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T-DM1 and T-DXd are two promising antibody-drug conjugates for treating advanced HER2-positive breast cancer and HER2-mutated lung cancer. Understanding the differences in the adverse events (AEs) profile of both drugs may help clinicians make an appropriate treatment decision. All data obtained from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from Q1 2004 to Q3 2022 underwent disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis to detect and assess the AE signals of T-DM1 and T-DXd for comparison. A total of 2,113 and 1,269 AE reports associated with T-DM1 and T-Dxd, respectively, were retrieved from FAERS database, in which, respondents were mostly elderly women. Their statistical differences (p < 0.001), poses high incidence of thrombocytopenia, including cardiotoxicity (p < 0.05) for T-DM1, while myelosuppression, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and pneumonitis for T-DXd. Splenomegaly, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, hepatic cirrhosis, portal hypertension, neuropathy peripheral, and spider nevus, are particular to T-DM1. Similarly, febrile neutropenia, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, neutrophil count decreased, and KL-6 increased, are unique to T-DXd. T-DXd is more likely to induce ILD/pneumonia and myelosuppression than T-DM1, whereas T-DM1 has higher risk of hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia than T-DXd. T-DM1-related hepatotoxicity may need redefinition. Clinicians may need to balance the benefits and risks of antibody-drug conjugates treatment for certain patients.

Background: Substance addiction is a chronic disease which causes great harm to modern society and individuals. At present, many studies have applied EEG analysis methods to the substance addiction detection and treatment. As a tool to describe the spatio-temporal dynamic characteristics of large-scale electrophysiological data, EEG microstate analysis has been widely used, which is an effective method to study the relationship between EEG electrodynamics and cognition or disease. Method: Combining Hilbert Huang Transformation (HHT) decomposition with microstate analysis, which is applied to the EEG of nicotine addicts. Purpose: To study the difference of EEG Microstate parameters of nicotine addicts at each frequency band under HHT-Microstate method. Result: By using HHT-Microstate method, we notice that there is significant difference in EEG microstates of nicotine addicts between viewing smoke pictures group (smoke) and viewing neutral pictures group (neutral). Firstly, there is a significant difference in EEG microstates at full-frequency band between smoke and neutral group. Compared with the traditional methods, the similarity index of microstate topographic maps A2, A5 and B4 at alpha and beta bands have significant differences between smoke and neutral group. Secondly, we find significant class × group interactions for microstate parameters at delta, alpha and beta bands. The occurrence per second (OPS), time coverage ratio (TCR) and global explained variance (GEV) of microstate D5 at delta band in smoke group are lower than those in neutral group, the OPS, TCR and GEV of microstate A2 at alpha band are higher than those in neutral group, and the TCR, GEV of microstate B2 at beta band are higher than those in neutral group. Finally, the microstate parameters at delta, alpha and beta bands obtained by the HHT-microstate analysis method are selected as features for classification and detection under the Gaussian kernel support vector machine. The accuracy is 93%, which can effectively detect and identify different types of addiction diseases. Conclusion: The frequency band Microstate obtained by HHT-Microstate method was used to retain the time information in the spectrum domain. With the significant differences in EEG microstate parameters between the two groups of nicotine addiction and the higher classification accuracy, HHT-Microstate analysis can effectively identify substance addiction diseases and provide new ideas and insights for the brain research of nicotine addiction.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep respiratory disease. Previous studies have found that the wakefulness electroencephalogram (EEG) of OSA patients has changed, such as increased EEG power. However, whether the microstates reflecting the transient state of the brain is abnormal is unclear during obstructive hypopnea (OH). We investigated the microstates of sleep EEG in 100 OSA patients. Then correlation analysis was carried out between microstate parameters and EEG markers of sleep disturbance, such as power spectrum, sample entropy and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). OSA_OH patients showed that the microstate C increased presence and the microstate D decreased presence compared to OSA_withoutOH patients and controls. The fifth microstate E appeared during N1-OH, but the probability of other microstates transferring to microstate E was small. According to the correlation analysis, OSA_OH patients in N1-OH showed that the microstate D was positively correlated with delta power, and negatively correlated with beta and alpha power; the transition probability of the microstate B → C and E → C was positively correlated with alpha power. In other sleep stages, the microstate parameters were not correlated with power, sample entropy and FDA. We might interpret that the abnormal transition of brain active areas of OSA patients in N1-OH stage leads to abnormal microstates, which might be related to the change of alpha activity in the cortex.

