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大気球シンポジウム 平成21年度 (2009年10月1-2日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部), 相模原, 神奈川, Balloon Symposium 2008 (October 1-2, 2009. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 14人, Number of authors: 14, 資料番号: AA0064736038

第9回宇宙科学シンポジウム(2009年1月6日-7日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部), 形態: カラー図版あり, 著者人数: 12名, 資料番号: AA0064293066

大気球シンポジウム 平成20年度 (2008年9月25-26日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部), Balloon Symposium 2008 (September 25-26, 2008. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 12人, Number of authors: 12, 資料番号: AA0064735024

大気球シンポジウム 平成19年度（2007年12月13-14日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部 (JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県), Balloon Symposium 2007 (December 13-14, 2007. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 14名, 資料番号: SA6000089035

大気球シンポジウム 平成18年度（2007年1月15-16日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部 (JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県), Balloon Symposium 2006 (January 15-16, 2007. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 14名, 資料番号: SA6000090051

大気球シンポジウム 平成18年度（2007年1月15-16日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部 (JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県), Balloon Symposium 2006 (January 15-16, 2007. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 16名, 資料番号: SA6000090050

大気球シンポジウム 平成17年度（2006年1月23-24日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部 (JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県), Balloon Symposium 2005 (January 23-24, 2006. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 18名, 資料番号: SA6000068042

EUSO(Extreme Universe Space Observatory)は10(exp 20)eVを超える極限エネルギー宇宙線を検出するための科学ミッションである。それは宇宙線が地球大気中で作った空気シャワーからの紫外光を観測するこれまでにない超広視野(60度)の望遠鏡である。現在、日欧米の共同でEUSO計画を遂行中であり、将来国際宇宙ステーションに搭載を予定している。, 資料番号: AA0049122067

資料番号: AA0046651029

資料番号: AA0046651034

資料番号: AA0045439032

資料番号: AA0046651036

スクリーン型X線フイルムを用いた新しいタイプのエマルション・チェンバーを大気球に搭載して重一次宇宙線の観測を行った。露出面積, 露出時間および高度はそれぞれ1.22m^2,15.8h, 8.9g/cm^2である。この気球は飛行中も常に一定の方位を保つようにΔφ=0.5°以内の精度で方向規正されている。これにより, チェンバー内に降り注いでくる一次宇宙線の到来方向を測定できるので, 東西効果を用いて数GeV/nucleonから∿15GeV/nucleonのエネルギー領域でエネルギースペクトルを化学組成別に求めることができる。また, Si核より重い核についてはopening-angle法を用いて得られた5∿1000GeV/nucleonのエネルギー領域におけるエネルギースペクトルも紹介する。前者によって得られたエネルギースペクトルは後者によるものと極めて滑らかに接続しており, これはopening-angle法を用いたエネルギー決定法が信頼できるものであることを意味している。また, 今回の観測における解析結果を前回の観測のものと比較してみると, Fe核については非常に良い一致が見られ, 微分型スペクトルの"べき"は数TeV/nucleonまで∿2.5の一定値が得られた。一方Si核については, 今回の観測では10∿1000GeV/nucleonの範囲で"べき"は∿2.7であり, 前回の∿2.9と比べるとゆるやかな傾きになっている。さらに, sub-Fe核のfluxとFe核に対するそのabundance ratioも報告する。[Z=21-25]/Fe abundance ratioは, ∿100GeV/nucleon以上のエネルギー領域で前回の観測結果よりわずかに減少しているのがわかる。, We have exposed an emulsion chamber with the area of 1.22m^2 on board the balloon at an atmospheric depth of 8.9g/cm^2 for 15.8h, which has been azimuthally controlled within the accuracy of Δφ=0.5°. With use of the east-west asymmetry effect of arriving cosmic-ray primaries, we can obtain the energy spectra for individual elements in the kinetic energy range from a few GeV/nucleon up to∿15GeV/nucleon. We present also the energy spectra obtained by the opening-angle method for the higher energy region, 5∿1000GeV/nucleon, for the elements not lighter than silicon. We find that the energy spectra obtained by the former method continue smoothly to those obtained by the latter, indicating that the energy determination using the opening-angle method is performed correctly. We compare also the present results with those obtained by the previous work. We find that the iron flux is in nice agreement with that obtained by the previous observation, the differential spectral index being constant, ∿2.5,up to a few TeV/nucleon, while in the case of silicon component, it is ∿2.7 for 10∿1000GeV/nucleon in this work, significantly harder than the previous one, ∿2.9. We also report the flux of the sub-iron component and its abundance ratio to the iron component. We find the abundance ratio of [Z=21-25]/iron is slightly less than those obtained previously in the higher energy region, ≳100GeV/nucleon., 資料番号: SA0167085000

This paper concerns with the applicability of cone penetration tests and measurement of shear wave velocities for assessing the liquefaction resistance of sandy deposits. The miniature cone penetration tests and the measurement of shear wave velocities were carried out before and after the shaking table tests of the silicone oil-saturated horizontal layer under 50-g centrifugal condition. The cone tip resistance (qc) and the shear wave velocity (V) were well correlated to the void ratio of the ground. Judging from the very limited number of experimental results, qc and V could be good indeces of the in-situ liquefaction potential.

