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Background: Craniosynostosis (CS), premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, leads to abnormal skull development, impacting both facial esthetics and oral function. This study aimed to evaluate the specific orofacial and oral health characteristics, including masticatory performance, in Thai patients with CS. Methods: A comparative study was conducted with Thai CS patients aged 6–17 years and a control group of healthy individuals with similar age distribution. Assessments included craniofacial morphology, oral health status, and masticatory performance. Intergroup comparisons utilized appropriate statistical tests. Results: The study included 24 CS patients with a mean age of 10.11 ± 2.98 years and 30 controls. CS patients exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of various oral conditions compared to controls: cleft palate (20.8%), anterior open bite (41.7%), anterior crossbite (54.2%), posterior crossbite (50%), combined anterior–posterior crossbite (45.8%), dental crowding in both maxilla and mandible (50% and 45.8% respectively), congenitally missing teeth (50%), supernumerary teeth (12.5%), and eruption failure (54.2%). Furthermore, CS patients exhibited significantly higher caries prevalence and susceptibility, alongside poorer oral hygiene, compared to controls. Regarding jaw relationships, CS patients exhibited a significantly higher proportion of Angle's Class III malocclusion (50%) compared to the control group, where Class I malocclusion was predominant (50%). Masticatory performance, assessed using the two-color gum mixing ability test, showed significantly higher hue variance in CS patients (0.12 ± 0.07) compared to the control group, indicating reduced chewing performance. Conclusion: This study underscores the significant orofacial and oral health challenges faced by children with CS, including a high prevalence of malocclusions, dental anomalies, elevated caries experience, and compromised masticatory function. These findings emphasize the importance of tailored interventions and comprehensive oral healthcare strategies to address the unique needs of this population and improve their overall quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectifs: This 7-years follow-up case report describes two diversified strategies for the management of bilateral mandibular permanent premolars associated with periapical lesion and unerupted supernumerary teeth. Case Report: A non-syndromic 9 years-old Asian female patient presented pain and swelling of the 35 in anatomical contiguity with an immature and unerupted supernumerary tooth. Clinical examination revealed an intraoral vestibular sinus tract related to the necrotic 35. Periapical radiography and CBCT showed that the 35 had an immature apex associated with a periapical lesion, and a supernumerary tooth in a lingual direction. Endodontic treatment of the 35 was performed by creating an apical plug with ProRoot MTA, while the supernumerary tooth was monitored radiographically with no intervention. Four years later, the 45 developed the same clinical condition of the left arch. Radiographic examination revealed a periapical lesion with massive periapical bone resorption, and a supernumerary tooth in normal alignment. The second premolar was herein extracted to allow for eruption of the supernumerary tooth. Outcomes: 3-years follow-up revealed continued root maturation and its spontaneous eruption in the dental arch. Proper healing of both mandibular lesions was monitored after 10 months, 3-years and 7-years revealing no recurrence on both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Supernumerary teeth can be found both in the temporary and permanent dentitions, in different regions of the arch (mesiodens, lateral incisors, premolars, molars) or in the maxillary jaws (impacted teeth). Their shape can vary (can be normal or dysmorphic), as well as their direction and orientation. Different etiological factors and theories were analyzed in the study, as well as the main symptoms. Esthetic and functional disturbances (phonation, self maintenance, mastication – occlusal problems, interferences and premature contacts) can occur. Muscle and TMJ complications are possible as a result of the occlusal dysfunction. Aims. The aim of the study is to analyze the characteristics and treatment management of supernumerary teeth. Methods. Literature research on the latest articles on the topic was performed, using keywords. Two case reports of patients with mesiodens are presented. Results. Prevalence of supernumerary teeth, as well as topography, clinical manifestations and complications, diagnostic and treatment possibilities were presented. Conclusions. Early diagnosis, correct management and treatment planning can play a keyrole in the rehabilitation of the patients with supernumerary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: the os trigonum is a supernumerary bone that may lead to posterior ankle impingement syndrome. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of this bone. Methods: A meta-analysis regarding the presence of the os trigonum was performed. For this, the MEDLINE and SciElo databases were searched using "os trigonum" as the keyword. Only original articles, theses, books, dissertations, and monographs were included. Papers with a sample size of < 50 individuals were excluded. The data extracted from the articles were: the total sample size, the prevalence of the trigonum, the method of analysis, the region of the sample, and data regarding sex and side (left or right). Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc Statistical Software version 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). The heterogeneity between the studies was assessed using the I² estimation and the Cochran Q test. For all analyses, a random effect was used and a value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 249 papers were found, while 18 were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 17,626 ankles were included. The pooled prevalence of the os trigonum was 10.3% (95% CI 7–14.1%) in the present study. There was no significant difference regarding sex or side, while studies conducted in imaging exams showed a higher prevalence in comparison to cadaveric studies. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the os trigonum is relatively common. Knowledge of the prevalence of the os trigonum may help surgeons and clinicians diagnose posterior ankle impingement syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior open bite (AOB), characterized by the lack of vertical overlap between upper and lower anterior teeth, poses a considerable challenge in orthodontics. The condition depends on many factors that combine to render it difficult to achieve post treatment stability. AOB is commonly classified as dental, skeletal, or functional on the basis of the clinical presentation and causative factors. Traditionally, skeletal AOB necessitates surgical intervention, whereas nonsurgical approaches such as extrusion arches and the Multiloop Edgewise Archwire Technique (MEAW) can be employed in more straightforward cases. Functional appliances are reserved for situations in which a patient's growth potential offers the possibility of effectively addressing AOB. This review presents a strategic treatment approach for addressing AOB, taking into account the classification