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A field Investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of hand weedings and herbicides on the weed flora, growth and yield of urdbean (Vigna mungo). The experiment was conducted during kharif season 2011 in loamy sand soil, to study the effect of different Ten weed management treatments comprising weedy check, weed free, one hand weeding (HW) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), two HW at 20 and 40 DAS, trifluralin at 0.75 kg/ha, alachlor at 1.5 kg/ha, imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha, trifluralin at 0.75 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS, alachlor at 1.5 kg/ha + HWat 30 DAS and imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS on urdbean. Results showed that the maximum plant height was recorded under weed free treatment at all the growth stages and the maximum dry matter accumulation of 108.88 and 159.31 g per metre row length at 50 DAS and harvest stages was obtained under imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS treatment that was significantly higher by 17.8, 21.8, 24.6, 31.8 and 56.0 per cent at 50 DAS and 20.4, 17.6, 25.4, 29.0 and 50.1 per cent at harvest stage over imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha, one HW at 20 DAS, alachlor at 1.5 kg/ha, trifluralin at 0.75 kg/ha and weedy check treatments, respectively.. Application pre emergence application of imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS was found the most effective treatment with regard of grain yield (1403 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs 34815/ha). Two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 DAS also produced grain yield of 1392 kg/ha with net returns of Rs 33469 /ha.

Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Family: Meloidae: Coleoptera) an important pest of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan when fed on its different floral parts including petals, anthers, stigma and ovary. Stigma and ovary were damaged and there was no pod formation. In view of its significant damage potential, a few number of insecticides were evaluated against the beetles in the laboratory: thiodicarb (0.09%), chlorpyriphos (0.10%), quinalphos (0.10%), cypermethrin (0.007%), deltamethrin (0.012%) and novaluron (0.10%). Fresh pigeonpea twigs bearing flowers were dipped for 5 seconds in requisite concentrations of different insecticides and allowed to air dry at room temperature (28oC). For each treatment, three replicates were taken and dead beetle were counted 24 and 48 hours after release. Observations after 24 hours of application indicated that thiodicarb (84.23 %), chlorpyriphos (57.50 %), quinalphos (37.31 %) and cypermethrin (29.77 %) significantly reduced blister beetle population compared with the control (without insecticidal treatment). After 48 hours, all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over control. Maximum cumulative mortality (100%) was observed in thiodicarb followed by quinalphos (95.7%), cypermethrin (95.7%) and chlorpyriphos (91.6%), while minimum in novaluron and deltamethrin. It was concluded from the studies that among the different insecticidal treatments thiodicarb (0.09%) proved most effective which brought 99.75 % mortality even 24 hours after the treatment.

Drought is a major constraint that limits seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). It is important to establish the relative importance many of these drought-related traits for prioritizing their consideration in breeding for drought tolerance improvements. The objective of this study was to categorize the drought tolerant and susceptible chickpea genotypes on the basis of physiological parameters. An experiment was conducted with five chickpea genotypes in field under irrigated and rain fed conditions. Observations were recorded on relative water content (RWC), and the contents of chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (Car), proline (Pro) and protein in the five chickpea genotypes. RWC and contents of Chl, Car and protein decreased under moisture stress, whereas Pro content increased with the increase in moisture stress. Pusa-1108, Pusa-362, Pusa-1103 were able to maintain relatively higher RWC, Chl, Car and protein content and greater Pro accumulation, while Flip 90-166 and SBD- 377 showed comparatively greater decline in the RWC, Chl, Car and Protein and less accumulation of Pro under moisture stress. The data suggest that chickpea genotypes can be categorized into drought tolerant and susceptible types based on the variations in RWC, Chl, Car, Pro and protein content.

The culture conditions for maximum secretion of laccase by Loweporus lividus MTCC-1178 have been optimized. The laccase from the culture filtrate of L. lividus MTCC-1178 has been purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified laccase is 64.8 kDa. The enzymatic characteristics like K m, pH, and temperature optimum using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol have been determined and found to be 480 μM, 5.0, and 60 °C, respectively. The K m values for other substrates like catechol, m-cresol, pyrogallol, and syringaldazine have also been determined and found to be 230, 210, 320, and 350 μM, respectively.

