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The present paper describes a converter where both series and parallel resonant circuits are used. In order to minimize losses, switching is made at zero current crossover (ZCS). The converter described in this paper has four MOS-controlled thyristor (MCTs) in H-bridge configuration (Full bridge). It is used for an induction cooking-range with two hot zones. The switching frequency is 50 kHz. To optimize the system efficiency, different control strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a fuzzy model for reliability evaluation of captive power plant maintenance scheduling optimizing safety and reliability incorporating uncertain forced outage rate and load representation. Such a model is a combination of probabilistic fuzzy state (PROFUST) model and fuzzy load model. In PROFUST model, fuzzy numbers represent the failure and repair rates of generating units because it is inadequate from pragmatic prospective to represent them by crisp numbers. As the maintenance tends to be based on experience-based skills, therefore the fuzzy forced outage rate (fuzzy FOR) based on expert evaluation reflects the condition of operation and maintenance of thermal generating units more realistically compared to a constant failure and repair rate model yielding constant FOR value. The uncertainties due to load forecasting lead to fuzzy load model. Particularly the utilities catered by captive power plants are very sensitive to power failure and the reliability evaluation corroborates the effect of uncertainties through fuzzy loss of load probability (FLOLP) index. Case studies for the maintenance scheduling of a captive power plant catering to an aluminum smelter have been formulated based on both classical probabilistic as well as fuzzy model and comparisons of FLOLP demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The importance of strengthening grid resilience has grown with the increase in environmental destruction and modern power grid complexity, as a consequence of power outages inflicted by human intrusion and extreme weather events. Micro-grids (MGs) have proven to be a viable alternative in such circumstances. However, these occurrences are highly unpredictable, resulting in unintended islands of MGs with negative consequences. As a response, alerting its distributed generations about unintended island is indeed a crucial issue for enhancing grid resilience with MG. Therefore, it is essential to develop a technique for the efficient and accurate detection of unintended islands. There has been an increase in the use of micro-phasor measurement units (µ-PMUs) in MG. In the perspective of this, using an efficient µ-PMU, the research provides a method for finding unintended islands in a MG. The µ-PMU analyses the solar generator bus voltage and analyzes it with symmetrical components for island identification. This study introduces a µ-PMU based Fortescue-transform and random forest algorithm method for rapid detection of unintended islanding in distribution generation system. The approach monitors voltage phasor of zero and negative sequence, calculating angular sum over time to distinguish islanding event from other disturbance. Using Matlab/Simulink, the proposed method is evaluated on the IEEE-34 node distribution network. Multiple simulations provide validation for the method’s resilient performance. The methodology proposed has a detection time of 20 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unplanned islanding of micro-grids is a significant barrier to supplying continuous power to key customers. The identification of the islanding moments must be rapid to enable the distributed generators (DG) to perform control measures in the shortest possible period. Micro phasor measuring units (µ-PMU) are gaining popularity in distribution systems and micro grids as a result of their ability to produce high-quality data at a high speed. These µ-PMUs can be utilized to detect islands. However, the µ-PMU relies heavily on the communication system for transmission of data, which is vulnerable to cyberattacks. In consideration of the previous technique, this research provides a smart island detection application with µ-PMU having lowered cyberattack probabilities. This representation is equipped with a µ-PMU implemented on the relevant DG’s bus. The voltage data acquired from these µ-PMUs are processed using the sequence transformation in order to simulate the sequence component angle. The angular sum of the negative and positive sequence components is evaluated and the maximum value is deployed for detection of islanding. MATLAB/Simulink tests the proposed approach through an IEEE-34 node distribution network. Multiple simulations demonstrate the robustness of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, analysis of a high-efficiency grid-connected pump hydro energy storage (PHES) system that uses a bidirectional brushless DC (BLDC) machine is presented. The proposed layout is substantially less complicated since it uses an electronic power conditioning system to make all necessary modifications before connecting to the power grid, which removes the need for any mechanical components. This allows for the power plant's reliability to be improved while simultaneously reducing costs. An exhaustive model of the PHES system is created, and a two-tiered synchronous reference control technique for a grid side converter and a simple PI controller for the machine side converter is developed. Hardware data from a compact experimental setup are used to analyse the efficacy of the proposed PHES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Perfect modeling of the building‐integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) module circuit equivalent is required for examining the operation of a BIPV system. Before designing the power electronic converters of an overall BIPV system, a perfect diode modeling is required that usually resembles the I‐V and P‐V characteristics of the BIPV modules. In this research article, different types of diode modeling of BIPV systems along with their comparative analysis based on the Lambert W function in MATLAB/Simulink environment is presented. The main aim of this research article is to analyze Mprime transparent M 115‐130P‐FI BIPV modules (115 Wp and 130 Wp) and compare the existing diode models in terms of accuracy and extraction of unknown parameters for the same. Simulation results for Lambert W function based comparison of the five‐parameter model (FPM), seven‐parameter model (SPM) and nine‐parameter model (NPM) power of 115 Wp and 130 Wp BIPV modules along with their percentage errors are well presented. Lambert W function based comparison of FPM, SPM, and NPM is further made at different