and severity of the condition. The proposed SHE framework describes the use of mini-screws (S) for anchorage and vertical control, encouragement to correct habits (H), and the utilization of extractions and elastics (E). By incorporating extra-radicular mini-screws, AOB closure is achieved through anterior retraction in extraction cases or whole arch distalization of dentition with elastics in non-extraction cases. This framework emphasizes habit correction through a regimen of oral myofunctional therapy (OMT) and habit-correcting appliances to enhance posttreatment stability. This review suggests that nonsurgical correction is viable in the majority of cases, whereas surgical intervention should be reserved for severe cases of skeletal vertical overgrowth or horizontal discrepancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of tooth anatomy and its variations are essential for the success of endodontic treatment. Dilacerations represent developmental anomalies marked by sudden deviations in a tooth's longitudinal axis. Common causes of treatment failures in such cases are primarily related to procedural errors such as ledging, fractured instruments, canal blockages, zipping, and elbow creations. The current case series presents three such interesting cases of endodontic management of curved root canals in mandibular molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The disorder known as hyperdontia is characterized by an excess of teeth or teeth that appear to be added to the normal amount of teeth. With a frequency ranging from 0.1% to 3.9% in permanent dentition and from 0.3% to 1.8% in deciduous dentition, it affects males more often than women. Since children’s cognitive abilities are still developing in comparison to adults’, children freely communicate their worry and anxiety and frequently exhibit uncooperative behavior patterns while undergoing treatment. A7‑year‑old child who was emotionally immature reported with a principal complaint of missing tooth in his left upper front tooth area for 2 years. Cone‑beam computed tomography was advised to verify location and structural interaction with neighboring structures. Due to his lack of emotional sensitivity and cooperation with others, we planned the surgical extraction under general anesthesia. In the present case, it was deemed preferable to wait for a spontaneous eruption, and the patient was observed for a month on a regular basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diprosopus is a congenital anomaly in which partial or complete duplication of craniofacial structures occurs. Because it is rare, the mortality rate is high, and information concerning this anomaly is scarce. This study describes a case of human diprosopus in a 9‐year‐old male individual, who has severe complications associated with the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems. Since birth, he has been monitored in a specialized hospital environment, where he has undergone several surgeries and multidisciplinary treatments. Regarding the craniofacial aspects, he had agenesis of the corpus callosum, floor of the nasal cavity, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa, in addition to the presence of bone dysplasia, ocular hypertelorism and cleft palate with nasal and oral teratoma. Regarding dental characteristics, the patient has duplication of the maxilla, mandible, tongue, and some teeth. After complementary imaging exams, several supernumerary teeth were found, with some being impacted and in complex regions, with an indication for extraction due to the risks of impaction, irruptive deviation, root resorption, and associated cystic or tumoral lesions. Because of the numerous complications, knowledge, and preparation of the entire team is necessary for the correct management of the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of a benign asymptomatic doughnut-like lesion of the mandible. The patient, a 20-year-old White male, sought dental care for a carious lesion on his lower left second premolar. Upon examination, it was discovered that the patient had a dilated odontoma, which is a rare anomaly of tooth development characterized by the dilation of the crown and root. The patient underwent surgical removal of the lesion and supernumerary teeth and experienced a successful recovery. The article emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for this rare dental anomaly. [Extracted from the article]

KCTD1 plays crucial roles in regulating both the SHH and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, which are essential for tooth development. The objective of this study was to investigate if genetic variants in KCTD1 might also be associated with isolated dental anomalies. We clinically and radiographically investigated 362 patients affected with isolated dental anomalies. Whole exome sequencing identified two unrelated families with rare (p.Arg241Gln) or novel (p.Pro243Ser) variants in KCTD1. The variants segregated with the dental anomalies in all nine patients from the two families. Clinical findings of the patients included taurodontism, unseparated roots, long roots, tooth agenesis, a supernumerary tooth, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis. The role of Kctd1 in root development is supported by our immunohistochemical study showing high expression of Kctd1 in Hertwig epithelial root sheath. The KCTD1 variants in our patients are the first variants found to be located in the C-terminal domain, which might disrupt protein–protein interactions and/or SUMOylation and subsequently result in aberrant WNT-SHH-BMP signaling and isolated dental anomalies. Functional studies on the p.Arg241Gln variant are consistent with an impact on β-catenin levels and canonical WNT signaling. This is the first report of the association of KCTD1 variants and isolated dental anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder. Besides skeletal abnormalities, CCD is often associated with dental complications, such as multiple supernumerary teeth and permanent teeth impaction or delayed eruption. Methods: Supernumerary teeth of axial, sagittal and coronal CBCT view was characterized in detail and 3D image reconstruction was performed. Number and location of teeth, morphology of supernumerary teeth, positional relationship between supernumerary and adjacent permanent teeth, direction of supernumerary teeth in CCD patients were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the 3 CCD patients in this study was 16.7 years. Among 36 supernumerary teeth, the majority of them were identified as apical side located and lingual side located. Normal orientation was the most common type in this study, followed by sagittal orientation, and horizontal orientation. Horizontal orientation teeth were all distributed in the mandible. Supernumerary teeth exhibited significantly shorter crown and dental-root lengths, as well as smaller crown mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the number of supernumerary teeth between the maxilla and mandible, and the premolars region had the largest number of supernumerary teeth and the incisor region had the smallest number. Conclusions: This study compares number and location of teeth, morphology of supernumerary teeth, positional relationship between supernumerary and adjacent permanent teeth and direction of supernumerary teeth, this study also provides a reference for the comprehensive evaluation of CCD patients before surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1), a non-essential kinesin-like motor protein, has been found to serve a crucial role in supernumerary centrosome clustering and the progression of several human cancer types. However, the role of KIFC1 in glioma has been rarely reported. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the role of KIFC1 in glioma progression. Methods: Online bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine the association between KIFC1 expression and clinical outcomes in glioma. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to analyze the expression levels of KIFC1 in glioma and normal brain tissues. Furthermore, KIFC1 expression was knocked in the glioma cell lines, U251 and U87MG, and the functional roles of KIFC1 in cell proliferation, invasion and migration were analyzed using cell multiplication, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays, respectively. The autophagic flux and expression levels matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) were also determined using imaging flow cytometry, western blotting and a gelation zymography assay. Results: The results revealed that KIFC1 expression levels were significantly upregulated in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues, and the expression levels were positively associated with tumor grade. Patients with glioma with low KIFC1 expression levels had a more favorable prognosis compared with patients with high KIFC1 expression levels. In vitro, KIFC1 knockdown not only inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells, but also increased the autophagic flux and downregulated the expression levels of MMP2. Conclusion: Upregulation of KIFC1 expression may promote glioma progression and KIFC1 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and possible therapeutic target for glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe a rare clinical case with the presence of two supernumerary impacted teeth localized in the region of maxillary central incisors. Case report: After clinical examination and evaluation of imaging exams (panoramic radiograph and CT scan), the decision to perform a conservative treatment was taken, maintaining the supernumerary teeth in the mouth and extracting the impacted central incisors. Once the treatment plan was defined, the supernumerary teeth were reshaped, to transform them into central incisors. After this, the central incisors were extracted. Results: the results achieved were satisfactory from both esthetic and functional points of view. Conclusion: This clinical case has led to the conclusion that the maintenance and reshaping of supernumerary teeth proved to be a feasible alternative when it is impossible to move the original tooth into place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental fusion is defined as an abnormality in tooth shape caused by developmental tooth disturbances that produce an intimate union of dental tissues. This case report discusses treatment of a mandibular impacted "double" third molar in a 21-year-old patient that could have been related to either gemination or tooth fusion. Radiological examination allowed for careful analysis of the tooth's shape and root development, relation to the inferior alveolar nerve, and 3-dimensional position. After evaluation of therapeutic options and risks, and with the patient's consent, the authors opted to extract the tooth in question. Such favorable conditions as the incomplete development of the roots and the relatively young age of the patient, combined with the use of an antibiotic and antiseptic prophylaxis as well as a standard surgical approach, enabled a successful result to be achieved with no related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the dental and orthodontic management of patients with cleft lip and palate. It explains that these conditions are congenital deformities that affect approximately one in 700 live births. The article emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, involving multiple healthcare providers with experience in this patient population. It also discusses specific oral health considerations and challenges faced during orthodontic management, such as skeletal issues and dental challenges. The article concludes by highlighting the different stages of orthodontic treatment for patients with cleft lip and palate, including presurgical orthopedics, comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and orthodontic treatment in preparation for orthognathic surgery. The goal of treatment is to correct skeletal patterns, alleviate crowding, and improve facial aesthetics. [Extracted from the article]

Supernumerary teeth have been proposed to be one of the most significant dental defects affecting the primary and early mixed dentition. These teeth can cause poor facial and dental aesthetics, as well as many pathological problems for the development of permanent dentition. Mesiodens are the extra teeth that have erupted or not yet erupted in the maxilla between the central incisors. Early identification and treatment are necessary to mitigate the negative effects of the mesiodens dentoalveolar structures. This case series discusses three different cases for the presence of supernumerary teeth leading to discomfort and aesthetic concerns. Extraction of the supernumerary teeth was performed to reduce future complications and was further suggested for orthodontic correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A lateral cephalogram is an essential diagnostic record for an orthodontist. It is used for diagnosis and treatment planning. This can be a prediction tool as well for developing anomalies of the skeletal, dental, and soft tissues of the head and neck. The sella turcica (ST), being a central landmark for cephalometric assessment, has great importance in itself as a diagnostic parameter to predict certain dental problems related to its bridging. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess and compare the shape, size, and bridging of ST in subjects of Taif with different skeletal classifications. 2. To find whether there is any association between dental anomalies and sella turcica bridging (STB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study obtained ethical approval from the research ethics committee of Taif University with application no. 44-354 and with no. HAO-02-T-1 dated June 4, 2023. The study involved 87 study samples, divided as follows: a. Group 1: 49 control records. b. Group 2: 38 case records with STB. RESULTS: The results of our study were promising in relation to STB and the occurrence of dental anomalies in both the case and the control with the frequencies of occurrence being 46.94% and 36.84%, respectively. It was found that the percentage of distribution was more among class I malocclusions and least in class III. It is imperative that impaction (13.8%) is the most associated anomaly, followed by ectopic eruption (11.5%). Supernumerary teeth and gemination were the least associated with STB, and only 1% of the cases showed an association. Statistically significant associations were found for all types of dental anomalies as a result of distribution among cases and controls. CONCLUSION: Orthodontists commonly employ lateral cephalograms as a regular practice to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. Furthermore, these cephalograms can serve as predictive