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Abstract: We present a numerical analysis and preliminary experimental results on one-dimensional Fabry–Perot micro-cavities in Si3N4waveguides. The Fabry–Perot micro-cavities are formed by two distributed Bragg reflectors separated by a straight portion of a waveguide. The Bragg reflectors are composed of a few air slits produced within the Si3N4 waveguides. In order to increase the quality factor of the micro-cavities, we have minimized, with a multiparametric optimization tool, the insertion loss of the reflectors by varying the length of their first pairs (those facing the cavity). To explain the simulation results, the coupling of the fundamental waveguide mode with radiative modes in the Fabry–Perot micro-cavities is needed. This effect is described as a recycling of radiative modes in the waveguide. To support the modelling, preliminary experimental results of micro-cavities in Si3N4 waveguides realized with the focused ion beam technique are reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition (LPCVD) thin-film Si3N4 waveguides have been fabricated on Si substrate within a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication pilot line. Three kinds of geometries (channel, rib, and strip-loaded) have been simulated, fabricated, and optically characterized in order to optimize waveguide performances. The number and optical confinement factors of guided optical modes have been simulated, taking into account sidewall effects caused by the etching processes, which have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Optical guided modes have been observed with a mode analyzer and compared with simulation expectations to confirm the process parameters. Propagation loss measurements at 780 and 632.8 nm have been performed by both using the cutback technique and measuring the drop of intensity of the top scattered light along the length of the waveguide. Loss coefficients of approximately 0.1 dB/cm have been obtained for channel waveguides. These data are very promising in view of the development of Si-integrated photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Experimental and theoretical investigations of photonic crystal (PhC) structures in silicon nitride/silicon dioxide (Si3N4/SiO2) vertical waveguiding geometry are reported. One-dimensional patterns, either periodic or with cavity layers, are carved onto the channel waveguides by using focused ion beam lithography. Broadband transmittance spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared frequency ranges is employed to show photonic band gap behavior up to the fourth order. For structures with a cavity layer, resonant peaks appear in transmittance spectra within the photonic gaps, in agreement with theory. The results show the interest of Si3N4/SiO2-based PhC waveguides for photonics applications from the infrared up to the visible range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the optical properties of planar waveguides where the core layer is formed by a silicon nanocrystals (Si-nc)/SiO2 superlattice. M-line measurements of the different waveguides yield the mode indices, which can be modeled by assuming anisotropic optical properties of the core layer. This anisotropy is related to the superlattice, i.e., it is a form birefringence. By modeling the m-line measurements with the structural data obtained by transmission electron microscopy analysis, we determine for each waveguide the value of the form birefringence, an upper limit of the nanocrystals size and their refractive index. Values of the form birefringence as high as 1% have been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In view of the integration within Si-based optical devices, LPCVD (low-pressure chemical vapor deposition) thin-film Si3N4 waveguides have been fabricated on a Si substrate within a CMOS fabrication pilot-line. Different structures (channel, rib and strip-loaded) were designed, fabricated and characterized both optically and structurally to optimize waveguide performances. Geometry, sidewall as well as layer roughness of the waveguides have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Optical guided modes have been observed and propagation loss measurements at 632.8 and 780nm have been performed by using the cut-back technique, the insertion loss technique and scattered light collection. The channel waveguides have shown propagation losses of about 0.1–0.2dB/cm. Differences between geometries and lithographic processes have been discussed. Polarization dependence of propagation losses has been investigated too. Optical guided modes have also been measured in the near-infrared range (at 1544nm), where propagation losses are about 4.5–5dB/cm, quite larger with respect to the visible, because of the poorer confinement factor of the optical modes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses research using multidimensional nanospectroscopic imaging to map local charge recombination heterogeneity in nanowires. The authors note that the importance of optically probing matter with true nanoscale spatial resolution increases as materials' functionality becomes more dependent on local physical and electronic properties. Topics include the authors' methodology for mapping the influence of local trap states within individual nanowires on carrier recombination using multidimensional nanospectroscopic imaging, hyperspectral imaging of indium phosphide nanowires via excitation and collection through the probes, and what the results revealed about the optoelectronic structure along individual nanowires.

The development of new anticounterfeiting solutions is a constant challenge and involves several research fields. Much interest is currently devoted to systems that are impossible to clone, based on the physical unclonable function (PUF) paradigm. In this work, a new strategy based on electrospinning and electrospraying of dye-doped polymeric materials is presented for the manufacturing of flexible free-standing films that embed simultaneously different PUF keys. The proposed films can be used to fabricate novel anticounterfeiting labels having three encryption levels: (i) a map of fluorescent polymer droplets, with random positions on a dense yarn of polymer nanofibers, (ii) a characteristic fluorescence spectrum for each label, and (iii) the unique speckle patterns that every label produces when illuminated with coherent laser light shaped in different wavefronts. The intrinsic uniqueness introduced by the manufacturing process encodes enough complexity into the optical anticounterfeiting tag to generate thousands of cryptographic keys. The simple and cheap fabrication process as well as multilevel authentication makes such colored polymeric unclonable tags a practical solution in the secure protection of goods in our daily life.