A chickpea collection of 1600 desi and 1400 kabuli were evaluated for yield losses arising from pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) infestation under rainfed conditions by spraying half the plots to prevent pod borer infestation and allowing the other half to be infested. From these lines, 82 were selected for further detailed evaluation of Helicoverpa resistance and drought resistance under irrigated and rainfed conditions. The yield losses from Helicoverpa damage varied from 10 to 33% depending on the chickpea type and the growing environment. Spreading types were more susceptible to Helicoverpa damage than erect types, as were kabuli types compared to desi types. Yield losses due to Helicoverpa infestation were always greater in the irrigated than in the rainfed materials. Terminal drought reduced yields by 13–37% depending on plant type. The yields in the kabuli c“hickpea lines were more severely reduced than were the desi types, due to a greater reduction in the number of branches and pods per plant in the kabuli compared to the desi lines. It appears that the extent of pod borer damage varies between the chickpea types, and that desi types have greater drought resistance than kabuli ones. These characteristics should be informative for the population improvement of chickpea for environments in which terminal drought and Helicoverpa damage occur frequently.

In order to investigate specific and general adaptation of chickpea in India, a wide range of sub-continental, Australian and Mediterranean genotypes were grown across seven sites characterizing the major chickpea growing areas over 3 years, and extensive data on plant stand, early vigour, phenology, productivity and yield components collected. High and low yielding sites were clearly separated by a range of physical and biological characters, low yield being associated with low latitude and pre-season rainfall, high temperature, early phenology, short crop duration, low biomass and fecundity. Genotype by environment interactions for yield were highly significant (P

Insulin resistance (hyperinsulinaemia) is now recognized as a major contributor to the development of glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. Sedentary lifestyle, consumption of energy-rich diet, obesity, longer lifespan, etc., are important reasons for this rise (J. R. Turtle, Int J Clin Prac 2000; 113: 23). Aqueous extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium Linn bark (PM), Ocimum sanctum Linn leaves (OS) and Trigonella foenumgraecum Linn seeds (FG) have been shown to exert hypoglycaemic/antihyperglycaemic effect in experimental as well as clinical setting. As no work has been carried out so far to assess the effect of PM, OS and FG on fructose-induced hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia, we undertook this study to assess whether these extracts attenuate the metabolic alteration induced by fructose-rich diet in rats. Five groups of rats (eight each) were fed chow diet, 66% fructose diet, 66% fructose diet + PM leaves extract (1 g/kg/day), 66% fructose diet + OS leaves extract (200 mg/kg/day) and 66% fructose diet + FG seeds extract (2 g/kg/day) for 30 days. Fructose feeding to normal rats for 30 days significantly increased serum glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels in comparison with control. Treatment with all the three plants extract for 30 days significantly lowered the serum glucose levels in comparison with control group. However, only PM extract substantially prevented hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, while OS and FG had no significant effect on these parameters. Results of this study, in addition to previous clinical benefits of PM seen in NIDDM subjects, are suggestive of usefulness of PM bark (Vijayasar) in insulin resistance, the associated disorder of type 2 diabetes; however, OS and FG may not be useful. Though several antidiabetic principles (-epicatechin, pterosupin, marsupin and pterostilbene) have been identified in the PM, yet future studies are required to certify their efficacy and safety before clinical scenario.

This chapter provides an analysis of the importance of crop wild relatives (CWR) in plant breeding and the need for their comprehensive conservation. The importance of CWR diversity as a potentially critical resource for future food security is now widely recognized, particularly in the light of climate change and the rapidly increasing human population. The need to conserve CWR diversity has been placed firmly on the international conservation agenda. CWR diversity through trait transfer offers one means of helping sustain food production under the rapidly changing environmental conditions brought about by climate change.

