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Aims The evolutionary history and functional traits of species can illuminate ecological processes supporting coexistence in diverse forest communities. However, little has been done in decoupling the relative importance of these mechanisms on the turnover of phylogenetic and functional characteristics across life stages and spatial scales. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the contribution of environment and dispersal on the turnover of phylogenetic and functional diversity across life stages and spatial scales, in order to build a coherent picture of the processes responsible for species coexistence. Methods We conducted the study in Xishuangbanna Forest Dynamics Plot in Yunnan Province, southwest China. We used four different spatial point process models to estimate the relative importance of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. The functional traits and phylogenetic relationships of all individual trees were incorporated in the analyses to generate measures of dissimilarity in terms of pairwise and nearest-neighbor phylogenetic and functional characteristics across life stages and spatial scales. Important Findings We found non-random patterns of phylogenetic and functional turnover across life stages and spatial scales. Environmental filtering structured pairwise phylogenetic and functional beta diversity across spatial scales, while dispersal limitation alone, and in combination with environment filtering, shaped nearest neighbor phylogenetic and functional beta diversity. The relative importance of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering appeared to change with life stage but not with spatial scale. Our findings suggest that phylogenetic and functional beta diversity help to reveal the ecological processes responsible for evolutionary and functional assembly and highlight the importance of using a range of different metrics to gain full insights into these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litter inputs are expected to have a strong impact on soil N2O efflux. This study aimed to assess the effects of the litter decomposition process and nutrient efflux from litter to soil on soil N2O efflux in a tropical rainforest. A paired study with a control (L) treatment and a litter-removed (NL) treatment was followed for 2 years, continuously monitoring the effects of these treatments on soil N2O efflux, fresh litter input, decomposed litter carbon (LCI) and nitrogen (LNI), soil nitrate (NO3−-N), ammonium (NH4+-N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved nitrogen (DN). Soil N2O flux was 0.48 and 0.32 kg N2O-N ha−1 year−1 for the L and NL treatments, respectively. Removing the litter caused a decrease in the annual soil N2O emission by 33%. The flux values from the litter layer were higher in the rainy season as compared to the dry season (2.10 ± 0.28 vs. 1.44 ± 0.35 μg N m−2 h−1). The N2O fluxes were significantly correlated with the soil NO3−-N contents (P < 0.05), indicating that the N2O emission was derived mainly from denitrification as well as other NO3− reduction processes. Suitable soil temperature and moisture sustained by rainfall were jointly attributed to the higher soil N2O fluxes of both treatments in the rainy season. The N2O fluxes from the L were mainly regulated by LCI, whereas those from the NL were dominated jointly by soil NO3− content and temperature. The effects of LCI and LNI on the soil N2O fluxes were the greatest in the 2 months after litter decomposition. Our results show that litter may affect not only the variability in the quantity of N2O emitted, but also the mechanisms that govern N2O production. However, further studies are still required to elucidate the impacting mechanisms of litter decomposition on N2O emission from tropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks a further understanding on climate trends in a subtropical mountain forest, SW China. Air ( Ta) and soil temperature ( Ts), both in open land (1983-2010) and under a forest canopy (1986-2010), were investigated. Short-term radiation components were also measured simultaneously both in open land and understory to explore the relationships of microclimatic variables. Correlations of Ta and Ts with sunshine hours ( St) and wind speed ( Ws) were also analysed as driving factors of the temperature trends. The results showed that (1) Understory radiation components were greatly reduced by the forest canopy, showing a strong effect of forest canopy on microclimatic variables. Ts_0 in open land was significantly correlated with solar radiation. Wind speed had significant influences on differences between Ta and Ts_0, between open land Ts_0 and understory Ts_0. The long-term data showed that Ts_0 under forest canopy were closely coupled with Ta in open land. (2) Ta had a larger increase than Ts_0 in open land, and temperature increases in winter were greater than in other seasons. Soil temperature at depths under forest canopy had nearly twice the increases of those on open land; we attributed this to the higher relative increase of Ws over St. (3) A slope change in 1998 was detected in the Ts_0 and Ta difference ( Ts_0 − Ta) series, suggesting different response of Ts_0 and Ta since that year. Deceleration of St and stability of Ws may have been factors. This study improves our understanding of warming in a nature reserve where anthropogenic influences are absent. Further studies are needed for the biological and biochemical implications on subtropical mountain forest. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free, (B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were –50.0 ± 4.0, –35.9 ± 2.8, –31.6 ± 2.8 μgC/(m2·h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were –4.1, –3.1, and –2.9 kgC/hm2, respectively. The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were 30.9 ± 3.1, 28.2 ± 3.5, 50.2±3.7 μgN/(m2·h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were –4.1, –3.1, and –2.9 kgC/hm2, respectively. The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were 30.9 ± 3.1, 28.2 ± 3.5, 50.2±3.7 μgN/(m2·h), respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm 2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P < 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• In situ 15NO 3 −-N labeling experiment for microbial processes of N 2 O production. • Only 0.027% of 15 NO 3 −-N was lost as N 2 O. • Of the total N 2 O production, 3.1% was from 15N-labeled NO 3 −. • 48.6% of the total N 2 O was from the added NH 4 + and the simulated native N. • H + AN, D and Co-D contributed 97.6%, 1.6% and 0.9% of total N 2 O, respectively. Tropical forests are important contributors for N 2 O emissions from soil to the atmosphere; however, the microbial processes responsible for soil N 2 O production in tropical forest soils remain unclear. In this study, we employed a 40-day-long in situ 15NO 3 − labeling experiment to determine the microbial processes that are responsible for N 2 O production in an undisturbed tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. We observed that during the experiment, most of the 15N-labeled NO 3 − were immobilized and only 0.027% was emitted as N 2 O. Of the total N 2 O production, 3.1% was from the added 15N-labeled NO 3 −, 48.6% was from the added NH 4 + and native N. Within the first 27 h, nitrification (heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification) was the predominant microbial process of N 2 O production, accounting for 97.6% of total soil N 2 O emissions, whereas denitrification and co-denitrification resulted in only 1.6% and 0.9% emissions, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that nitrification, rather than denitrification, is the predominant microbial process of N 2 O production in situ in the study area in the tropical forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) cycle is very important for forest ecosystem, and soil N mineralization rate is often used as the index of soil N availability and its losses. Using Close-Top incubation method, we measured the N mineralization rate in soils (0-15 cm) of monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, seasonal rain forest, rubber plantation, heavily disturbed seasonal rain forest, Millettia laptobotrya secondary forest and upland rice field. The results showed that the net N mineralization rate and N nitrification rate were decreased in the sequence of heavily disturbed seasonal rain forest > Millettia laptobotrya secondary forest > seasonal rain forest > monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest > rubber plantation > upland rice field. Rubber plantation and upland rice field were the most seriously disturbed land use patterns. Their soil N storage and mineralization rate were very low and exhibited significant variations, compared with other land use patterns. Lower net N mineralization rate correlated with lower N storage, and also, with lower fungi numbers. The N mineralization rate in disturbed forest soil which had recovered for several years was similar to that in primary forest soil, but decreased significantly when the forests were converted to agricultural land.