theoretical and to the historical part of the thesis) and on topical wordings of Spanish legal regulations; I also made use of various sources, as e.g. of professional articles online, of relevant judicial decisions, or of notes I made in Spain at lectures on Spanish constitutional law. The thesis consists of three chapters which are further divided into subchapters. In the initial theoretical chapter attention is paid to the typology of states according to their inner arrangement. The concepts such as confederation, federation, unitary state or regional state are explained here. The second chapter provides the overview of historical development of Spain (or, more exactly, of Iberian Peninsula) from the first...

Розглянуто основні параметри адміністративно-територіальних систем Іспанії та Італії у порівняльному контексті. Проаналізовано історичні особливості формування території обох держав. Виявлено вплив минулих політико-географічних процесів на сучасну адміністративно-територіальну структуру Іспанії та Італії. Області держав зіставлено за компетенціями, статусом, а також основними кількісними параметрами – розмірами та людністю. Зазначено урахування етнічного чинника в адміністративно-територіальній організації. Виявлено спільні та відмінні тенденції в розвитку сепаратистських процесів у державах. Проаналізовано соціально- економічні мотиви сучасного регіоналізму у розвинутих країнах Європи, конкретні прояви відцентрових процесів. Main parameters of administrative-territorial systems of Spain and Italy are considered in the comparative context. Analysis of historical particularities of the territorial formation of Spain and Italy revealed the impact of the past political and geographical processes on the contemporary administrative-territorial structures of the two countries. Regions of Spain and Italy were contrasted by the scope of functions, status and such major quantifiers as size and population, while taking into account the ethnic factor in the administrative-territorial organization of the countries. Common and distinguishing tendencies in development of separatist processes in the countries were revealed. The study analyzes social and economic motives of modern regionalism in developed European countries and offers specific manifestations of centrifugal processes.

La Constitución de 1991, fruto de diversas fuerzas políticas, retomó el modelo unitario, cifrando nuevamente en este la tensa relación entre Estado centro y periferia. El modelo territorial y el papel del nivel intermedio fueron levemente transformados en relación con su antecesora, la Constitución de 1886. La Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, si bien tuvo propuestas federales y regionales, optó por el modelo unitario, para lo cual se argumentaron severos temores de fragmentación y protagonismo de los actores armados ilegales en los territorios. Sin duda, un buen momento desaprovechado en razón de los miedos. Cinco ideas se reiteraron en los debates constitucionales: autonomía de las entidades territoriales, profundización de la descentralización, fortalecimiento económico de los entes territoriales, consagración del municipio como eje fundamental del Estado y democracia participativa, eso sí, en el contexto y bajo las limitaciones del Estado unitario. The Constitution of 1991, result of various political forces, returned to the unitary model; encoding in this again the tense relationship between center State and periphery. The territorial model and the role of the intermediate level were slightly changed with regard to its predecessor, the Constitution of 1886. The National Constitutional Convention, despite the fact that had federal and regional proposals, opted for the unitary model, arguing severe fears of fragmentation and leadership of illegal armed groups in then territories. Undoubtedly, a great moment wasted on account of fears. Five ideas were reiterated in the constitutional debates: autonomy of the territorial organizations, intensification of decentralization, economic strengthening of territorial entities, setting up of the municipality as a fundamental core of the state, and participatory democracy; this of course, in the context and under the limitations of the unitary State.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Devlet şekilleri, egemenliğin yapısı bakımından tek yapılı (üniter) ve karma yapılı (bileşik) şeklinde ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Tek yapılı devlet modeli birkaç farklı biçimi içermektedir. Bu farklı biçimlerden birini bölgesel devlet modeli oluşturmaktadır. Bölgesel devlet modeli hem devletin birliğine ve bölünmezliğine dayanmakta hem de bölgeleri için özerklik hakkını tanımaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bölgesel devlet bölgesel siyasal özerklik kavramıyla yakından ilgilidir. Gürcistan, bölgesel devlet olarak adlandırılabilir, çünkü içinde Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti gibi siyasal özerkliğe sahip bölgeleri bulunmaktadır. Ancak, Gürcistan'ın bölgesel devlet niteliği ile ilgili literatürde yeterince bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın araştırma problemi Gürcistan'ın bölgesel devlet olup olmadığı ile Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti'nin siyasal özerkliğin bir örneği olup olmadığıdır. In terms of structure of sovereignty, state forms are divided into two models, as the unitary and composite states. The unitary state model contains several different forms. One of them is regional state model. The regional state model is based on the unity and indivisibility of state, and recognizes the right of autonomy to its regions. Consequently, the regional state is closely related to the concept of the regional political autonomy. Georgia can be classified as a regional state. Because Georgia has regions with political autonomy, such as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara. However, there is not enough information in related literature about the feature of Georgia?s regional state. Research problems of this study are whether Georgia is a regional state, and whether the Autonomous Republic of Adjara is an example of political autonomy.