Pulse examination is mentioned in both the systems i,e. Ayurvedic system and Tibetan system of medicine. Tibetan system of medicine is also known as Sowa-Rigpa and main text book of Tibetan medicine is termed as rGyud-bZi. The term used In Ayurveda for pulse examination is ‘Nadi pariksha’ while in Sowa-Rigpa it is termed as ‘che pa thun gyi rigpa’or ‘intuitive knowledge of diagnosis’. In Ayurveda it is not mentioned in the classical text book of Brihattrayi (Caraka, Susruta and Vagbhata samhita). It is mentioned in firstly in Sharangadhara samhita later on by Bhavprakash, Yogaratnakara , Kanada, Ravana and in Tibetan medicine it is mentioned in last Tantra of rGyud-bZi. Both the system have some common and some different views regarding pulse examination. Both the system have mentioned about the sites, sides, method of pulse examination and also the characteristics of pulse during physiological, pathological and mental conditions. In Tibetan medicine, there are the description of the constitutional pulse, seasonal pulse and seasonal pulse etc. also. On comparing, the description on pulse examination in Tibetan medicine is in more detailed and established form. The main aim of comparing both the traditional systems is to combine together the knowledge or work of both the traditional systems on pulse examination and to expand the knowledge on pulse examination to find out the exact diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases in best and easiest way

The publication of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change and the Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 have pushed the scientific and public debate on climate change a decisive step forward. It is now beyond doubt that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of the recently observed climate change. The agricultural sector is directly affected by changes in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. If global temperature increases beyond 2°C world food security could be threatened, given a continuous increase in world population to unprecedented levels above 9 billion this century. This article covers issues related to both crops and climatic conditions. Climate stress on crops and solutions to counteract these stresses are discussed. Some of the solutions reported are the development of drought and temperature resistant species, crossing food crops with their wild relatives and other genetic engineering solutions. Seed banks and their maintenance are also discussed. The development of energy crops is a strategy to produce alternating energy without impacting food security and impact on the environment and is a possibility. the need for research on crop improvement is presented as are some examples of studies made. Keywords: climate change; food crops; seed banks; genetic engineering; greenhouse gases

This chapter covers a study on various field crops like cereals, legumes, oil seeds, vegetables, cash crops, underutilised crops, and energy crops and their genetic adjustment to changing climates. More than 30 major field crops have been covered in different chapters of this book, which highlights how the elevated CO2 levels, moisture stress due to drought, and the rising of temperature are creating big impacts on these crops. Thus, a synthesis on the potential of genetic adjustments across the crops has been carried out in this chapter. In brief the impact of drought, temperature, CO2 levels and future strategies for crop improvements have been highlighted. This chapter will provide an overview of crops potential to adjust to climate change, magnitude of future projections, and strategic approaches available to the scientific communities globally. (Resume d'auteur)

We report a 30-yr-old lady who was being treated as postpartum psychosis. Patient had generalized tonic clonic convulsions and was found to have bilateral cataract. Her serum calcium, serum magnesium and serum parathyroid were low. On correction of serum magnesium her PTH did not increase. She was hence diagnosed as primary hypoparathyroidism. On correction of her serum calcium her psychosis improved.

Peroxidases have turned out to be potential biocatalyst for a variety of organic reactions. The research work reported in this communication was done with the objective of finding a convenient rich source of peroxidase which could be used as a biocatalyst for organic synthetic reactions. The studies made have shown thatLuffa aegyptiaca(gourd) fruit juice contains peroxidase activity of the order of 180 enzyme unit/mL. TheKmvalues of this peroxidase for the substrates guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide were 2.0 and 0.2 mM, respectively. The pH and temperature optima were 6.5 and 60°C, respectively. Like other peroxidases, it followed double displacement type mechanism. Sodium azide inhibited the enzyme competitively withKivalue of 3.35 mM.