tools for dental anomalies. Detecting skeletal abnormalities at an early stage can provide insight into the likelihood of future dental anomalies, enabling clinicians to implement preventive measures accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to present and analyze detailed clinicopathological data of periapical cysts (PCs) and periapical granuloma (PG) in a cohort of 135 cases from the South Indian Population. Methodology: The present study included 135 cases of PC and PG out of 2696 biopsies submitted over 3 years. The clinicodemographic data which included age, gender, location, radiographic appearance, and treatment were collected along with the histopathological examination of the biopsied specimen. Data were entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, 2021, and analyzed using SPSS software ver. 26. Results: There were 71 cases of PG and 64 cases of PC. The mean age of occurrence in PG was slightly lower than cases in PC. Irrespective of the group, there was a clear male preponderance, and maxillary permanent central incisors were most commonly affected. However, no significant difference was noted. Radiographically, PC significantly showed more well-defined corticated radiolucent lesions compared to PG where most cases were ill-defined (69.01%). Histologically, all cases showed classic features for diagnosis with additional histological characteristics which may aid in diagnosis. Conclusion: PG was more common than PC. There was a predilection for the male gender in both lesions. The actual incidence of these lesions would be actually high, as some cases are lost to private practitioners, and not all the lesions are submitted for histopathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maxillary central incisors (MCI) are the third most impacted teeth. Timely multidisciplinary management is indicated as unerupted incisors can cause functional‐ and appearance‐related distress. Aim: To assess the patient journey for children with unerupted MCI, including referral, clinical assessment, surgical management and follow‐up treatment, and highlight areas for improvement, as well as identify factors impacting orthodontic treatment burden (OTB). Design: A retrospective service evaluation of children aged 6–16 years who had surgical management of unerupted MCI under general anaesthetic (GA) between 2018 and 2021. Results: Fifty‐two children with 62 unerupted MCI were identified. Mean age at referral was 8.8 years. Most children (82.7%) had supernumerary teeth in the anterior maxilla. Mean time between listing for GA and surgery increased from 4.3 to 15.2 months following the COVID‐19 lockdown. Mean age at surgery was 10.4 years. Supernumerary removal and incisor exposure and bond was the most common treatment (56.6%). Most patients required hospital orthodontic treatment post‐surgery (65.4%). Conclusion: Most children referred were below 9 years (60.1%); these children had reduced OTB compared to those who had been referred at an older age. Stage of root development was also a significant predictor in OTB. An unexpected finding was that conical supernumeraries were found to prevent MCI eruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of common dental anomalies in children. Methods: In this study, 5280 digital orthopantomographic images of patients aged 5-16 years were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 3619 digital orthopantomographic images that met the study criteria were evaluated. Descriptive statistics of the categorical data obtained were analyzed using percentage and frequency analyses, followed by Pearson Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact test for binary group comparisons. The significance level for statistical analyses was set at (p < 0.05). Results: In the individuals included in the study, at least one dental anomaly was detected in 13.78%. Numerical anomalies were the most commonly observed type of anomaly, with hypodontia being the anomaly with the highest prevalence in this group. A statistically significant difference was observed between genders in the frequency of supernumerary teeth, ectopy, and mesiodens (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Dental anomalies can occur in different types in humans. Clinicians can prevent future dental problems that may occur in later ages with the early diagnosis and treatment of dental anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mandibular premolar area, supernumerary teeth are a rare disorder that are rarely documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post-surgical problems associated with the buccal and lingual techniques used to treat the extra teeth in this area. Using PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, Cochrane, Wiley, and manual search, a thorough search was done to locate and identify cases and case series with extra teeth in the mandibular premolar region. For every study that was included, data on the surgical technique and postoperative problems were documented. Seven studies involving 90 patients were included. Supernumerary teeth in the mandibular premolar region were predominantly found in male patients (65.55 %), with most cases occurring in the right mandibular region (77.16 %). Postoperative complications after removing supernumerary teeth using buccal and lingual approaches were similar, with only one complication reported among the 90 cases reviewed. Although the findings suggest that surgical management of supernumerary teeth in the mandibular premolar region is relatively safe, caution is advised due to the limited sample size. Detailed pre-operative evaluation, a comprehensive treatment plan, and regular follow-up can minimize postoperative complications.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to summarize the clinical features of non-syndromic late developing supernumerary teeth (LDST) and comparisons with common supernumerary teeth (ST) and explore the association between LDST and the third dentition. Materials and methods This study retrospected cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and medical history of 41,903 consecutive patients from January to December 2021. Comparisons between ST and LDST were evaluated by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Correlation between chronological age and dental stage age was evaluated by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the features of LDST originating from the third dentition. Results Sixty patients with 126 non-syndromic LDST and 1602 patients with 1988 non-syndromic ST were identified. The prevalence of ST and LDST was 3.82% and 0.14%, respectively, with a male-female ratio of 1.78:1 and 1.31:1. LDST patients mainly had LDST in multiple (58.33%) and bilaterally (41.67%), with an average of 2.1/patient. Most LDST were normal-shaped (84.13%), vertically oriented (71.43%), located in the mandible (80.16%), and distributed in the premolar region (82.54%). The study also indicated that the development of LDST was correlated with permanent teeth, with LDST developing 6.48 to 10.45 years later. In this study, 72.22% of LDST met the clinical criteria for the third dentition. Conclusions LDST manifested different clinical features from common ST. LDST might be closely related to the third dentition. Clinical relevance This work would help to comprehend LDST from a clinical perspective, and may be complementary to the criteria of the third dentition.