El artículo da cuenta de la crisis que presenta la teoría tradicional de los “tipos ideales” o de las diversas formas de Estado: Estado unitario, Estado regional y/o autonómico y Estado federal. Enfoque teórico complejo, a la hora de estudiar y entender las innumerables versiones dadas sobre la distribución territorial del poder en el plano real, a tal extremo, que la doctrina señala una cuarta forma de Estado, esto es, la “devolution”. De hecho, se observan múltiples formas de Estados unitarios, de Estados regionales e incluso diversos modelos de federalismo. En cada uno de ellos, el nivel intermedio cumple un papel disímil e incluso sui generis para la doctrina tradicional de las formas de Estado. La Constitución territorial española, da cuenta de las dificultades existentes a la hora de describir un modelo, que si bien, se origina en la unidad y con preeminencia del principio autonómico, también es cierto, que supera varias constituciones federales en materia de distribución competencial, muy a pesar de las críticas existentes sobre su aún marcada tendencia centralista. The article reports on the crisis that presents the traditional theory of “ideal types” or various forms of state: Unitary state, Regional state and/or Autonomic and Federal state. A complex theoretical approach, when studying and understanding the many versions given on the territorial distribution of power in the real plane, to such extent that the doctrine, points out a fourth form of state, this is the “devolution”. In fact, there are multiple forms of unitary, regional States and even different models of federalism. In each, the middle tier has a dissimilar role and even sui generis compared to the traditional doctrine of state forms. The Spanish territorial constitution is aware of the difficulties when describing a model, that while it’s originated in the unity and the primacy of the autonomic principle, it is also true that overmatch several federal constitutions in the distribution of powers, in spite of the criticisms on his still existing centralist tendency.

Yerel ile devlet arasında bir ara kurum olarak görülen bölge; bazı ülkelerde güvenlik, idari, iktisadi, siyasi ve kültürel ve hizmet sunma gibi çeşitli nedenlerle oluşturulmuştur. Bunları bölgesel modeller olarak ele alabiliriz.Bölge bir yerel birim olabilir mi? Sorusuna klasik yerel birimlerin yerel halk tarafından seçilen nasıl bir karar organı, idari ve mali özerkliği varsa bölgenin de olabilir cevabına ulaşılabilir. Örnek olarak Fransa, İspanya ve Polonya' da ki bölgelerin sahip oldukları görev ve yetkiler gösterilebilir.Bölgenin ortaya çıkış amacı, incelediğim ülkelerde farklıdır. Yani her ülkenin bölgeselleşme süreci nevi şahsına münhasırdır. Örneğin İspanya' da özerk topluluklar denilen bölgeler ile kültürel ve siyasi; Fransa'da güvenlik, iktisadi ve idari, Polonya'da idari ve iktisadi bölgeselleşme yapıları söz konusudur. Bu bağlamda bahsedilen ülkelerin üniter devlet biçimlerinin de olduğu göz önüne alınırsa, bölgeli üniter devlet biçimlerinin var olabileceğini belirtebiliriz. Bölgeli bir devlet biçimi tek merkezden idare edilen üniter devlet yapısını zayıflatmayabilir bilakis bütünlüğü koruyabilir. Bundan kasıt, alan düzenlenmesi ile coğrafi dağılım içerinde insan kaynağının, zenginliklerin, doğal kaynakların ve iktisadi faaliyetlere bağlı optimum alanın belirlenmesinde bölge bir idari örgütlenme modeli olarak kabul edilebilir. Avrupa Birliği'nin de bu yönde ki yapılanmaları Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları oluşumları ile desteklediğini belirtebiliriz.Bu çalışmada bölge modelleri ve optimum büyüklükte idari örgütlenmeler ile etkinliğin sağlanabileceğine değinilerek, bölge mefhumunun merkeze karşı çevrenin yeniden tanımlanması olarak üniter devletin biçiminde yaşanan bir evrimden ülke örnekleriyle ortaya konmuştur. The region, which is an intermediate establishment between local and state, is occured for different reasons like, safety, adminitrative, economic, political and cultural and service supplying in several states. We can handle all of these as regional modals.We answer the question of ?could have region be a local unit?? If a decision making body which as chosen by the local people has administrative and fiscal autonomy, the region can have.We can show an example duties and powers which are given to regions in France, Spain and Poland. The main point arising regions are different each conutry which are analysed. In this context, each country?s process of regionalism is original and specific. For example, Spain has cultural and politics regions , which are calling ?autonomies sociteies?. France has safety, economic and adminisitrative regions. Poland has administrative and economic regions. To consider mentioned states also has unitar states. We can say there can be regional and unitar state with together in the same state.In addition, the type of regional state which is governed by solely centre may not it make weak. Even it can conserve holistic. That means the region it can accept as a modal of administrative structure for arrangement of areas with in dispersal of geograpichal sources of human, wealty, natural sources and economic activity. It can specify that the European Union is built up this structure with Regional Development Agencies.In this study, it handled region modals and optimal size of administrative organizations make efficieny and discussed that and evolution on state types from region concept to redefination perifery across to centre. 98

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