Department of Chemistry, Government Raza P.G. College, Rampur-244 901, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail : bhadanaadesh@yahoo.co.in Manuscript received 9 April 2008, revised 14 December 2009, accepted 29 December 2009 The reaction or hydroxide ion with di-4-methyl phenyl phosphate has been studied In the presence of micelles of cationic detergent. It has been investigated at pH 8.0 to 10.0 at 40 ± 0.10 ºCin aqueous dioxane di-phosphate esters. Pseudo·first order rate constants K´ψ and K´w have been measured spectrophotometrically by rate or appearance of inorganic phosphate during hydrolysis K´ψ and K´w were rate constants with and without CTAB, which varied In between 0.02 x 10-3 to 2 x10-3 mol dm-3 and the concentration of phosphate was restricted to 5.0 x 10-3 s-1, Rate constants increase with concentrations or CTAB, giving at rate maximum Kψ = 67.03 x 10-5s-1 at 18 x 10-3 mol dm-3 CTAB and Kψ= 52.43 x 10-5 s-1 at 16 x 10-3 mol dm-3CTAB respectively at pH 8.0 and 9.0 for di-anions of 4-mpp. The values or ion exchange parameter calculated at pH 8.0 and 9.0 by using various ion exchange equations have been summarized. The activation energyis 25.08 kcal/mol and entropy is 52.07 [-ΔS(eu)], which has been found at pH 8.0 and used borate buffer 3.9 x 10-3 mol dm-3 [OH-]

Global climate warming has become increasingly evident during recent decades (Karl et al., 1997, Scientific Am 276, 78–83; Zhang et al., 2000, Atmosphere-Ocean 38, 395–429). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007a, b, Climate change 2007: Synthesis report) has documented the fact that global temperatures have been increasing and are projected to continue to increase by approximately 0.2°C per decade for the next 20 years. The rate of increases beyond that point in time may become even faster ranging between 1.8 and 4.0°C per decade due to projected increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases.

Predictions of future climates indicate big changes in temperature, rainfall pattern, humidity and moisture regimes over the next 50 years. These climate changes will greatly influence the entire cropping system in all continents and affect the performance of cultivars of different field crops including legumes. Future legume cultivars will need to maintain or even to be higher yielding under the expected climate changes. The most important way to increase the grain yield of cool season food legumes per unit area under stress environments will be the development of cultivars with resistance to multiple abiotic stresses in the context of sustainable integrated legume production, insect and pest management, nutrients management and irrigation use if available. One option with potential in these more stressful environments is to shift the legume sowing time from spring to autumn or winter to escape terminal drought. More emphasis during cultivar development will need to be placed on drought resistance mechanisms viz.: (I) morphological mechanisms like drought escape through early phenology, drought avoidance by maintaining water uptake and reducing water loss, matching water use and availability by increasing phenotypic flexibility etc. (II) physiological mechanisms improving water use through improved cell and tissue water conservation, antioxidant defense, cell membrane stability, plant growth regulator alterations and increased use of compatible solutes; and (III) molecular mechanisms viz. aquaporins, stress proteins, signaling and drought tolerance. This chapter is aimed at highlighting morphological and some physiological characteristics of stress resistant cultivars as well as stress avoidance in lines with early phenology and drought-avoidance root characteristics in chickpea, grass pea, lentil, lupines, faba bean and pea. Additionally cold tolerant cultivars and lines have been bred for early winter and autumn sowing. Cicer L., Lathyrus L., Lens Mill. and Lupinus L. are generally relatively drought resistant genera, while Pisum L. and Vicia L. are generally regarded as drought sensitive genera. Among these genera, pea and chickpea have the longest history of research for more than a century in Austria and India, respectively. Many drought resistant cultivars and lines have been reported in the literature, but few have been tested for field performance in their target areas. Recently studies have focused on breeding for stress tolerance in the cultivated species and for the introgresion of important alleles from wild species. Wild relatives especially in the primary and secondary gene pools should be taken into account in short- and medium-term breeding goals. Gene pyramiding for multiple resistances to abiotic and biotic stresses should be intensified via marker assisted selection using molecular approaches.