Laminated ZrB2–SiC ceramics with graphite and BN as the interface layers were fabricated by tape casting and consequent hot pressing. The influences of interface materials on the thermal shock resistance of the laminated ceramics were studied by both experimental and theoretical analyses. Experimental results show that the critical temperature differences of G/LZS (laminated ZrB2–SiC/G) and BN/LZS (laminated ZrB2–SiC/BN) were 237 and 99 °C, respectively. The stress gradients of G/LZS and BN/LZS calculated via finite element analysis were 709 and 809 MPa/mm, respectively. Thus, the thermal shock resistance of G/LZS was higher than that of BN/LZS. Such merits of G/LZS can be explained by the following two reasons: one is the thermal conductivity of the graphite interface layer was higher than that of the BN interface layer; the other is the difference of the thermal expansion coefficient for the graphite interface layer and the matrix layer was lower than that for the BN interface layer and the matrix layer.

Hydrogen production by bio-oil steam reforming is an advanced production technology. It is a good method of coupling waste heat utilization with bio-oil steam reforming to produce hydrogen, which increases the cleaning ability of the bio-oil steam reforming system. A multi-zone steam generator using waste heat has been proposed, which can produce the heat source and steam source of the hydrogen system. The DEM model of the multi-zone steam generator was set up. The model has been used to investigate the effects of particle sizes (40 mm–80 mm). With increasing particle size, the flow index and the flow uniformity gradually decrease, the vertical velocity gradient increases in the area on both side with the zone steam generator, and the vertical velocity fluctuation amplitude gradually increases. So, the hydrogen production decreases from the particle size increasing.

Photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted intense interest for sensing applications. Photonic crystal hydrogels (PCHs) consist of both periodic PCs and stimuli-responsive hydrogels, which can act as a sensing system for the detection of specific analytes. In PCHs, the hydrogel system undergoes volume phase transitions (VPT, swelling or shrinkage) upon exposure to external stimuli. The VPT of the hydrogel causes the photonic stopband of the PCs within the hydrogel to change, which shifts the Bragg diffraction peak wavelengths. Based on this sensing mechanism, a variety of PCH sensors that can respond to external stimuli, such as humidity, temperature, pH, hazardous chemicals and biological species, have been reported. In this review, we overview the response mechanism, preparation methods, and biosensing applications of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) PCHs. 3D and 2D PCH biosensors are systematically summarized according to the types of the target analytes. At the end of this review, we also propose the prospects of PCHs in the field of biosensing.

Brassinosteroid (BR) has been indicated to induce the production of hydrogen peroxide (H

Current state-of-the-art quantum dot light-emitting diodes have reached close to unity internal quantum efficiency. Further improvement in external quantum efficiency requires more efficient photon out-coupling. Improving the directivity of the photon emission is considered to be the most feasible approach. Here, we report improved emission directivity from colloidal quantum dot films. By growing an asymmetric compressive shell, we are able to lift their band-edge state degeneracy, which leads to an overwhelming population of exciton with in-plane dipole moment, as desired for high-efficiency photon out-coupling. The in-plane dipole proportion determined by back-focal plane imaging method is 88%, remarkably higher than 70% obtained from conventional hydrostatically strained colloidal quantum dots. Enhanced emission directivity obtained here opens a path to increasing the external quantum efficiencies notably.