Multiple impacted supernumerary teeth are often rare and usually associated with uncommon syndromes like cleidocranial dysplasia; familial adenomatous polyposis; trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type I; Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome; Nance-Horan syndrome etc. Supernumerary teeth are those that exceed the normal dental formula. They are more common in men, more common in the upper maxilla, and more prevalent in permanent dentition. Complications associated with supernumerary teeth include dental impaction, delayed eruption, ectopic eruption, overcrowding, spacing anomalies and the formation of follicular cysts. The treatment of supernumerary teeth depends on their type, position, and possible complications, detected clinically and radiographically. No clear consensus exists as to the best time to extract unerupted supernumerary teeth. This article reports a case of a 17 year old female with multiple impacted supernumerary teeth in the maxillary and mandibular arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Orthodontics offers readers the opportunity to obtain Enhanced Continuing Professional Development (CPD) by reading articles and answering linked questions. If the answers are correct, readers can print a certificate for up to 4 hours of CPD. The process involves logging into the BOS Virtual Learning Environment (VLE), accessing the Journal of Orthodontics Articles for CPD, reading the articles on the Highwire platform, completing the multiple-choice test, and generating the certificate. The journal also includes various articles on topics such as the effectiveness of orthodontic treatments, prevalence of bullying, and periodontal outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Supernumerary teeth numerical anomalies and the early diagnosis of supernumerary teeth is very important to avoid potential complications. The study aim was to determine the prevalence, occurrence, and characteristics of supernumerary teeth among the Arabian population. Methods: A retrospective radiographic study was performed using panoramic radiographs of patients attending a teaching hospital from January 2018 to December 2020. Only healthy patients with clear radiographs were included in the study, and patients with syndromes, cleft lip, and palate, and unclear radiographs were excluded from the study. The details include the patient’s age and gender, supernumerary tooth number, location, orientation, and position. Only a single examiner was involved in the data collection and analysis. Results: Overall, 38 (2%) patients were observed with 47 supernumerary teeth. Among them, 76% were males and 24% were females, with a mean age of 16.1 ± 9.7 years. Mesiodens (87%) are the common type of supernumerary tooth, and the majority of the supernumerary teeth were impacted (66%). The majority of the patients presented with a single supernumerary tooth, while 24% of the patients presented with two supernumerary teeth. Sixty percent of the supernumerary teeth were conical in morphology, followed by a tuberculate morphology. In the study population, most of the supernumerary teeth were normal in orientation. Conclusions: The prevalence of supernumerary teeth was 2%. Among them, the majority were observed at the anterior region of the maxillary arch with a conical shape of normal orientation. The gender-based comparison of location, orientation, morphology, eruption, and number of supernumerary teeth showed male predilection.