values of irradiations and temperatures respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sagar Island which is located in the world's largest delta, the Sunderban, in the eastern coast of India faces severe power crunch. Due to its isolated location, the power infrastructure is underdeveloped. This has led to very unreliable power supply and frequent power cuts. The island being economically weak, power is inaccessible to most of its residents. Thus, the per unit energy consumption of the area is low and it has led to the lowering of the human development index of the area. However, Sagar Island, owing to its location, has huge solar and wind power potential. This paper discusses the prospect of developing a solar-wind hybrid power plant to supply power to the area. The developed hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) power plant will provide uninterrupted power to the island. Results show that the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from the proposed power plant is 0.03707 $/kWh, which is lower than the LCOE from the available grid. Lowering the cost of electricity will make electricity accessible to most of the inhabitants of the island. This will, in turn, increase the per unit energy consumption and hence the human development index. The proposed power plant will also help the environment by reducing CO2 emissions by 1894.08 tonnes annually. It will also save 587.39 tonnes of coal in its lifetime. Hence, the HRES power plant will make power accessible and also help Sagar Island to become a renewable fed "Green Island.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Induction heating (IH) technology is increasingly implemented in domestic, industrial as well as medical applications in the modern era. Designing of modern IH system incorporates high frequency (HF) resonant converter that results in the generation of HF harmonics. The HF harmonics has an inherent tendency to back flow toward the supply side and deteriorates the power quality at the grid side. So, in order to mitigate this power quality issue, a single phase Vienna rectifier (1-ø VR) based IH system has been proposed. Hysteresis and pulse density modulation controller is employed in the proposed IH system. The unidirectional nature of VR protects the overall IH system from the HF harmonics. VR also improves the power factor of the input supply along with low total harmonic distortion of input current. The feasibility of the proposed IH system is validated through MATLAB/Simulink environment. Finally, an experimental prototype of 1200 W has been developed and further correlated with the simulation results to verify the uniqueness of the proposed IH system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity demand of the world is growing at a rapid pace. On the other hand, pollution levels due to conventional power generating techniques are drastically increasing and resulting in harmful environmental issues and impacts. As an alternative to this, renewable or clean energy generation from solar photovoltaic's (PV) in large scale grid connected systems is being increasingly encouraged at the present time. One of the emerging trends in solar PV module power generation is building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. It meets the local load demands of the building or residential systems and can be used as a stand-alone or on-grid connected system. This paper briefs about the development and recent trends related to renewable energy generation from BIPV systems and its maximum power generation techniques. It also describes both the current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) characteristics of various BIPV products at dissimilar values of solar irradiation. With BIPV, the building or residential components like the roof, an outer wall, window glass, etc., are replaced by PV array module and hence a dual purpose is served with a reduction in the overall cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow head of an orifice-type capacitive flow sensor for a conducting liquid consists of a vertically mounted metallic orifice plate in a horizontal pipeline made of insulating material and a rigidly grounded metallic ring or sensing ring placed surrounding the pipeline at a small distance from the orifice plate where the capacitance between the orifice plate and the sensing ring follows a linear relationship with flow rate as reported in the literature. In this paper, a further study on the effect of position of the sensing ring on the sensor capacitance has been carried out along with the modification of the simple parallel plate capacitance principle described in the earlier work by the real disk-type capacitance principle. From this paper, it has been observed that for any position of the sensing ring near the orifice plate, the sensor capacitance decreases linearly with the increase of flow rate and follows the modified capacitance principle similarly as that observed in earlier work. It has also been observed that the sensing ring distance-sensor capacitance product increases almost linearly with the increase of sensing ring distance. From the experimental study of the proposed orifice type capacitive flow sensors installed on two different pipelines, the said modified theory of the sensor appears to be verified in the present paper where the experimental results are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel step-up switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) structure. The proposed structure comprises 2 unequal DC voltage sources, 4 capacitors, and 14 unidirectional power switches. It can synthesize 21 output voltage levels. The important features of the proposed topology are its self-voltage boosting and inherent capacitor voltage balancing capabilities. Furthermore, a cascaded structure of the proposed SCMLI with an asymmetric DC voltage source configuration is presented. The proposed topology and its cascaded structure are compared with conventional and other recently developed topologies in terms of different aspects, such as the required components to produce a specific number of output voltage levels, the total standing voltage (TSV) and peak inverse voltage of the structure, and the maximum number of switches in the conducting path. Furthermore, a cost function is developed to verify the cost-effectiveness of the proposed topology with respect to other topologies. The TSV of the proposed topology is significantly lower than those of other topologies. Moreover, the developed topology is cost-effective compared with other topologies. A detailed operating principle, power loss analysis, and selection procedure for switched capacitors are presented for the proposed SCMLI structure. Extensive simulation and experimental studies