RI cone penetrometer tests are carried out at four different sites. The foundation grounds discussed here mainly consist of clayey materials. The measured results by RI cone penetrometers are shown for Kyobashi, Hachirougata, Kurihama and Kinkai Bay site. According to comparison of water content and density profiles by RI cone measurement with the conventional testing results, RI cone penetrometers are proved to be versatile tools for site investigation. Settlement assessment by RI cone penetrometer is also discussed by exemplifying the embankment at Kinkai Bay site. Elasto-viscoplastic finite element analysis correspondingly performed strongly supports the RI cone based assessment. Repeated use of RI cone penetrometer with the advance of construction enables us to assess the consolidation process of the clay foundation.

We have exposed a new type of emulsion chamber with full use of the screen-type X-ray film at a level of 11.7g/cm^2 for∿20h, and detected more than hundred thousand cosmic-ray heavy primaries, with charge of Z≳8. This article describes the charge resolution and the accuracy of energy determination for primary cosmic-ray nucleus, and report the absolute intensities of cosmic ray primaries heavier than silicon in the wide energy range, a few GeV/n to TeV/n and beyond. Our results of iron and silicon fluxes are both in agreement with those obtained recently by spacelab-2 experiment. It is particularly remarkable that the spectrum of silicon primaries becomes softer beyond the hundred GeV/n, with integral index of β∿1.95,which is hard to understand in the framework of current models for interstellar propagation as well as for acceleration mechanism. On the other hand, we found that the exponent of iron spectrum is almost constant with β∿1.5 up to a few TeV/n. We report also about the abundance ratio of sub-iron group to iron, which reflects strongly on the escape length of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. We discuss further the total primary flux, and find that the extrapolation of the direct observation data to the energy region of 10^ ∿10^eV/particle deviates slightly from those expected by air shower experiment., 資料番号: SA0167045000

With the ever increasing demand for the utilization of ground with undesirable soil properties, e.g., underground space and reclaimed land, it is challanging for the geotechnical engineers to obtain as accurate information, of the subsurface soil, as possible. Keeping this aim in mind authors have examined various methods employed to measure various soil properties. The present paper describes the efforts to combine two different technologies, namely, cone penetration technology and the use of neutrons in moisture measurements, into one. To this end various neutron sources and nuclear detection system have been examined. A comprehensive design concept is also described. Authors have shown that the designed neutron moisture cone penetrometer is a versatile instrument and well capable of measuring various soil properties.

In this study, an analysis of the behavior of piles subjected to lateral loads is carried out by a three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element method (GPILE- 3 D).The installed piles are treated as high rigidity columns in this analysis.Furthermore, since the three-dimensional model requires much CPU time and memory, the conjugate gradient method is introduced to solve the equations.In order to check the validity of this analysis, field measurement data of laterally loaded tests on prototype single piles is used.The single piles are installed in a laminated ground by a cast-in-place reinforced concrete pile, 25 m in length and 1.2 m in diameter.The following two kinds of prototype tests are analyzed: 1) free-headed single pile and 2) fixed-headed single pile.As a result, the proposed numerical method has been found to be capable of estimating the behavior of laterally loaded piles.

この論文は, スクリーンタイプのX線フィルムを重一次宇宙線の観測に応用した場合の有効性について報告する。まず増感紙(Gd_2O_2S : Tb)の光学的性質について詳しく調べ, それを基に増感紙内で重粒子が作り出す(膨大な数のδ線を通して放出される)シンチレーション光の三次元拡散シミュレーションを行った。こうした理論的な考察を基にして, 最近三陸で行った気球実験データの解析結果を報告するが, ここでは主に, 重一次宇宙線の荷電分解能と三陸緯度での切断エネルギー(≃4GeV/n)以上の重粒子のフラックスについて報告する。これらの結果は極めて満足できるものであり, 重一次宇宙線の観測にスクリーンタイプのX線フィルムを使用したチェンバーが非常に有望であることがわかった。, This paper discusses the possibility of screen-type X-ray film for the observation of heavy cosmic-ray primaries. We investigate in detail the optical characteristics of the intensifying screen Gd_2O_2S : Tb, and perform a simulation calculation for three dimensional diffusion of scintillation light emitted from numerous δ-rays (knock-on electrons produced by a heavy primary) in the screen. On the basis of these theoretical speculations, we report the experimental results obtained recently by a balloon-borne emulsion chamber with full use of the screen type X-ray film, focusing to the charge resolution of heavy primaries and their flux with energy larger than the rigidity cut-off at Sanriku latitude, E_c∿4GeV/n. All results show that the emulsion chamber with multi-layered screen-type X-ray film is quite valid and powerful for the observation of heavy cosmic-ray primary., 資料番号: SA0166967000