Background: The diagnosis of supernumerary X & Y chromosome variations has increased following the implementation of genetic testing in pediatric practice. Empirical evidence suggests that the delivery of the diagnosis has a lasting impact on how affected individuals and their parents perceive and adapt to the diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature to obtain useful recommendations for delivering a pediatric diagnosis of a sex chromosome multisomy (SCM) based upon a growing body of quantitative and qualitative literature on patient experiences. Methods: We conducted an integrative literature review using PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL employing keywords "genetic diagnosis delivery," "genetic diagnosis disclosure," "sex chromosome aneuploidy," "Klinefelter syndrome" or ""47, XXY," "Jacob syndrome" or "47, XYY," "Trisomy X," "Triple X" or "47, XXX," and "48 XXYY from January 1, 2000, to October 31, 2023. Results: Literature supports that patients and parents value the provision of up-to-date information and connection with supportive resources. Discussion of next steps of care, including relevant referrals, prevents perceptions of provider abandonment and commitment to ongoing support. Proactively addressing special concerns such as disclosing the diagnosis to their child, family, and community is also beneficial. Tables are provided for useful information resources, medical specialties that may be required to support patients, and common misconceptions that interfere with accurate information about the diagnosis. Conclusion: Patient experiences suggest there should be heightened attention to diagnosis delivery, in reference to the broader ethical and social impacts of a SCM diagnosis. We present recommendations for optimal disclosure of a SCM diagnosis in early and late childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supernumerary teeth (ST) are a prevalent multifactorial dental anomaly. Although most ST cases are idiopathic, multiple ST can be linked to genetic disorders and may appear in many syndromes. A healthy 8-year-old female had retained deciduous maxillary incisors, which was the parents' main concern. On clinical and radiographic examination, the patient had multiple unerupted ST. The patient underwent comprehensive dental treatment by multidisciplinary dental specialties. The case discussion underpins the importance of early diagnosis of ST and early treatment to ensure a favorable outcome and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects females when one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. Due to high genetic and phenotypic variability, TS diagnosis is challenging and is often delayed until adolescence, resulting in poor clinical management. Numerous oral, dental and craniofacial anomalies have been associated with TS, yet a comprehensive description is still lacking. This study addresses this gap through a detailed analysis of oral health and craniofacial characteristics in a cohort of 15 females with TS and their first-degree relatives. Subjects with TS ranged from 3 to 48 years old, none showed evidence of periodontal disease and only the youngest was in mixed dentition. Using the Multifunction System, we identified an aggregation of multiple signs and symptoms in each TS subject, including tooth anomalies (supernumerary molars, agenesis, microdontia, enamel defects, alterations in eruption patterns -advanced and delayed for chronological age-, crowding, rotations and transpositions), malocclusion (class II/1 and II/2) and Class II facial profile, while relatives exhibited fewer manifestations. The early detection of these signs and symptoms is crucial for appropriate referral and the optimal clinical management of TS, especially during the critical period of 9 to 10 years when congenital dental anomalies appear. The use of an established taxonomy to describe these phenotypic features is essential for early detection. Multidisciplinary teams are required to ensure holistic care management in rare diseases like TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the orthodontic management of patients with cleft lip and palate. It explains that cleft lip and palate is a common craniofacial anomaly with varying severity and prevalence among different populations. The article discusses the oral manifestations of cleft lip and palate, including dental development and maxillary growth disruptions. It emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary, team-based approach to treatment, with orthodontists playing a crucial role. The article also provides guidelines for coordinating with a multidisciplinary team and highlights the need for radiographic evaluation before moving teeth into a graft. It recommends the use of retention alternatives to maintain expansion and stabilize alveolar segments during the healing process. Overall, the article provides valuable information for orthodontists treating patients with cleft lip and palate. [Extracted from the article]

Dental development defects (DDDs) are quantitative and/or qualitative alterations produced during odontogenesis that affect both primary and permanent dentition. The etiology remains unknown, being associated with prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors. The aims were to identify the possible etiological factors, as well as the prevalence of DDDs in the primary and permanent dentition in a pediatric population. Two hundred twenty-one children between 2 and 15 years of age, patients of the master's degree in Pediatric Dentistry of the Complutense University of Madrid, were reviewed. DDDs were observed in 60 children. Next, a cross-sectional, case-control study was carried out (60 children in the control group and 60 children in the case group). The parents or guardians completed a questionnaire aimed at identifying associated etiological factors. The prevalence of DDDs in patients attending our master's program in both dentitions was 27.15%. Otitis, tonsillitis, high fevers, and medication intake stood out as the most relevant postnatal factors among cases and controls. The permanent maxillary right permanent central incisor and the primary mandibular right second molar were the most affected; there were no differences in relation to gender. One out of three children who presented DDDs in the primary dentition also presented DDDs in the permanent dentition. Prenatal and postnatal etiological factors showed a significant relationship with DDD alterations, considered risk factors for DDDs in both dentitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article from the Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation discusses the use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in assessing the severity of wisdom teeth inclusion compared to conventional radiological techniques. CBCT provides detailed three-dimensional images that allow for a more thorough evaluation of included teeth and their relationships with neighboring structures. This information is crucial for preventing damage during surgery and creating personalized treatment plans. The article also presents statistics on the incidence and classification of wisdom teeth inclusion based on gender and age. The study found that CBCT provides detailed information about the position of the inferior alveolar nerve and the roots of the wisdom tooth, which can help minimize trauma during extraction and improve postoperative recovery. The article emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment plans based on the anatomical characteristics of each case. It also mentions that CBCT has higher spatial resolution but less contrast compared to conventional X-rays, and the choice between the two depends on the specific clinical needs of each case. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents a case study on the management of an impacted maxillary central incisor in a 13-year-old girl. The impaction was caused by a crown malformation, resulting in a lack of space for eruption and alignment. The treatment involved creating space for the impacted tooth, surgically exposing the crown, and inducing eruption. The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate orthodontic and surgical management for impacted teeth, as they can affect dental aesthetics and social interaction. The interdisciplinary collaboration between various dental specialists was crucial for the successful outcome of the treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Orthodontic discrepancies are a common finding in patients with supernumerary teeth (ST). The presence of a ST can cause a number of orthodontic discrepancies, including delayed eruption or retention of adjacent teeth, crowding, spacing, and abnormal root formation. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of extraction of an anterior supernumerary tooth on the underlying orthodontic discrepancies without additional treatment for a 6-month period. Methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal, observational, study. It included 40 participants with orthodontic malocclusions due to maxillary anterior supernumeraries. We examined the changes in the crowding and excessive space in the anterior and posterior segments on cast models. Results: In the group that presented with crowding, a statistically significant decrease of 0.95 ± 0.17 mm (P < 0.001) was found between T0 and T1. Of the participants, three exhibited full self-correction. The excessive space at T0 (3.06 mm) decreased by 1.78 ± 0.19 mm to T1 (1.28 mm) in the anterior segment. Seven participants showed full self-correction of the diastemas after the 6-month observation period. Conclusion: The results imply that orthodontic treatment can be postponed for at least 6 months after the extraction of the supernumerary tooth as potential self-correction can be expected. This natural alleviation of the malocclusions may make the orthodontic treatment simpler, shorten the treatment time and decrease overall appliance wear time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aetiology of impacted canines is multi-factorial. Several theories have been proposed, such as lack of space, genetic predisposition, physical barriers like supernumerary teeth, odontomas and other conditions that interfere with the eruption pathway. One of the main complications that can be generated by impacted canines is the resorption of the root of the adjacent teeth. This case report examines the importance of interdisciplinary management of maxillary incisors with root resorption caused by impacted canines in a 13-year-old male patient. Careful traction of impacted canines and proper tissue management followed by space closure and retroclination of anterior incisors with orthodontic treatment. Finally, functional and aesthetic results using dental veneers for oral rehabilitation allowed the patient to obtain favourable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological changes that occur when mesiodens is located within the nasopalatine canal, as well as clinical characteristics. Methods Clinical records and CT images of patients who had mesiodens in the nasopalatine canal were retrospectively analysed. In addition to demographic information, clinical symptoms and complications associated with extraction of mesiodens were recorded. Using CT images, number, location, size, and tooth morphology were evaluated. Results This study included 32 patients and 38 mesiodens within the nasopalatine canal. Supernumerary teeth exhibited a characteristic feature of thin and elongated shape in the canal (narrow width and elongation were observed in 96.6% and 53.3% of the patients, respectively). Fusion was found in 4 patients and dilaceration in 12. A complication occurred in 2 patients, which was tooth remnant, not a neurologic complication. Only 5 mesiodens could be detected in the nasopalatine canal on panoramic images. Conclusions Morphological abnormalities in mesiodens within the nasopalatine canal were frequently detected, and these could be effectively diagnosed through 3D imaging analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An observational study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia to determine the occurrence of dental anomalies among Arabian children. The study included children of Saudi nationality with primary teeth. The study assessed the prevalence of dental anomalies in their primary dentition. The assessment and data collection were conducted by a single examiner, utilizing clinical examination and intra-oral radiographs. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine dental anomalies in relation to gender (boys and girls) and arch type (maxillary and mandibular). In addition, the study explored the occurrence of gender-specific dental anomalies depending on arch type. The data analysis was conducted using IBM Statistics (version 21.0) with a significance level of p < 0.05. In total, there were 245 children included in the final analysis. The study population consisted of boys (66%) and girls (34%), with an average age of 4.87 ± 0.9 years. Taurodontism was the most prevalent dental abnormality, occurring in 2.8% of the individuals in the study sample. The study sample exhibited hypodontia in 2%, supernumerary teeth in 2.4%, double teeth in 2%, and microdontia in 1.2%. Talon cusp and macrodontia have a relatively low incidence of 0.4%. Boys exhibit supernumerary teeth, microdontia, macrodontia, talon cusp, and taurodontism, whereas hypodontia and double teeth were more frequent in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Double teeth are dental anomalies that can lead to aesthetic and orthodontic problems. Case presentation: This report discusses two cases involving the multidisciplinary management of permanent maxillary left lateral incisors fused with a supernumerary tooth in two girls aged 9 and 10. Following intraoral and radiographic examinations, one was diagnosed with fusion, and the other was diagnosed with concrescence. The crown of the fused incisor was separated using a burs and extracted intraorally. The concrescent incisor was separated along its length using a laser and intentionally replanted extraorally. After a 6-year follow-up, no pathological signs were observed in the fused incisor. However, after an 11-year follow-up, external resorption was observed in the concrescent incisor. Conclusions: Both incisors remained asymptomatic throughout the observation period. This case report highlights two different and effective methods employed to preserve the natural function, form, and aesthetics of double incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyorchidism, the presence of more than two testes, usually presents as a painless scrotal mass or is diagnosed incidentally during the management of another condition.1 It is a rare congenital abnormality with approximately 200 reported cases in the literature. Most