Climate Change, a Challenge for Cool Season Grain Legume Crop Production.- Modelling Climate Change Effects on Legume Crops: Lenmod, a Case Study.- Ecology and Adaptation of Legumes Crops.- Physiological Responses of Grain Legumes to Stress Environments.- Consequences of Predicted Climatic Changes on International Trade in Cool Season Grain Legume Crops.- Impact of Climate Change on Diseases of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops.- Pest Management in Grain Legumes and Climate Change.- Agronomic Approaches to Stress Management.- Major Nutrients Supply in Legume Crops Under Stress Environments.- Salinity and Drought Management in Legume Crops.- Nutrients Use Efficiency in Legume Crops to Climatic Changes.- Water Use Efficiency Under Stress Environments.- Efficient Root System in Legume Crops to Stress Environments.- Weed Suppression in Legume Crops for Stress Management.- Efficient Biological Nitrogen Fixation Under Warming Climates.- Microbes and Agrochemicals to Stress Tolerance.- Integrated Legume Crops Production and Management Technology.- Legumes Cultivars for Stress Environments.- Molecular Biology for Stress Management.- Biodiversity Challenges with Climate Change.- Strategies to Combat the Impact of Climatic Changes.

The present investigation deals with the stabilization of rifamycin-B oxidase activity in the culture filtrate ofCurvularia lunata using various methods. It was found that rifamycin-B oxidase activity in the culture filtrate was stable up to 5 days at 5°C, degrading thereafter due to microbial contamination. The stabilization of enzyme activity was carried out by (i) concentration of culture filtrate and (ii) lyophilization, the activity remaining intact for 24 and 75 days, respectively. In another method, the enzyme activity was preserved by addition of 25–30% glycerol to the culture filtrate and the storability of enzyme activity then increased up to 90 days at 5°C. The conversion of rifamycin-B to rifamycin-S using the stabilized rifamycin-B oxidase and fresh culture filtrate were comparable when run under similar conditions. The recovery of rifamycin-S powder from these experiments was not affected in any way in the presence of glycerol. Therefore, the present method of preservation of rifamycin-B oxidase may find industrial application for commerical production of rifamycin-S, which is an important intermediate for the synthesis of an antituberculosis drug, rifamycin.

The effect of lignin containing natural substrates corn-cob, coir-dust, saw-dust, wheat straw and bagasse particles on the extracellular secretion of laccase in the liquid culture growth medium of Pleurotus sajor-caju MTCC 141 has been studied. The culture conditions for maximum secretion of laccase by Pleurotus sajor-caju MTCC 141 have been optimized. Homogeneous preparation of laccase from the culture filtrate of the fungus has been achieved using ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The purified enzyme preparation gave a single protein band in SDS-PAGE analysis indicating a molecular weight of 90 kD. The enzymatic characteristics Km, k(cat), pH and temperature optima of the purified laccase have been determined using 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol as the substrate and have been found to be 35 micromol/L, 0.30 min(-1), 4.5 and 37 degrees C respectively. The Km values for the other substrate like catechol, m-cresol, pyrogallol and syringaldazine have also been determined which were found to be 216 micromol/L, 380 micromol/L, 370 micromol/L and 260 micromol/L respectively.

Department of Chemistry, Government Raza P.G College, Rampur-244 901, Uttar Pradesh, India Manuscript received 30 June 2008, revised 15 October 2008, accepted 23 October 2008 Potentiometric evidences have been cited for the formation of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1; MLL'L" quaternary complexs [MIII= LaIII, PrIIIand NdIII, L = ethyleneglycol-bis(p-aminoethylether)-N,N,N' ,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), L' = pyrldine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDA) and L"= 2,2'-dithiodisalicylic acid (DTSA) Have been studied potentiometrically with a view to determine their formation constants, thermodynamic parameters and to explore and confirm the possibility of their expanded coordination number. The formation constants log KML'L", log KML'L", and log KML'L", for the resulting ternary and quaternary complexes at constant ionic strength (µ = 0.05 KNO3) and different temperatures (15 ± 0.1°C, 25 ± 0.1 °C, 35 ± 0.1 °C and 45 : 0.1 °C have been evaluated. The order of formation constants with respect to LnIIIIons has been found to be LaIII< PrIII< NaIIIfor both ternary and quaternary complexes whereas ternary < quaternary for mixed-ligand complexes.

