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Scientific research institutes are an important part of the scientific and technological system. In the context of global economic integration, internationalization has gradually become an important trend in the development of modern scientific research institutions. This paper selected the current internationally representative international evaluation index systems of universities, and compared their evaluation methods, evaluation types, index composition and characteristics, etc., At last, summarizing the enlightenment for the construction of the international evaluation index system of scientific research institutes, as well as, putting forward some specific suggestions.

All living organisms deploy cell-autonomous defenses to combat infection. In plants and animals, these activities generate large supramolecular complexes that recruit immune proteins for protection. Here, we solve the native structure of a massive antimicrobial complex generated by polymerization of 30,000 human guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) over the entire surface of virulent bacteria. Construction of this giant nanomachine takes ∼1-3 minutes, remains stable for hours, and acts as a cytokine and cell death signaling platform atop the coated bacterium. Cryo-ET of this “coatomer” revealed thousands of human GBP1 molecules undergo ∼260 Å insertion into the bacterial outer membrane, triggering lipopolysaccharide release that activates co-assembled caspase-4. Together, our results provide a quasi-atomic view of how the GBP coatomer mobilizes cytosolic immunity to combat infection in humans.One-Sentence SummaryThousands of GBPs coat cytosolic bacteria to engineer an antimicrobial signaling platform inside human cells.

Cleansing the cytosol Most human cells, not just those belonging to the immune system, mount protective responses to infection when activated by the immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). How IFN-γ confers this function in nonimmune cells and tissues is poorly understood. Gaudet et al. used genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to identify apolipoprotein L-3 (APOL3) as an IFN-γ–induced bactericidal protein that protects human epithelium, endothelium, and fibroblasts against infection (see the Perspective by Nathan). APOL3 directly targets bacteria in the host cell cytosol and kills them by dissolving their anionic membranes into lipoprotein complexes. This work reveals a detergent-like mechanism enlisted during human cell-autonomous immunity to combat intracellular pathogens. Science , abf8113, this issue p. eabf8113 ; see also abj5637, p. 276

Background Genetic factors increase the risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been used in IBS patients, but the findings are inconsistent. The goal of this review was to synthesize all the published SNPs studies of IBS through meta-analysis to objectively evaluate the relevance of SNPs to IBS risks. Methods IBS - related polymorphisms studies from 2000 to 2018 were searched. Pooled odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval for each SNP were evaluated through five genetic models. Ethnicity, ROME criteria and IBS subtypes were defined for subgroup analyze. Results Ten relevant genes were evaluated. SNPs rs4263839 and rs6478108 of TNFSF15 associated with an increased risk of IBS; IL6 rs1800795 increased the risk for Caucasian IBS patients which diagnosed by Rome III criteria; and IL23R rs11465804 increased the risk for IBS-C patients. IL10 rs1800896 GG genotype associated with a decreased risk of IBS. No evidence supported the association of GNβ3 rs5443, TNFα rs1800629, and IL10 rs1800871 to IBS in this study. Conclusions This meta-analysis presents an in-depth overview for IBS SNPs analysis. It was confirmed that polymorphisms of TNFSF15 associated with increased IBS risk, while IL10 rs1800896 associated with decreased IBS risk. It might offer some insights into polymorphisms of inflammation factors which might affect IBS susceptibility. Moreover, the analysis also emphasizes the importance of diagnostic criteria and phenotype homogeneity in IBS genetic studies.

Over the past decade, thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified, many of which play crucial roles in normal physiology and human disease. LncRNAs can interact with chromatin and then recruit protein complexes to remodel chromatin states, thus regulating gene expression. However, how lncRNA-chromatin interactions contribute to their biological functions is largely unknown. Here, we collected and constructed an atlas of 188,647 lncRNA-chromatin interactions in human and mouse. All lncRNAs showed diverse epigenetic modification patterns at their binding sites, especially the marks of enhancer activity. Functional analysis of lncRNA target genes further revealed that lncRNAs could exert their functions by binding to both promoter and distal regulatory elements, especially the distal regulatory elements. Intriguingly, many important pathways were observed to be widely regulated by lncRNAs through distal binding. For example, NEAT1, a cancer lncRNA, controls 13.3% of genes in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway by interacting with distal regulatory elements. In addition, “two-gene” signatures composed of a lncRNA and its distal target genes, such as HOTAIR-CRIM1, provided significant clinical benefits relative to the lncRNA alone. In summary, our findings underscored that lncRNA-distal interactions were essential for lncRNA functions, which would provide new clues to understand the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in complex disease.

Assembly of pili on the gram-positive bacterial cell wall involves 2 conserved transpeptidase enzymes named sortases: One for polymerization of pilin subunits and another for anchoring pili to peptidoglycan. How this machine controls pilus length and whether pilus length is critical for cell-to-cell interactions remain unknown. We report here in Actinomyces oris , a key colonizer in the development of oral biofilms, that genetic disruption of its housekeeping sortase SrtA generates exceedingly long pili, catalyzed by its pilus-specific sortase SrtC2 that possesses both pilus polymerization and cell wall anchoring functions. Remarkably, the srtA- deficient mutant fails to mediate interspecies interactions, or coaggregation, even though the coaggregation factor CafA is present at the pilus tip. Increasing ectopic expression of srtA in the mutant progressively shortens pilus length and restores coaggregation accordingly, while elevated levels of shaft pilins and SrtC2 produce long pili and block coaggregation by SrtA + bacteria. With structural studies, we uncovered 2 key structural elements in SrtA that partake in recognition of pilin substrates and regulate pilus length by inducing the capture and transfer of pilus polymers to the cell wall. Evidently, coaggregation requires proper positioning of the tip adhesin CafA via modulation of pilus length by the housekeeping sortase SrtA.