Disordered photonic structures are promising for the realization of physical unclonable functions-physical objects that can overcome the limitations of conventional digital security and can enable cryptographic protocols immune against attacks by future quantum computers. The physical configuration of traditional physical unclonable functions is either fixed or can only be permanently modified, allowing one token per device and limiting their practicality. Here we overcome this limitation by creating reconfigurable structures made by light-transformable polymers in which the physical structure of the unclonable function can be reconfigured reversibly. Our approach allows the simultaneous coexistence of multiple physical unclonable functions within one device. The physical transformation is done all-optically in a reversible and spatially controlled fashion, allowing the generation of more complex keys. At the same time, as a set of switchable individual physical unclonable functions, it enables the authentication of multiple clients and allows for the practical implementations of quantum secure authentication and nonlinear generators of cryptographic keys., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Purpose: The introduction of modern 3D image acquisition systems has enabled researchers to develop novel procedures for personal identification. The present study aimed to assess differences between dental scans belonging to the same or different subjects, through an innovative 3D-3D superimposition and registration method., Methods: Twelve subjects (6 males and 6 females) with pre- and post-orthodontic treatment dental casts were recruited. A 3D scan from each cast was obtained through a laser scanner and the 3D model of the upper first and second molar on the post-treatment cast was superimposed on the pre-treatment scan, for a total of 12 matches and 100 mismatches. Point-to-point RMS (root mean square) distance was then calculated. Student's t test verified possible statistically significant differences according to group (matches/mismatches; p < 0.05)., Results: In case of matches, on average the point-to-point distance RMS was 0.29 mm (SD: 0.08 mm), while it was 0.94 mm (SD: 0.30 mm) for mismatches, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Results show that the novel procedure was able to distinguish matches from mismatches through an RMS threshold (0.50 mm): a possible method for personal identification is described, which needs to be verified through the application to a larger sample of casts.

Palatal rugae are known in literature as individualizing anatomical structures with a strong potential for personal identification. However, a 3D assessment of their uniqueness has not yet been performed. The present study aims at verifying the uniqueness of 3D models of the palate. Twenty-six subjects were recruited among the orthodontic patients of a private dental office; from every patient, at least two dental casts were taken in different time periods, for a total of 62 casts. Dental casts were digitized by a 3D laser scanner (iSeries, Dental Wings©, Montreal, Canada). The palatal area was identified, and a series of 250 superimpositions was then performed automatically through VAM©software in order to reach the minimum point-to point distance between two models. In 36 matches the models belonged to the same individual, whereas in 214 mismatches they came from different subjects. The RMS (root mean square) of point-to-point distances was then calculated by 3D software. Possible statistically significant differences were assessed through Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results showed a statistically significant difference in RMS mean point-to-point distance between matches (mean 0.26 mm; SD 0.12) and mismatches (mean 1.30; SD 0.44) (p < 0.0001).All matches reached an RMS value below 0.50 mm. This study first provided an assessment of uniqueness of palatal rugae, based on their anatomical 3D conformations, with consequent applications to personal identification.

The optical behavior of coupled systems, in which the breaking of parity and time-reversal symmetry occurs, is drawing increasing attention to address the physics of the exceptional point singularity, i.e., when the real and imaginary parts of the normal-mode eigenfrequencies coincide. At this stage, fascinating phenomena are predicted, including electromagnetic-induced transparency and phase transitions. To experimentally observe the exceptional points, the near-field coupling to waveguide proposed so far was proved to work only in peculiar cases. Here, we extend the interference detection scheme, which lies at the heart of the Fano lineshape, by introducing generalized Fano lineshapes as a signature of the exceptional point occurrence in resonant-scattering experiments. We investigate photonic molecules and necklace states in disordered media by means of a near-field hyperspectral mapping. Generalized Fano profiles in material science could extend the characterization of composite nanoresonators, semiconductor nanostructures, and plasmonic and metamaterial devices.

Tailoring the electromagnetic field at the nanoscale has led to artificial materials exhibiting fascinating optical properties unavailable in naturally occurring substances. Besides having fundamental implications for classical and quantum optics, nanoscale metamaterials provide a platform for developing disruptive novel technologies, in which a combination of both the electric and magnetic radiation field components at optical frequencies is relevant to engineer the light-matter interaction. Thus, an experimental investigation of the spatial distribution of the photonic states at the nanoscale for both field components is of crucial importance. Here we experimentally demonstrate a concomitant deep-subwavelength near-field imaging of the electric and magnetic intensities of the optical modes localized in a photonic crystal nanocavity. We take advantage of the "campanile tip", a plasmonic near-field probe that efficiently combines broadband field enhancement with strong far-field to near-field coupling. By exploiting the electric and magnetic polarizability components of the campanile tip along with the perturbation imaging method, we are able to map in a single measurement both the electric and magnetic localized near-field distributions.