Mindfulness and accordant interventions are often used as complementary treatments to psychological or psychosomatic problems. This has also been gradually integrated into daily lives for the promotion of psychological well-being in non-clinical populations. The experience of mindful acceptance in a non-judgmental way brought about the state, which was less interfered by a negative effect. Mindfulness practice often begins with focused attention (FA) meditation restricted to an inner experience. We postulate that the brain areas related to an interoceptive function would demonstrate an intrinsic functional change after mindfulness training for the mindful novices along with paying more attention to internal processes. To further explore the influence of mindfulness on the organization of the brain regions, both functional connectivity (FC) in the voxel and the region of interest (ROI) level were calculated. In the current study, 32 healthy volunteers, without any meditation experiences, were enrolled and randomly assigned to a mindfulness-based stress reduction group (MBSR) or control group (CON). Participants in the MBSR group completed 8 weeks of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and rated their mindfulness skills before and after MBSR. All subjects were evaluated via resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) in both baselines and after 8 weeks. They also completed a self-report measure of their state and trait anxiety as well as a positive and negative affect. Pre- and post-MBSR assessments revealed a decreased amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC.R), left anterior and posterior insula (aIC.L, pIC.L), as well as left superior medial frontal gyrus (SFGmed.L) in MBSR practitioners. Strengthened FC between right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC.R) and aIC.R was observed. The mean ALFF values of those regions were inversely and positively linked to newly acquired mindful abilities. Along with a decreased negative affect score, our results suggest that the brain regions related to attention and interoceptive function were involved at the beginning of mindfulness. This study provides new clues in elucidating the time of evaluating the brain mechanisms of mindfulness novices.

To establish an optimal model to predict the teicoplanin trough concentrations by machine learning, and explain the feature importance in the prediction model using the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method.A retrospective study was performed on 279 therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) measurements obtained from 192 patients who were treated with teicoplanin intravenously at the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from November 2017 to July 2021. This study included 27 variables, and the teicoplanin trough concentrations were considered as the target variable. The whole dataset was divided into a training group and testing group at the ratio of 8:2, and predictive performance was compared among six different algorithms. Algorithms with higher model performance (top 3) were selected to establish the ensemble prediction model and SHAP was employed to interpret the model.Three algorithms (SVR, GBRT, and RF) with highWe firstly adopted a machine learning approach to predict the teicoplanin trough concentration, and interpreted the prediction model by the SHAP method, which is of great significance and value for the clinical medication guidance.

HfC and HfTaC2 coatings with gradient composition manufactured by double-cathode glow discharge plasma surface metallurgy technology were designed to improve the wear resistance of TA15 titanium alloy. The deposition mechanism of plasma and diffusion mechanism of atoms were investigated, and the growth process of coatings was revealed. The mechanical properties comprising microhardness and elastic modulus were investigated via first-principles calculations and experimental verification. The results reveal that the wear resistance of HfC and HfTaC2 coatings with abrasive wear mechanism is always better than that of the substrate with abrasive wear, adhesive wear and oxidation wear mechanism. The volume wear rates of the coatings are reduced by 90%–97% compared with the substrate, and that of HfTaC2 coatings are reduced by 29.9%–45.5% compared with HfC coatings. Furthermore, V-shaped cross section profiles of wear scars formed on HfC coatings, and U-shaped on HfTaC2 coatings, which is attributed to the addition of tantalum which causes HfC to form a sufficient solid solution, a 0.187–0.030 Å elongation of Ta-C bond length and 0.039–0.051 Å shortening of Hf-C bond length led to the unit cell shrinkage and the Bragg lattice changes from face-centered cubic to face-centered square lattice; accordingly, hardness and wear behavior were further improved.

This article examines the role of US–China trade in the changes of US employment. Through an input–output framework and structural decomposition analysis method, we decompose US employment and show...