Five indigenous Aspergillus flavus strains MTCC-2206, 1884, 1883, 1783 and 2456 were screened for the secretion of quercetinase. Fungal strains MTCC-2206, 1884, 1883, and 1783 were found to secrete the quercetinase in the range of 0.24-0.36 enzyme unit/mL of the culture medium, while MTCC-2456 secreted only 0.04 enzyme unit/mL. The enzymatic characteristics of quercetinase were determined. The Km values using quercetin as the substrate were 12.5 microM, 14.0 microM, 12.5 microM and 13.0 microM for the quercetinase produced by MTCC-2206, 1884, 1883 and 1783, respectively. The pH optima for the above enzymes were 6.5, 6.5, 6.0 and 6.0 and temperature optima were 45, 40, 45 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The partial purification from only one strain MTCC-2206 was achieved (nearly 3-fold purification).

Secretion and enzymatic characteristics of lignin peroxidases from Gloeophyllum sepiarium MTCC 1170, Cladosporium herbarum MTCC 346, Lenzites betulina MTCC 1183, Daedalea flavida MTCC 145, Hexagonia teruis MTCC 1119 and Coirolopsis floccosa MTCC 1177 ligninolytic fungal strains have been reported. Secretion of lignin peroxidase by these ligninolytic fungal strains have been found to be in the range of 0.86 to 3.0 enzyme unit per ml of the culture medium. The enzymatic characteristics like K(m), pH and temperature optima of all the lignin peroxidases of the above fungal strains have been determined using veratryl alcohol and H(2)O(2) as the variable substrates. The K(m) values using veratryl alcohol as the substrate were found to be 65.0 μM, 58.5 μM, 63.0 μM, 54.5 μM, 54.6 μM and 61.0 μM respectively. The K(m) values using H(2)O(2) as the substrate were found to be 88.0 μM, 86.0 μM, 71.0 μM, 67.0 μM, 80.0 μM and 78.0 μM respectively. The pH optima values for lignin peroxidases of the above ligninolytic fungal strains were found to be 2.5, 2.4, 2.4, 2.25, 2.5 and 2.8 respectively, where as the temperature optima values were 25°C, 24°C, 25°C, 23°C, 24°C and 25°C respectively.

Field experiments were conducted in autumn season during 2013–15 and 2014–16 at the Research farm of Sugarcane Research Institute, (UPCSR) Shahjahanpur (U.P) to study the nutrient requirements and optimum plant geometry and to mechanize the sugarcane cultivation at large scale. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon (0.36%), low in available phosphorus (11.35 kg/ha) and medium in potassium (123 kg/ha) with PH value of 7.7. Experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with eight treatment combinations employing test variety Co 0238 (early nurturing) and replicated three times. There were four states of plant geometry and two levels of nutrient application. Two years data were recorded and statistically analysed. Among plant geometrical treatments, trench planting in paired row at 120 (90: 30) cm. resulted significantly higher number of shoots, millable canes and cane yield i.e. 165598/ha, 113462/ha and 127.45 t/ha, respectively and recorded maximum B: C ratio (2.03). Nutritional evaluation depicted that application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers through inorganics + 25% N through organic manures along with bio- fertilizers (Azotobactor + P.S.B @10 kg/ha each) gave significantly higher number of shoots (151592/ha), millable canes (105272/ha) and cane yield (123.43 t/ha). with higher B: C ratio (2.01) than the crop receiving 100% recommended dose of fertilizers through inorganics. Commercial cane sugar (CCS%) in cane was not affected significantly due to plant geometry and fertility levels.

Fifty-two patients who had a tumor in the lower extremity (thirty-seven, a giant-cell tumor and fifteen, a small osteosarcoma that had not metastasized) had dual-fibular strut-grafting to bridge the osseous gap resulting from excision of the tumor. The size of the gap ranged from nine to twenty-four centimeters. The average time until union ranged from ten to twenty months. The ipsilateral fibula was used in thirty-six patients and both fibulae, in the remaining sixteen patients. Immediate reimplantation and adequate fixation of the fibular graft to the proximal and distal ends of the bone to be grafted, along with placement of a cuff of cancellous bone at the host-graft junction and between the fibular struts, fostered early union of the graft to the host bone. Insertion of Kirschner wires inside these long grafts helped to maintain continuity of the graft when a stress fracture occurred. Eight patients who had a non-union at one of the host-graft sites and three who had a stress fracture had subsequent cancellous bone-grafting to obtain union. Superficial infection was the most common complication and was seen in seventeen patients.