of a 21-level inverter structure prove the effectiveness and merits of the proposed SCMLI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is still the most widespread control strategy in the industry. PID controllers have gained popularity due to their simplicity, better control performance and excellent robustness to uncertainties. This paper presents the optimal tuning of a PID controller for domestic induction heating systems with a series resonant inverter for controlling the induction heating power. The objective is to design a stable and superior control system by tuning the PID controller with a derivative filter (PIDF) through Fuzzy logic. The paper also compares the performance of the Fuzzy PIDF controller with that of a Ziegler-Nichols PID controller and a fine-tuned PID controller with a derivative filter. The system modeling and controllers are simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results obtained show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed Fuzzy PID controller with a derivative filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel circuit topology of modified switched boost high frequency hybrid resonant inverter fitted induction heating equipment is presented in this paper for efficient induction heating. Recently, induction heating technique is becoming very popular for both domestic and industrial purposes because of its high energy efficiency and controllability. Generally in induction heating, a high frequency alternating magnetic field is required to induce the eddy currents in the work piece. High frequency resonant inverters are incorporated in induction heating equipment which produce a high frequency alternating magnetic field surrounding the coil. Previously this high frequency alternating magnetic field was produced by voltage source inverters. But VSIs have several demerits. So, in this paper, a new scheme of modified switched boost high frequency hybrid resonant inverter fitted induction heating equipment has been depicted which enhances the energy efficiency and controllability and the same is validated by PSIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Distributed power flow controller can be considered as advance power flow controller which is combination of series and shunt compensator without DC link. In this paper Space vector Pulse width Modulation employs in Distributed power flow Controller for Harmonics Reduction and power quality improvement. A new technique SVPWM adopted which reduces the harmonics and the same time improves power quality and increase transient stability. In this paper a new technique of Multi objective Grey wolf algorithm used to optimize the controller parameter of DPFC. For the design of PI controller GWO algorithm can be used for better optimistic performance of DPFC. As a result of that power quality and voltage profile improves drastically and the same time harmonics also reduced remarkable level of 4.62% of Voltage THD and 1.8% of current THD. The simulation result and hardware model Prove the feasibility of proposed Configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotor turn short circuit fault of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in the distribution system has a significant issue caused by unbalance loading. This fault has a significant electromagnetic impact on the rotor winding in relation to the machine’s external equipment. As a result, while designing the power system distribution network, the PMSMs rotor winding short circuit current limitation receives majority of attention. For simulation a 3-phase short-circuit model of synchronous generator is developed here by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Therefore, a method is used to determine a PMSM’s internal winding quantity in the event of a short circuit, as well as its location within the distribution network. The PMSM is energized with a small sinusoidal voltage at standstill situation in this suggested approach to compute the synchronous inductance and winding resistance through the output current. It has been demonstrated that the number of shorted windings may be calculated using the variation of output current caused by an internal winding short circuit event under zero fault resistance condition. Except for intricate machine modelling or investigation of machine internal winding short circuit models comprising several tappings, this useful technique can be used to determine fault intensity for a specific synchronous machine. This paper primarily addressed on fault extremity protection strategies using before-fault and after-fault activities by employing harmonic filters. A three-phase synchronous machine model with a protective system is implemented in the distribution network using MATLAB/SIMULINK is taken into consideration in order to verify the findings. The results presented in this work are vital to a complete solution that includes fault reduction techniques. Harmonics elimination and instant fault mitigation techniques with load unbalancing are analyzed based on effective outcomes to judge the system stability and feasibility of the short circuit current intensity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The approach does not use data communication channel for island detection. • It greatly reduces the chances of cyber-attack. • The method employs the angle difference between positive and negative sequence phase angle. • The approach is computationally simple and has a low detection time of 10 ms. Unplanned islanding of microgrids is a major hindrance in providing continuous power supply to the critical loads. The detection of these islanding instants needs to be very fast so that the distributed generators (DG) are able to take control actions in minimum time. Due to high quality data at a rapid rate, micro phasor measurement unit (μ-PMU) are becoming widely popular in distribution system and micro grids. These μ-PMUs can be leveraged for island detection. However, the working of μ-PMU is hugely dependent on communication network for data transmission which is prone to cyber-attacks. In view of the above facts, the paper proposes an intelligent island detection approach by μ-PMU with reduced chances of cyber-attack. This visualisation is furnished with a μ-PMU established on the bus of the respective DG. The obtained voltage data of these μ-PMU are to be treated further via the Fortescue-transform to calculate the sequence component angle within μ-PMU. The difference in angle existing between the positive and negative sequence components is calculated and employed for island detection and carrying out suitable measures. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE-34 node distribution network in Matlab/Simulink. The robust performance of the method is justified through various simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a nine level (9-L) asymmetrical switched-capacitor multilevel inverter (ASCMLI) based induction heated (IH) autoclave for sterilization in medical applications is proposed. Due to the several benefits of multilevel inverter such as controlling of voltage magnitude and hence uniformity of heat is maintained at the load side as compared to conventional heating of autoclave. It has two common ground-connected dc voltage sources, which makes it ideal for usage in medical applications. Moreover, the development of a compact autoclave is carried out in this work that has a much reduced running time without sacrificing the quality of its sterilization. Further, the sterilization schedule for conventional and IH autoclave is presented in different temperature and pressure condition. The distributions of magnetic flux density and induced eddy current density in the multilevel inverter based IH autoclave were also exhibited. Finally, the performance of the proposed system are validated by simulation and experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a comprehensive three-step framework for fault classification in underground cable systems. The first step involves the implementation of the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) technique to detect the fault instances, which will help in precisely tracking the affected portions. The second step focuses on parameter estimation techniques, followed by the third step, which incorporates classification techniques. The study employs a range of evolutionary optimization algorithms, including Ant Colony Optimization, Bacteria Foraging Optimization, Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization. These algorithms are effectively employed to track and estimate parameters like amplitude, phase, frequency, and damping factor associated with various types of permanent faults, such as L-G fault, L-L fault, L-L-G fault, and L-L-L-G fault generated in the underground cable. The optimized parameters extracted through these algorithms are utilized as features within a Support Vector Classifier for fault classification. The overall accuracy of the classifier using these features is reported to be 0.944, which is quite high and indicates a strong performance in classifying faults. The study includes a brief comparison of the performance of these bio-inspired algorithms. The effectiveness of the tracking algorithms is validated through the use of laboratory-tested current signals. In addition, the signals are subjected to varying signal-to-noise ratios to evaluate the robustness of the tracking algorithm. A comparative analysis is performed to estimate the accurate parameters and highlights the significant tracking ability of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which outperforms other algorithms.The Root Mean Squared Percentage Error (RMSPE) for the L-G fault in PSO is 0.3082, showing superior performance compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high tension power measurement, potential transformer (PT) and current transformer (CT) are used in order to reduce high tension voltage and current, respectively. But both PT and CT suffer from ratio error and phase angle error, which may produce severe error in power measurement. In the present paper, modified designs of PT and CT are combined to develop an electronic power measurement circuit in order to reduce the measurement errors. The modified PT and CT have reduced phase angle error and ratio error. In the power measurement circuit, the instantaneous product of the outputs of these PT and CT is determined by using a simple light emitting diode (LED)-light dependent register (LDR) or LED-LDR-based product circuit. The operation of the proto type power measurement unit designed in the present work has been experimentally tested and the measured outputs are compared with the readings of laboratory standard wattmeter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. Very good linear characteristics are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative in-depth investigation of the energy standings, opportunities and the barriers that occur in the expansion of renewable energy in the Asia's two fastest growing economies, i.e. India and China. These two countries contain almost 36% of the world's population and constitute the fastest emerging hub for trade and industries in the energy sector in which different types of energy resources are sought to meet the energy demands. Non-conventional sources of energy are the inevitable alternative for the achievement of economic improvement, ecological balance, nature friendly environment and sustainable development. It is recommended to eliminate the obstacles to achieving the estimated energy targets of the 13th financial year plan (FYP) of both nations and stimulate the enhancement of the rate of green energy resources exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the countries that are developing at a very fast rate. To meet the need for this rapid growth, there is a huge need of energy. India is still predominantly an agricultural based economy. To meet this huge energy need, generation of power is needed at an exorbitant rate. The power generation of India is majorly dependent on coal. India imports coal from other countries which results in an increase in the per unit cost of energy produced. Thermal power plants also have a major disadvantage of producing greenhouse gases and polluting the environment. This has resulted in an increased stress in renewable energy generation. To ensure energy security, there is a need for finding out the right mix of energy produced by various energy sources. A model is being developed to create a long term energy plan considering the Indian economy to ensure energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the current energy status and the obstacles related to the development of solar and wind capacity in India. The fast growing demand of electricity exerts huge pressure on the conventional energy sources. Due to the intermittent nature of irradiation and wind velocity, hybrid grid structure is more preferable in the present scenario. The use of alternative energy sources like solar and wind is the measure, which helps to attain eco-friendly, green environment. It decreases the dependency on fossil fuel energy for the highly populated country like India. Elimination of the hurdles discussed in the article works serves as a catalyst for the sustainable development of the country. The proposed paper deals with the problems which need to be solved in order to accomplish the solar wind energy project planned by the government of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]