In order to study the dehydrogenation reaction mechanism of ultra-low concentration methane in a thermal reverse-flow reactor, the effects of the cyclic period (120s–240s), the lean methane volume flow (90 Nm3/h to 180 Nm3/h), and the methane concentration (0.2 vol% to 0.8 vol%) on the dehydrogenation performance were studied systematically by using a thermal reverse-flow experimental system. When the methane concentration is 0.2 vol%, the reactor can achieve self-heat maintaining operation. With the increase in the methane concentration, the width of the high-temperature zone, the exhaust gas temperature, the methane conversion rate, and the maximum temperature of the heat-accumulator bed increase. With the increase in the lean methane volume flow, the width of the high-temperature zone, the distance between the center of the high-temperature zone and the center of the reactor, the maximum temperature, the exhaust gas temperature, and the methane conversion rate increase. With the increase in the cyclic period, the exhaust gas temperature and the deviation of the high-temperature zone increase, but the methane conversion rate and the maximum temperature decrease slightly.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep respiratory disease. Previous studies have found that the wakefulness electroencephalogram (EEG) of OSA patients has changed, such as increased EEG power. However, whether the microstate reflecting the transient state of the brain is abnormal is unclear during sleep apnea or hypopnea. We investigated the microstates of sleep EEG in 30 OSA patients and in 10 healthy control volunteers. Then correlation analysis was carried out between microstate parameters and EEG markers of sleep disturbance, such as power spectrum, sample entropy and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). We observed that there was an additional fifth microstate E during apnea or hypopnea in N1 and N3 stages in OSA patients. And the microstate E was correlated with the power spectrum of delta, theta and alpha bands, not correlated with sample entropy, but correlated with DFA in N1-OA/OH stage. Moreover, Global Explained Variance, Mean Duration, Time Coverage and Segment Density of microstate E were positively correlated with DFA. We can interpret that the abnormal transition of brain active areas of OSA patients in N1-OA/OH stages leads to an extra microstate E, which might be related to the change of alpha activity in the cortex. And the generation of microstate E is not correlated with the decrease of EEG complexity, but correlated with the stronger self-similar regularity of EEG signals in OSA patients. These findings indicate that the microstate has the potential as a biomarker of EEG and has potential application value in OSA diagnosis.

Drought stress during the reproductive period of cereal crops leads to significant yield reductions, therefore, exploring effective methods to improve tolerance to post-anthesis drought is necessary. Pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of pre-drought priming on physiological characteristics and grain yield with drought stress at post-anthesis. Moderate water deficits (60–65% of the field capacity) were imposed to prime wheat plants during either the tillering or jointing stages, while severe drought stress (40–45% of the field capacity) was applied during the grain filling stage. The priming treatments significantly improved grain yield resulting in higher biomass. Compared to the control, the grain yield and biomass of the non-priming, tillering priming, and jointing priming treatments were reduced by 15.7, 9.1, and 9.3% and by 11.1, 6.1, and 10.5%, respectively. The primed plants exhibited higher adaptability to subsequent severe drought stress during grain filling, showing...

The photocatalyst, with high photocatalytic performance and cycling stability in visible light, as well as superior adsorption capability, was highly desired for degradation of organic pollutants i...

BackgroundThere is an urgent need in clinical practice to measure the stress of parenting. The Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) was found to be useful to measure parenting stress, but it has not been validated among the Chinese population.AimsTo assess the reliability and construct validity of the Chinese version of CGSQ among Chinese parents.MethodsFrom 2016 to 2017, 266 parents (patient group) with a child having DSM-5–defined attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n=107) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=159) and 268 parents of healthy children (control group) were recruited to the present study in Kunming, Yunnan province. All the parents were asked to fill out the Chinese version of CGSQ. We conducted exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify construct validity of CGSQ in both patient and control groups. Cronbach’s α coefficient as an index of internal consistency was assessed for each subscale. Fourteen days later, 23 subjects filled out the scale again. Intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the test–retest reliability.Results(1) Cronbach’s alpha of the global scale was 0.901 for the control group and 0.952 for the patient group. The test–retest reliability for the whole scale was 0.890; (2) CFA indicated that the three-factor model had better fitting indices compared with the two-factor model in both groups. Besides, the fitting indices in the patient group were more favourable than those of the control group, with χ2/df=1.564, Goodness-of-Fit Index=0.841, Comparative Fit Index=0.954, and root mean square error of approximation=0.065 for the patient group at three-factor model; (3) The caregiver strain of ASD parents was statistically higher than that of ADHD parents, and caregiver strain of ADHD parents was higher than that of control group.ConclusionThese findings provide initial evidence to support the construct validity and reliability of CGSQ as a parenting stress measurement tool for Chinese parents, especially for parents of children with ADHD or ASD.