Department of Chemistry, Government Raza P. G. College, Rampur-244 901, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail : bhadanaadesh@ yahoo.co.in Manuscript received 9 November 2006, revised 7 May 2007, accepted 18 July 2007 Hydrolysis of mono 4-methyl phenyl phosphate and 4-ethyl phenyl phosphate ester has been studied with CTAB, a cationic surfactant at 40 ± 1: 1.0°C in borate buffers solutions of pH= 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0. Absorbances of them were mcasurcd spectrophotomdrically and used to calculate rate constant of the hydrolysis, which found to be pseudo-first order. The process was run with and without CTAB with Kψ and K'w as rate constants respectively and the concentration of phosphate was restricted to 5.0 x 10-4 mol dm-3 and CTAB varied in between 0.2 x 10-1 to 2 x 10-3 mol dm-3.Rate constanlsincrease with concentrations of CTAB, giving as rate maximum Kψ= 67.3 x 105 S-1 at 18x 103mol dm-3 CTAB and Kψ = 58.3 X 105S-1 at 16 x 103 mol dm-3 CTAB respectively at pH= 8.0 and pH= 9.0 for dianions of 4- mpp. But 4-EPPgiving as rate maximum Kψ= 69.5 x 105 S-1 at 18 x 103mol dm-3CTAB andK'w= 60.8 x 10-3S-1 at 16 x 10-3 mol dm-3 CTABrespectively at pH= 8.0 and pH= 9.0, it is concluded that the contribution of methylene group towards dcphosphorylation has been found to he 2.2 x 10-5 S-1 and 2.5 x 10-5 S-1 with respect to 18 x 10-3 mol dm-3CTAB and 16 x 10-3 mol dm-3.The values of ion exchange parameters calculated at pH 8.0 and 9.0 by using various ion exchange equation have been summarized and found mSOH(concentration of reaction ion in Stern layer) 0.14, 0.452. Ks(binding constant) in 103 mol dm-3 is 1.06, 3.64. Kw (second order rateconstant of water) in 105 mol dm-3S-1is 215,396. [OH-w](ion concentration in water) in 103mol dm-3 is 3.76, 20.43. [OH-m] (ion concentration in micelle) in 104mol dm-3is 1.32, 3.70 at borate buffer 3.9 x 103 mol dm-3[OH-], 20.3 x JO'l mol dm-3 [OH-]. Activation enerqy is 7.64 kca/mol and entropy is 32.06 [-∆S ± (eu)] at pH = 8 and used borate buffer 3.9 x 103 mol dm-3[OH-].

Neonatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common, has myriad presentations and severe sequelae. Six neonates clinically suspected of CMV infection were confirmed by qualitative PCR (Digene) and evaluated. Those with persistent viremia were treated with Ganciclovir intravenously for 4–6 weeks, and continued orally, if required, with close monitoring. All had prolonged jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly and hematological manifestations in the acute stage. Complications included developmental delay (66%), sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) (33%), chorioretinitis and obstructive jaundice (18% each). Three cleared viremia spontaneously. The remaining were offered Ganciclovir. One declined, and two completed therapy with clinical resolution and no adverse events. Accurate diagnosis of neonatal CMV enables appropriate treatment with Ganciclovir, which can reverse end-organ damage and limit sequelae.

Chickpea consumption in India, Australia, USA, Mexico, Canada, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Africa, Arab Countries, China, Myanmar and Nepal are described in this chapter. Food preparations from chickpea, and methods of chickpea processing in India and other countries are presented. Tabulated data on the quality characteristics and common uses of some chickpea cultivars in India are provided.

The paper examines the consumption pattern, post harvest processes and uses in chickpea across the world.