Over the last few years, micro- and nanophotonics have roused a strong interest in the scientific community for their promising impact on the development of novel kinds of solar cells. Certain thin- and ultrathin-film solar cells are made of innovative, often cheap, materials which suffer from a low energy conversion efficiency. Light-trapping mechanisms based on nanophotonics principles are particularly suited to enhance the absorption of electromagnetic waves in these thin media without changing the material composition. In this review, the latest results achieved in this field are reported, with particular attention to the realization of prototypes, spanning from deterministic to disordered photonic architectures, and from dielectric to metallic nanostructures.

Disordered photonic materials can diffuse and localize light through random multiple scattering, offering opportunities to study mesoscopic phenomena, control light-matter interactions, and provide new strategies for photonic applications. Light transport in such media is governed by photonic modes characterized by resonances with finite spectral width and spatial extent. Considerable steps have been made recently towards control over the transport using wavefront shaping techniques. The selective engineering of individual modes, however, has been addressed only theoretically. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility to engineer the confinement and the mutual interaction of modes in a two-dimensional disordered photonic structure. The strong light confinement is achieved at the fabrication stage by an optimization of the structure, and an accurate and local tuning of the mode resonance frequencies is achieved via post-fabrication processes. To show the versatility of our technique, we selectively control the detuning between overlapping localized modes and observe both frequency crossing and anti-crossing behaviours, thereby paving the way for the creation of open transmission channels in strongly scattering media.

We propose a way to engineer the design of photonic molecules, realized by coupling two photonic crystal cavities, that allows an accurate control of the parity of their ground states. The spatial distribution of the fundamental mode of photonic molecules can be tuned from a bonding to an antibonding character by a local and continuous modification of the dielectric environment in between the two coupled cavities. In the systems that we investigate the transition could be experimentally accomplished by post-fabrication methods in either a reversible or an irreversible way. We notably find that the mode parity exchange is tightly related to a dramatic variation of the far field emission pattern, leading to the possibility to exploit these systems and techniques for future applications in optoelectronics.

The effect of periodic and disordered photonic structures on the absorption efficiency of amorphous and crystalline Silicon thin-film solar cells is investigated numerically. We show that disordered patterns possessing a short-range correlation in the position of the holes yield comparable, or even superior, absorption enhancements than periodic (photonic crystal) patterns. This work provides clear evidence that non-deterministic photonic structures represent a viable alternative strategy for photon management in thin-film solar cells, thereby opening the route towards more efficient and potentially cheaper photovoltaic technologies.

Elaborating reliable and versatile strategies for efficient light coupling between free space and thin films is of crucial importance for new technologies in energy efficiency. Nanostructured materials have opened unprecedented opportunities for light management, notably in thin-film solar cells. Efficient coherent light trapping has been accomplished through the careful design of plasmonic nanoparticles and gratings, resonant dielectric particles and photonic crystals. Alternative approaches have used randomly textured surfaces as strong light diffusers to benefit from their broadband and wide-angle properties. Here, we propose a new strategy for photon management in thin films that combines both advantages of an efficient trapping due to coherent optical effects and broadband/wide-angle properties due to disorder. Our approach consists of the excitation of electromagnetic modes formed by multiple light scattering and wave interference in two-dimensional random media. We show, by numerical calculations, that the spectral and angular responses of thin films containing disordered photonic patterns are intimately related to the in-plane light transport process and can be tuned through structural correlations. Our findings, which are applicable to all waves, are particularly suited for improving the absorption efficiency of thin-film solar cells and can provide a new approach for high-extraction-efficiency light-emitting diodes.

We demonstrate the nonresonant magnetic interaction at optical frequencies between a photonic crystal microcavity and a metallized near-field microscopy probe. This interaction can be used to map and control the magnetic component of the microcavity modes. The metal coated tip acts as a microscopic conductive ring, which induces a magnetic response opposite to the inducing magnetic field. The resulting shift in resonance frequency can be used to measure the distribution of the magnetic field intensity of the photonic structure and fine-tune its optical response via the magnetic field components.

We report on the realization of a rewritable and local source inside a Si-based photonic crystal microcavity by infiltrating a solution of colloidal PbS quantum dots inside a single pore of the structure. We show that the resulting spontaneous emission from the source is both spatially and spectrally redistributed due to the mode structure of the photonic crystal cavity. The coupling of the quantum dot emission to the cavity mode is analyzed by mapping the luminescence signal of the infiltrated solution with a scanning near-field optical microscope at room temperature. Spectral characterization and the mode profile are in good agreement with a three-dimensional numerical calculation of the system.

We propose a time-dependent, spatially periodic photonic structure which is able to shift the carrier frequency of an optical pulse which propagates through it. Taking advantage of the slow group velocity of light in periodic photonic structures, the wavelength conversion process can be performed with an efficiency close to 1 and without affecting the shape and the coherence of the pulse. Quantitative Finite Difference Time Domain simulations are performed for realistic systems with optical parameters of conventional silicon technology.

A degenerate gas of identical fermions is brought to collapse by the interaction with a Bose-Einstein condensate. We used an atomic mixture of fermionic potassium-40 and bosonic rubidium-87, in which the strong interspecies attraction leads to an instability above a critical number of particles. The observed phenomenon suggests a direction for manipulating fermion-fermion interactions on the route to superfluidity.