cases are found on the left side within the scrotum. We report a case of right-sided polyorchidism in a 9-year-old patient found incidentally during inguinal orchiopexy. As there is debate on the management of polyorchidism, a careful approach is required as the surgeon must decide between either scrotal fixation or the removal of the supernumerary testis. This case report will discuss the anatomical and clinical considerations when making this decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Replantation should be attempted in any case of avulsion, be it immediate or delayed. Retention of the replanted tooth helps in preservation of adjacent alveolar bone. Despite the occurrence of replacement resorption, the tooth can stay healthy and functional in the arch for a longer duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Dental fusion should be included in differential diagnosis when panoramic radiograph reveals changes in tooth shape or size. The use of specialized dental photographic techniques can augment the dentists' knowledge and awareness of such conditions. Dental fusion of impacted teeth may show up as a change in tooth shape and size on the first radiographic examination. This report presents an impacted maxillary third molar fused with a peg‐like distomolar in a 20‐year‐old male. The patient presented with symptoms of localized periodontitis distal to the second molar, and radiographic examination revealed abnormal dental structure of the third molar. Surgical extraction of the impacted molar was the treatment of choice. The final diagnosis of fusion was based on data from ex vivo CBCT, photographs of the extracted tooth, and extracted tooth's sections using polarizing filters. Two‐dimensional radiographs may conceal special dental anatomies. Visualization of such cases using CBCT and dental photography serves to educate dentists and reduce postoperative complications. Knowledge and awareness of possible dental abnormalities are of utmost importance for successful treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The early detection of impacted teeth is essential for the prevention of future malocclusions and possible lesions. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of impacted teeth and associated pathological lesions. Methods: One thousand six hundred and two panoramic radiographs were analyzed for this retrospective study. The prevalence of impacted teeth, the presence of supernumerary teeth and cystic or tumoral lesions associated, and the type of angulation of third molars using Winter's classification were accessed. The descriptive statistics and the Chi-squared test were performed (P < 0.05). Results: One thousand three hundred and ninety-seven panoramic radiographs fulfilled impacted criteria. A prevalence of 541 (38.7%) impacted teeth was observed, with the female gender significantly higher (P < 000.1). Of the total impacted teeth (n = 541), the overall mean impacted of lower third molars was 55.6%. Twenty-nine (5.3%) supernumerary teeth and four lesions were verified. The angulations most observed in the upper (76.6%) and lower (39.2%) third molars were vertical (P < 000.1) and mesioangulated (P < 000.1), respectively. Conclusion: The impacted tooth prevalence was 38.7%, more common in females than in males. The lower third molars presented the highest prevalence of impacted, and the most common angulations were vertical and mesioangulated. Only four associated lesions were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : To investigate the distribution of dental anomalies between non-syndromic orofacial cleft patients and their association with the cleft type and gender. Design : Retrospective cross-sectional study involving examination of intraoral dental records and radiographs. Patients : 300 non-syndromic orofacial cleft patients included (161 males and 139 females, mean age: 10.23 ± 2.3 years). Main Outcome Measures: Variables analyzed: tooth agenesis, microdontia, and supernumerary teeth. Data analysis: Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to investigate the correlation between dental anomalies, cleft type, and gender. Results : Agenesis occurred in 66% of the subjects, supernumerary teeth in 19.6%, and microdontia in 18.3%. In females with unilateral left cleft lip and palate (CLP), agenesis was significantly higher compared to males. Both genders presented significant agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors and right central incisor. Significant agenesis of central incisor, canine and second premolar on the upper left side and lower second premolars were observed only in males, with significant microdontia for maxillary lateral incisors and left central incisor. Significant agenesis of maxillary first premolars was seen only in females. Agenesis in maxillary quadrants was significant for patients with unilateral right and left CLP, and bilateral CLP. In mandibular quadrants, agenesis was substantially higher for patients with isolated CP. Conclusions : Results suggest that tooth agenesis and microdontia might not be directly associated with the cleft area's anatomical irregularity but are affected by gender and other genetic factors that regulate the development of the anomaly and the orofacial clefting mutually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supernumerary teeth are formed due to disturbances during the developmental stages of a tooth. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth is higher in the maxilla than the mandible and shows a predilection for the male gender. They may also demonstrate a familial tendency. Such teeth may lead to complications like impaction/altering the eruption path of adjacent teeth, as well as an increased risk of pathologies. Management of these extra teeth is mandated as and when they have been screened, identified, and noted to damage the adjacent teeth or other dentoalveolar structures. This case report presents an extremely rare case of distomolars in all four quadrants in a non-syndromic patient with no positive familial history.

Key Clinical Message: Polymelia (supernumerary limbs) is an extremely rare congenital condition in humans. Because congenital anorectal malformation is a relatively common complication of polymelia and it may require emergency surgery as in the present case, accompanying malformations must be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Mesiodens are supernumerary teeth located in the pre-maxilla between the two central incisors with a prevalence rate of 0.15–1.9%. An impacted mesiodens may cause delayed eruption of permanent incisors, ectopic eruption, pathological disturbances and malalignment of teeth. Patient Concerns: The patient complained of missing upper front teeth associated with pain in the same region for two weeks. Diagnosis: Upon clinical and radiographic examination, it was diagnosed as triple impacted mesiodens with impacted permanent maxillary central incisors. Treatment: The clinicians in the study approached the issue by surgical removal of the impacted mesiodens and orthodontic treatment for extrusion of the impacted permanent maxillary central incisors. Outcomes: The patient was relieved of the pre-operative concerns and followed up regularly for the eruption of permanent maxillary central incisors. Take-away Lessons: The authors advocate the importance of timely diagnosis and proper management of such rare pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]