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Deep learning is a promising solution for computer vision at present. To solve the computer vision problem, it requires massive and high-quality image training datasets. Collecting and accurately labeling image datasets is a very time-consuming and expensive process. As computer vision applications become more widespread, it makes this problem even more pronounced. Image augmentation technologies are technical methods to effectively solve the problem of deep learning training under the condition of small-scale or low-quality training data. These technologies are continually accompanied with the development of deep learning and computer vision. This paper first reviews these image augmentation researches from the perspective of augmentation objects, operation spaces, label processing methods, and augmentation strategies and then concludes corresponding paradigms of current image data augmentation methods. After that, this paper proposes a taxonomy for current image data augmentation guided by the above paradigms, and reviews corresponding representative methods of each image data augmentation category. Finally, this paper makes conclusions on existing image data augmentation, points out the problems existing in the current image augmentation research and presents promising directions for future research.

Abstract Prostate cancer is a major cause of death in males. Cyproterone acetate (CPA), the steroidal anti-androgen for part of androgen deprivation therapy, may block the androgen-receptor interaction and then reduce serum testosterone through its weak anti-gonadotropic action. In addition to CPA inducing hepatitis, CPA is known to cause liver tumors in rats also. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor and regulates multiple physiological functions. CYP1A1 is an AhR-targeted gene. We found that CPA induced CYP1A1 expression, transcriptional activity of the aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE), and the nuclear localization of AhR in mouse Hepa-1c1c7 cells. However, CPA suppressed CYP1A1 mRNA expression and the transcriptional activity of AHRE in human HepG2 and MCF7 cells, and also decreased AhR ligand-induced CYP1A1 protein expression and transcriptional activity of AHRE in HepG2 cells. In summary, CPA is an AhR agonist in mouse cells, but an AhR antagonist in human cells. Accordingly, CPA potentially plays a role as an endocrine disruptor of the AhR. This study helps us to understand why CPA induces acute hepatitis, gene mutation, and many other side effects. In addition, it may trigger further studies investigating the relationships between CPA, glucocorticoid receptor and castration-resistant prostate cancer in the future.

To study the imaging features of leukoaraiosis (LA) and hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) patients.

IntroductionIntegrating training on health equity of sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in medical education has been challenging globally despite emphasis on the need for medical students to develop competence to provide adequate care for diverse patient groups. This study elicits Taiwanese medical students' perceptions of their values and preparedness to care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender (LGBT) patients using a qualitative approach that considers broader societal changes, and more focused topics such as the provision of relevant training in medical education.MethodsEighty-nine medical students/trainees from two southern Taiwanese medical schools (one public and one private) participated in focus groups (n = 70) and individual interviews (n = 19). Qualitative analysis was conducted using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants (i) expressed wide social acceptance and openness toward LGBT individuals, but were unsure of ways to communicate with LGBT patients; (ii) confirmed that stigmatization and biases might be developed during their training; (iii) recognized gender stereotypes could have negative impacts on clinical reasoning; (iv) considered themselves prepared to care for LGBT patients, yet equated non-discriminatory attitudes to preparedness; (v) acknowledged a lack of relevant professional skills; (vi) implicated curriculum did not address LGBT issues systematically and explicitly.ConclusionThis study has identified the insufficiencies of current medical training and inadequate preparedness of medical students/trainees to provide better care for LGBT patients. It provides insights for medical educators to design and implement effective medical curriculum and training, and faculty development programs to equip medical students/trainees with self-awareness and competencies to more readily provide holistic care for SGM, in keeping up with social progress, and promote health equity for a more diverse patient population.

鑑於金融機構之經濟重大影響性，本文自金融機構角度切入，介紹揭弊者保護理論及相關規範，以凸顯我國揭弊者保護仍為不足之現況，並援引美國法案例與制度，以對我國法務部廉政署研擬，並於 2020 年 4 月 8 日經立委提案之「公益揭弊者保護法草案」做一檢視。本文依據揭弊者與其他行為人間之身分關係，將揭弊者劃分為不同類型，因應各類型揭弊者所面臨之困境，提出相應之保護措施，並以金融機構之產業特性及現存弊病，說明金融機構中揭弊者保護制度建立之必要性。由於我國揭弊者保護相關法制闕漏，且美國法之金融機構吹哨者保護相關法制齊備，如沙賓法Sarbanes-Oxley Act）、華爾街改革與消費者保護法（Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act）即詳盡規範相關保護、獎勵措施，且相關案例繁多可供借鑑，因此本文援引美國法案例及制度，以輔助檢視揭弊者保護法草案，以期完善揭弊者保護制度，並對金融機構及主管機關於揭弊者法制建構後，提出相關應行作為建議。 This study focuses on the whistleblower protection policy in Taiwan and compares Taiwan’s policy with the U.S. laws. The financial industry in U.S. has a long history and developed successfully, which could provide Taiwan’s legal reform a reference model. In Taiwan, whistleblower bears unfair burdens and culture stigma. Lacking of sufficient protection forces whistleblower to take risks of personal safety and retaliation in workplace. On the contrast, the U.S. legal system provides whistleblower protection comprehensively including identity’s confidentiality, prevention from workplace retaliation and legal remedies. Corporations are required to establish compliant system and protection mechanism. Due to the insufficiency of current whistleblower protection policy, Taiwan’s Agency Against Corruption at Ministry of Justice proposed Whistleblower Protection Act in the end of 2018. The bill in now under the review at the Congress. This article will analyze and give comments to the bill as well. Hopefully, Taiwan could own its whistleblower protection law as soon as possible.