Biomass and grain yield are key agronomic traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these traits are not well understood. Here, we characterized the biomass yield 1 (by1) mutant, which displays a dramatically altered phenotype that includes reduced plant height, narrow stems, erect and narrow leaves, and abnormal floral organs. Histological analysis suggested that these phenotypic defects are mainly caused by inhibited cell elongation and abnormal floral organ development. Map-based cloning revealed that BY1 encodes a 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS) that catalyses the first step of the shikimate pathway. BY1 was localized in chloroplasts and was ubiquitously distributed in the organs examined, particularly in the roots, stems, leaves, and panicles, which was consistent with its role in biomass production and grain yield. Transcriptome analysis and metabolic profiling revealed that BY1 was involved in primary metabolism and that it affected the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that BY1 affects biomass and grain yield in sorghum by regulating primary and secondary metabolism via the shikimate pathway. Moreover, our results provide important insights into the relationship between plant development and metabolism.

With Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and Bi(NO3)3·5H2O as raw materials, different sillenite-type compounds and elemental bismuth were prepared by a facile one-pot solvothermal method using H2O, C2H5OH, (CH2OH)2 and C3H8O3 as solvents, respectively. The structure, morphology, elemental compositions and properties of samples were examined by XRD, SEM, TEM, ICP, XPS, N2 adsorption and desorption, UV-vis DRS and PL. The photocatalytic activities of different samples were evaluated by the photodegradation of RhB under visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm), and results show that Bi36Fe2O57 prepared using C2H5OH as the solvent owns the optimum performance. In order to explore the reaction mechanism, an additional experiment was designed to investigate the main active species during the photodegradation process via dissolving different trapping agents in the reaction solution before light irradiation. The results show that superoxide radical anions play a major role in this system since the RhB degradation was significantly suppressed after the addition of benzoquinone.

The establishment of female inflorescence morphology is of great significance to the formation of final maize yield. defective ear1 (dea1) is a novel maize mutant with developmental defect of female inflorescence caused by natural variation. Morphological analysis revealed that the mutant dea1 was characterized as a “scar-like” crack on the adaxial side of the top of the ear, accounting for 28.6-100.0% of the ear length, with an average of 32.4%. The results of scanning electron microscope showed that there was collapse in the formation of paired spikelet primordium at the base of the axillary meristem. Most of investigated botanical and agronomical traits of dea1 were lower than those of wild type, except for ear length and hundred grain weight. The grain yield per ear of mutant dea1 was 35.93% lower than that of wild type, and the width of mutation crack contributed the most to the yield loss per ear. The identification of the mutant dea1 and the characteristically phenotypic analysis provide a theoretical basis for the study of the molecular regulation mechanism of ear development and the application of high-yield breeding in maize.The establishment of female inflorescence morphology is of great significance to the formation of final maize yield. defective ear1 (dea1) is a novel maize mutant with developmental defect of female inflorescence caused by natural variation. Morphological analysis revealed that the mutant dea1 was characterized as a “scar-like” crack on the adaxial side of the top of the ear, accounting for 28.6-100.0% of the ear length, with an average of 32.4%. The results of scanning electron microscope showed that there was collapse in the formation of paired spikelet primordium at the base of the axillary meristem. Most of investigated botanical and agronomical traits of dea1 were lower than those of wild type, except for ear length and hundred grain weight. The grain yield per ear of mutant dea1 was 35.93% lower than that of wild type, and the width of mutation crack contributed the most to the yield loss per ear. The identification of the mutant dea1 and the characteristically phenotypic analysis provide a theoretical basis for the study of the molecular regulation mechanism of ear development and the application of high-yield breeding in maize.

