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This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of the Spondias tuberosa aqueous leaf and root extracts (EALST and EARST) and to evaluate their effect, comparatively, against opportunistic pathogenic fungi. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Quadrupole/Time of Flight System (UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF) was employed for chemical analysis. Candida albicans and C. tropicalis standard strains and clinical isolates were used (CA INCQS 40006, CT INCQS 40042, CA URM 5974, and CT URM 4262). The 50% Inhibitory Concentration for the fungal population (IC50) was determined for both the intrinsic action of the extracts and the extract/fluconazole (FCZ) associations. The determination of the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and the verification of effects over fungal morphological transitions were performed by subculture in Petri dishes and humid chambers, respectively, both based on micro-dilution. UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF analysis revealed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The association of the extracts with fluconazole, resulted in IC50 values from 2.62 µg/mL to 308.96 µg/mL. The MFC of the extracts was ≥16,384 µg/mL for all tested strains, while fluconazole obtained an MFC of 8192 µg/mL against C. albicans strains. A reduction in MFC against CA URM 5974 (EALST: 2048 µg/mL and EARST: 1024 µg/mL) occurred in the extract/fluconazole association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of mango peel and pulp on oxidative damage in a naproxen‐induced gastric injury rat model. The extracts were assessed for antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP methods), and the phenolic profile was investigated with UPLC‐QToF‐MSE. Gastric damage was evaluated in vivo by assessing the membrane lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA) content), myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity, and glutathione (GSH) content. Mango peel and pulp contained high contents of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics (69.50–5.287.70 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g), carotenoids (651.30–665.50 μg/100 g), and vitamin C (21.59–108.19 mg/100 g). UPLC‐QToF‐MSE analysis identified 17 phenol compounds, including gallotannins, glycosylated flavonoids, and xanthone. The hydroalcoholic extracts of mango peel and pulp (LPe and LPu, respectively) significantly reduced the MPO activity and MDA content. In addition to preventing naproxen‐induced GSH decline, LPe (30 mg/kg) and LPu (10 mg/kg) restored its content to normal levels. LPe and LPu neutralized the oxidizing agents triggered by naproxen and reduced the severity of gastric lesions owing to their antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the drying kinetics ofPhyllanthus amarusandPhyllanthus niruriwere investigated experimentally in an air-drying oven as a function of drying temperature (50, 60, and 70°C). The effects of the air-drying temperature on the phenolic content and the LC–MS profile were also studied. Increases in air-drying temperature reduced the drying time and increased the effective moisture diffusivity. An Arrhenius relationship with activation energy values of 22.828 and 43.129 kJ/mol forP. niruriandP.amarus,respectively, expressed the effect of temperature on the diffusivity. Air drying at 70°C increased the availability of some phenolic compounds. However, the higher temperature negatively affected some sensitive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordiera myrciifolia is an abundant species in Northeast Brazil that presents metabolites of biological/therapeutic interest. From this perspective, the present study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of hexane (HECM) and ethanolic (EECM) extracts of C. myrciifolia leaves. The extracts were analyzed by chromatographic techniques (GC and UPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and the extracts combined with conventional drugs was evaluated by microdilution. The in vitro effect of the treatments on Candida 's morphological transition was verified through cultivation in humid chambers. In HECM, 11 constituents including fatty acids, and triterpenes, including phytosterols, alkanes, tocols, and primary alcohols were identified. Triterpenes represented >40% of the identified constituents, with Lupeol being the most representative. In EECM, 13 constituents were identified, of which eight belonged to the class of flavonoids. High antibacterial activity of HECM was detected against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of 8 and 16 μg/mL, respectively. The combined activity was more effective when combined with Norfloxacin and Imipenem. In anti- Candida activity, the IC 50 of the extracts ranged from 36.6 to 129.1 μg/mL. There was potentiating effect when associated with Fluconazole. Both extracts inhibited the filamentous growth of C. tropicalis at a concentration of 512 μg/mL. C. myrciifolia extracts prove to be candidates for the development of new therapeutic formulations to treat bacterial and fungal infections. [Display omitted] • The hexane extract of Cordiera myrciifolia (HECM) has antibacterial effect. • The ethanolic extract (EECM) potentiates the action of Norfloxacin and Imipenem. • HECM and EECM showed antifungal activity against Candida. • HECM shows lupeol as major compound and EECM contains a large number of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The fungus Fusarium verticillioides significantly threatens maize crops in tropical soils. In light of this, biological control has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce fungicide costs and environmental risks. In this study, we aimed to test the antifungal activity of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from three Bacillus velezensis (CT02, IM14, and LIS05) and one Paenibacillus ottowii (LIS04) against F. verticillioides , thereby contributing to the development of effective biocontrol measures., Methods: The research employed a comprehensive approach. The antifungal activity of the bacterial strains was tested using cell-free supernatant (CFS) from three Bacillus velezensis (CT02, IM14, and LIS05) and one Paenibacillus ottowii (LIS04). The UPLC-MS evaluated the CFS to identify the main bioactive molecules involved in the inhibitory effect on F . verticillioides . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the impact of CFS on spores and hyphae, and genome sequencing was conducted to identify the genes involved in biological control. These robust methodologies ensure the reliability and validate our findings., Results: The CFS of the four strains demonstrated significant inhibition of fungal growth. The UPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of lipopeptides with antifungal activity, including surfactin and fengycins A and B expressed by the three strains of Bacillus velezensis and iturin A expressed by strains LIS05 and IM14. For Paenibacillus ottowii , fusaricidins, ABCDE, and five previously unreported lipopeptides were detected. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that treatments with CFS led to significant distortion and breakage of the F . verticillioides hyphae, in addition to the formation of cavities in the membrane. Genome mining confirmed the presence of genes coding for the lipopeptides identified by UPLC-MS, including the gene for iturin in CTO2. Genomic sequencing revealed that CT02, IM14, and LIS05 belong to different strains of Bacillus velezensis , and LIS04 belongs to Paenibacillus ottowii , a species recently described., Discussion: The four bacterial strains, including three novel strains identified as Bacillus velezensis and one as the recently described species Paenibacillus ottowii , demonstrate significant potential as biocontrol agents for managing fungal disease. This finding underscores the novelty and potential impact of our research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Diniz, Figueiredo, Canuto, Cota, Souza, Simeone, Tinoco, Ribeiro, Ferreira, Marins, Oliveira-Paiva and dos Santos.)