The fungi kingdom is composed of eukaryotic heterotrophs, which are responsible for balancing the ecosystem and play a major role as decomposers. They also produce a vast diversity of secondary metabolites, which have antibiotic or pharmacological properties. However, our lack of knowledge of gene function in fungi precludes us from tailoring them to our needs and tapping into their metabolic diversity. To help remedy this, we gathered genomic and gene expression data of 19 most widely-researched fungi to build an online tool, fungi.guru, which contains tools for cross-species identification of conserved pathways, functional gene modules, and gene families. We exemplify how our tool can elucidate the molecular function, biological process and cellular component of genes involved in various biological processes, by identifying a secondary metabolite pathway producing gliotoxin in Aspergillus fumigatus, the catabolic pathway of cellulose in Coprinopsis cinerea and the conserved DNA replication pathway in Fusarium graminearum and Pyricularia oryzae. The tool is available at www.fungi.guru.

The generation of art images using computers has been studied recently. A new type of art image called a stripe-based Futurism-like image, and its application to covert communication, are proposed. Firstly, a source image is segmented into regions. The region corners are extracted by chain code analysis, and polygon approximation is conducted accordingly to simplify the region shapes. Then, each region is partitioned into stripes according to the region direction and the stripes are filled with the region’s average color, or the color white alternatively, resulting in an image with the abstraction and dynamism of Futurism. Furthermore, a data hiding method is proposed to embed a secret message into the created art image by filling the stripes with the aforementioned colors in a message-dependent fashion, with the message bits being adjusted beforehand by a 2-to-3 mapping scheme to avoid filling a region’s stripes with consecutive identical colors. Furthermore, hidden data security is enhanced by randomizing both the message-bit embedding order and the region processing sequence via the use of a secret key. By processing a database of 100 images, good experimental results of art image creation and secure message hiding have been obtained, showing the feasibility of the proposed methods for covert communication.

The seven-factor biopsychosocial model of personality distinguished four biologically based temperaments and three psychosocially based characters. Previous studies have suggested that the four temperaments-novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence (RD), harm avoidance (HA), and persistence (P)-have their respective neurobiological correlates, especially in the striatum-connected subcortical and cortical networks. However, few studies have investigated their neurobiological basis in the form of fiber connectivity between brain regions. This study correlated temperaments with fiber connectivity between the striatum and subcortical and cortical hub regions in a sample of 50 Chinese adult males. Generally consistent with our hypotheses, results showed that: (1) NS was positively correlated with fiber connectivity from the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC, lOFC) and amygdala to the striatum; (2) RD was positively correlated with fiber connectivity from the mOFC, posterior cingulate cortex/retrosplenial cortex (PCC), hippocampus, and amygdala to the striatum; (3) HA was positively linked to fiber connectivity from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and PCC to the striatum; and (4) P was positively linked to fiber connectivity from the mOFC to the striatum. These results extended the research on the neurobiological basis of temperaments by identifying their anatomical fiber connectivity correlates within the subcortical-cortical neural networks.

Genetic targeting (e.g., gene knockout and tagging) based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a simple yet powerful approach for studying gene functions. Although originally developed in classic budding and fission yeast models, the same principle applies to other eukaryotic systems with efficient homologous recombination. One‐step PCR‐based genetic targeting is conventionally used but the sizes of the homologous arms that it generates for recombination‐mediated genetic targeting are usually limited. Alternatively, gene targeting can also be performed via fusion PCR, which can create homologous arms that are orders of magnitude larger, therefore substantially increasing the efficiency of recombination‐mediated genetic targeting. Here, we present GetPrimers (https://www.evomicslab.org/app/getprimers/), a generalized computational framework and web tool to assist automatic targeting and verification primer design for both one‐step PCR‐based and fusion PCR‐based genetic targeting experiments. Moreover, GetPrimers by design runs for any given genetic background of any species with full genome scalability. Therefore, GetPrimers is capable of empowering high‐throughput functional genomic assays at multipopulation and multispecies levels. Comprehensive experimental validations have been performed for targeting and verification primers designed by GetPrimers across multiple organism systems and experimental setups. We anticipate GetPrimers to become a highly useful and popular tool to facilitate easy and standardized gene modification across multiple systems. Take‐away: Developed GetPrimers for generalized primer design of PCR‐based genetic targeting.GetPrimers shines with its high versatility and genome‐wide scalability.GetPrimers was validated across multiple organisms and experimental setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]