B4C particle reinforced 6061Al matrix composites is interestingly used for neutron shielding due to its light weight and good strength and neutron absorbing. In this study, B4C/6061Al neutron absorber composite (B4C/6061Al NAC) sheet containing 30 wt% B4C particle was first fabricated by powder metallurgy (hot pressed sintering→extrusion→rolling), then its microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. It was found that B4C particles distributed relatively homogeneously in the 6061Al matrix and the composite was mainly consisted of B4C, Al and Al2O3 phases. B4C particles were found to be able to stimulate dynamic recrystallization (DRX) nucleation; restrain the grain growth; and reduce the preferential orientation of the aluminum grains. Moreover, under increasing deformation, amount of DRX was found to increases; the ultimate tensile and yield strength of the composites first increased and then decreased; while its elongation to fracture dropped. The decrease in strength was found to be due to the fracture of large B4C particles and the stress concentration in the locations between the B4C particle and the 6061Al matrix.

BackgroundOlfactory receptors (ORs) can bind odor molecules and play a crucial role in odor sensation. Due to the frequent gains and losses of genes during evolution, the number of OR members varies greatly among different species. However, whether the extent of gene gains/losses varies between marine mammals and related terrestrial mammals has not been clarified, and the factors that might underlie these variations are unknown.ResultsTo address these questions, we identified more than 10,000 members of the OR family in 23 mammals and classified them into 830 orthologous gene groups (OGGs) and 281 singletons. Significant differences occurred in the number of OR repertoires and OGGs among different species. We found that all marine mammals had fewer OR genes than their related terrestrial lineages, with the fewest OR genes found in cetaceans, which may be closely related to olfactory degradation. ORs with more gene duplications or loss events tended to be under weaker purifying selection. The average gain and loss rates of OR genes in terrestrial mammals were higher than those of mammalian gene families, while the average gain and loss rates of OR genes in marine mammals were significantly lower and much higher than those of mammalian gene families, respectively. Additionally, we failed to detect any one-to-one orthologous genes in the focal species, suggesting that OR genes are not well conserved among marine mammals.ConclusionsMarine mammals have experienced large numbers of OR gene losses compared with their related terrestrial lineages, which may result from the frequent birth-and-death evolution under varied functional constrains. Due to their independent degeneration, OR genes present in each lineage are not well conserved among marine mammals. Our study provides a basis for future research on the olfactory receptor function in mammals from the perspective of evolutionary trajectories.

To improve the long-term service of existing laminated ceramics at ultra-high temperature, laminated ZrB2-SiC/SiCw (ZSS) ceramic was prepared by hot-pressing with SiCw (SiC-whisker) as interface layer. After ablated in oxyacetylene at 3000 °C for 100 s, the structure of ZSS remained intact and the linear and mass ablation rates were 0.12 ± 0.03 μm s−1 and 0.43 ± 0.09 mg s−1, respectively. Such excellent ablation resistance of ZSS was attributed to the reduction of the surface temperature and the formation of SiO2 layer by SiC whisker, which resulted in prominent oxidation protection and strong bonding strength at interface.

A visible light responsive photocatalyst consisting Ag–AgCl composite dispersed over TiO 2 /palygorskite (Ag–AgCl–TiO 2 /palygorskite) was synthesized via a facile method. The as-obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, UV–visible diffused reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirmed that the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles in the Ag–AgCl–TiO 2 /palygorskite composite resulted in a plasmon resonance absorption band in the visible region. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) under visible light irradiation. The results indicate that Ag–AgCl–TiO 2 /palygorskite catalyst exhibited stronger adsorption capacity and higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency for RhB dye than the well-known commercial P25 TiO 2 photocatalyst, the TiO 2 /palygorskite, the Ag–TiO 2 /palygorskite, the AgCl–TiO 2 /palygorskite and the Ag–AgCl composite. In addition, the photoactive radical species involved in the degradation reaction also have been investigated by quenching experiments.