スクリーン型X線フィルムを多層的に挿入した新しいタイプのエマルションチェンバーを気球に搭載して高度11.7g/cm^2,露出時間∿20hで重一次宇宙線の観測を行った。このチェンバーは, 従来の電磁シャワー検出層であるカロリメータ部をとりはずし, ステンレス板(一枚の厚さは500μm), 原子核乾板, 富士200型X-ray film(ノンスクリーン型), スクリーン型X-ray film(富士Grenex HR_8+富士RXO_H)のサンドイッチからなるターゲット層のみで構成されている。従って, 鉛等の重い吸収層を使用しないため, 大面積, 大立体角の軽量型エマルションチェンバーの製作が可能となった。スクリーン型X線フィルムを重一次線観測用に使用した場合の効率, 性能について議論すると同時に, 観測結果の予備解析結果, 特に高荷電で極めて貫通力の大きな一次線を報告する。, We have exposed an emulsion chamber with full use of screen-type X-ray film at a level of 11.7g/cm^2 for∿20h. Our chamber consists of a sandwith of stainless target (500μm thickness each) and sensitive materials such as Fuji #200-type X-ray film (non screen type), nuclear emulsion plate and screen-type X-ray film (Fuji Grenex HR_8+Fuji RXO_H film). Since electromagnetic calorimeter layer is removed, it makes possible to construct large size emulsion chamber with light weight. We discuss the possibility of a screen-type X-ray film for the observation of heavy cosmic ray primaries, and report preliminary results obtained by this observation, particularly on an interesting event showing an extremely penetrative nature in the atmosphere with high effective charge, Z=36∿40., 資料番号: SA0166943000

Previous studies have suggested that tumor hypoxia could be exploited for cancer gene therapy. Using hypoxia-responsive elements derived from the human vascular endothelial growth factor gene, we have generated vectors expressing a bacterial nitroreductase (NTR) gene that can activate the anticancer prodrug CB1954. Stable transfectants of human HT1080 tumor cells with hypoxia-inducible vectors were established with G418 selection. Hypoxic induction of NTR protein correlated with increased sensitivity to in vitro exposure of HT 1080 cells to the prodrug. Growth delay assays were performed with established tumor xenografts derived from the same cells to detect the in vivo efficacy of CB1954 conversion to its cytotoxic form. Significant antitumor effects were achieved with intraperitoneal injections of CB1954 both in tumors that express NTR constitutively or with a hypoxia-inducible promoter. In addition, respiration of 10% O2 increased tumor hypoxia in vivo and enhanced the antitumor effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible vectors may be useful for tumor-selective gene therapy, although the problem of delivery of the vector to the tumors, particularly to the hypoxic cells in the tumors, is not addressed by these studies.

Kidney biopsy is an indispensible procedure for making a pathologic diagnosis of renal diseases by fixing and staining the biopsy specimen. However, it is not a routine procedure to culture the cells from a renal biopsy specimen directly, or to utilize the cultured cells for any kind of diagnostic or functional evaluation. In this study, primary culture of the renal tubular epithelial cells was tried from a piece of percutaneous kidney biopsy specimen. Successive passages of the cells were possible until fourth passage. With these cells, morphologic characteristics of the cultured cells and integrin expression profiles were investigated. On light and electron microscopy, these cells were characterized by the cobblestone-like growth, presence of microvilli and tight junction, and the preservation of polarity. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the epithelial nature of these cells and particularly their differentiation from renal tubular epithelial cells, of either proximal or distal nephronic segment. The integrin profile confirms the epithelial nature of the cell. We hope that our results facilitate the understanding of pathophysiology of renal tubular cells from the patient directly.

大気球シンポジウム 平成17年度（2006年1月23-24日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部 (JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県), Balloon Symposium 2005 (January 23-24, 2006. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 資料番号: SA6000068033