Correction for ‘Three-dimensional/two-dimensional photonic crystal hydrogels for biosensing’ by Peiyan Shen et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 5840–5857, DOI: 10.1039/D1TC00830G.

Using the data of the World Input and Output Table (WIOD) from 2000 to 2014, this paper measures the positions of China and the US in the global value chains (GVCs). We develop a new dual structural decomposition method to analyze the drivers behind the GVC position differences between the two countries from the perspective of intermediate consumption. The results show that (1) China is moving away from both end-users and primary factors, while the U.S. is moving towards both ends of the GVCs. The gap between China and the US in GVCs is widening. (2) About 40% of the difference between the GVC positions of China and the US can be attributed to the difference in industrial structures between the two countries, and the remaining 60% is related to the difference in the GVC positions of the same industries between the two countries. (3) China's three major industries are all embedded in a further GVC position from households, governments, and investors (HGIs) than the US, but they are formed for completely different reasons. The domestic direct effect is the main reason for the resource industry, the multiplier effect is the main driver for the manufacturing industry, and the domestic linkage effect is the main factor for the service industry. (4) The different roles of the two countries in the international division of labor result in the difference in the two countries' consumption coefficients of the manufacturing and service sectors, and the asymmetric interaction between industries ultimately leads to the differentiation in the GVC positions of the industries between the two countries.

Additional file 2: Table S1. OR number distribution of 23 mammals. Intact genes indicate coding sequences starting from start codons and ending with stop codons without any interference mutations. Pseudogenes indicate sequences containing nonsense mutations, coding shifts, deletions in conserved regions, or combinatorial features. Truncated genes indicate sequences with partial sequences or located at the end of a contig. Truncated genes can also be pseudogenes. Pseudogene proportion refers to the number of pseudogenes divided by the total number of OR genes in the species.

Our recent work has determined the carbon content in a melting ferroalloy by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The emission spectrum of carbon that we obtained in the laboratory is suitable for carbon content determination in a melting ferroalloy but we cannot get the expected results when this method is applied in industrial conditions: there is always an unacceptable error of around 4% between the actual value and the measured value. By comparing the measurement condition in the industrial condition with that in the laboratory, the results show that the temperature of the molten ferroalloy samples to be measured is constant under laboratory conditions while it decreases gradually under industrial conditions. However, temperature has a considerable impact on the measurement of carbon content, and this is the reason why there is always an error between the actual value and the measured value. In this paper we compare the errors of carbon content determination at different temperatures to find the optimum reference temperature range which can fit the requirements better in industrial conditions and, hence, make the measurement more accurate. The results of the comparative analyses show that the measured value of the carbon content in molten state (1620 K) is consistent with the nominal value of the solid standard sample (error within 0.7%). In fact, it is the most accurate measurement in the solid state. Based on this, we can effectively improve the accuracy of measurements in laboratory and can provide a reference standard of temperature for the measurement in industrial conditions.

The results of experimental investigations on catalytic oxidation of coal mine ventilation air methane in a preheat catalytic reaction reactor is presented in this paper. The experimental system was located in the Energy Research Institute of Shandong University of Technology, which has been applied to investigate the effects of startup conditions such as the startup flow coefficient (0.3–0.5) and the startup power (10 kW–20 kW) on the startup process within the preheat catalytic reaction reactor. The average temperature distribution of catalytic oxidation bed and the minimal startup power were measured and the effects of operating conditions such as the space velocity (2600 h−1 to 11,500 h−1) and the methane concentration (0.8%–1.2%) were experimentally investigated. Moreover, the methane conversion rate and the average temperature of the catalytic oxidation bed were discussed and the critical space velocity value and the critical methane concentration value were determined.