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a central paradigm for understanding how membraneless organelles compartmentalize diverse cellular activities in eukaryotes1–3. Here we identify a superfamily of plant guanylate-binding protein (GBP)-like GTPases (GBPLs) that assemble LLPS-driven condensates within the nucleus to protect against infection and autoimmunity. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two members of this family—GBPL1 and GBPL3—undergo phase-transition behaviour to control transcriptional responses as part of an allosteric switch that is triggered by exposure to biotic stress. GBPL1, a pseudo-GTPase, sequesters catalytically active GBPL3 under basal conditions but is displaced by GBPL3 LLPS when it enters the nucleus following immune cues to drive the formation of unique membraneless organelles termed GBPL defence-activated condensates (GDACs) that we visualized by in situ cryo-electron tomography. Within these mesoscale GDAC structures, native GBPL3 directly bound defence-gene promoters and recruited specific transcriptional coactivators of the Mediator complex and RNA polymerase II machinery to massively reprogram host gene expression for disease resistance. Together, our study identifies a GBPL circuit that reinforces the biological importance of phase-separated condensates, in this case, as indispensable players in plant defence. A family of plant guanylate-binding protein-like GTPases controls phase separation and assembly of condensates, thereby forming a circuit that regulates transcriptional responses to biotic stress.

Antibiotics are commonly overused to prevent livestock from diseases and to increase production performance. As potential substitutes of antibiotics, plant extracts have attracted the attention of researchers. It was known to all that addition of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) to the food could advance immunity, intestinal health and animal performance. Thus, it was conducted to investigate the influence of MCE (0, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg, with six replicate pens/treatment and 24 hens/pen) on intestinal morphology and microbial diversity in different intestinal segments in Xuefeng black-boned chicken in this study. The results showed that MCE supplement (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly diminished (P

As a major province of marine economy and marine science and technology, Shandong has always attached great importance to the development of the marine industry, and has made remarkable and outstanding achievements in recent years, but there is still a certain gap between the goal of building a strong marine province. This paper investigated and analyzed how did supercomputing technology promote the development of ocean big data and information industry in Shandong Province. Finally, according to the problems facing today, we proposed corresponding strategies with a view to providing a valuable reference for relevant departments in making scientific decisions.

The gut microbiota is recognized as a promising therapeutic target for anxiety. Berberine (BBR) has shown efficacy in the treatment of diseases such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes through regulating the gut microbiota. However, the effects of BBR on postmenopausal anxiety are still unclear. The purpose of the study is to test whether BBR ameliorates anxiety by modulating intestinal microbiota under estrogen-deficient conditions. Experimental anxiety was established in specific pathogen-free (SPF) ovariectomized (OVX) rats, which were then treated with BBR for 4 weeks before undergoing behavioral tests. Open field and elevated plus maze tests demonstrated that BBR treatment significantly ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors of OVX rats compared with vehicle-treated counterparts. Moreover, as demonstrated by 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, BBR-treated OVX rats harbored a higher abundance of beneficial gut microbes, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia, and exhibited increased equol generation. Notably, gavage feeding of BBR had no significant anti-anxiety effects on germ-free (GF) rats that underwent ovariectomy, whereas GF rats transplanted with fecal microbiota from SPF rats substantially phenocopied the donor rats in terms of anxiety-like symptoms and isoflavone levels. This study indicates that the gut microbiota is critical in the treatment of ovariectomy-aggravated anxiety, and that BBR modulation of the gut microbiota is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating postmenopausal symptoms of anxiety.

Aims Diffuse gliomas (DGs) are classified into three major molecular subgroups following the revised World Health Organisation (WHO) classification criteria based on their IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion status. However, substantial biological heterogeneity and differences in the clinical course are apparent within each subgroup, which remain to be resolved. We sought to assess the clonal status of somatic mutations and explore whether additional molecular subgroups exist within DG. Methods A computational framework that integrates the variant allele frequency, local copy number and tumour purity was used to infer the clonality of somatic mutations in 876 DGs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We performed an unsupervised cluster analysis to identify molecular subgroups and characterised their clinical and biological significance. Results DGs showed widespread genetic intratumoural heterogeneity (ITH), with nearly all driver genes harbouring subclonal mutations, even for known glioma initiating event IDH1 (17.1%). Gliomas with subclonal IDH mutation and without 1p/19q codeletion showed shorter overall and disease-specific survival, higher ITH and exhibited differences in genomic patterns, transcript levels and proliferative potential, when compared with IDH clonal mutation and no 1p/19q codeletion gliomas. We defined a refined stratification system based on the current WHO glioma molecular classification, which showed close correlations with patients' clinical outcomes. Conclusions For the first time, we integrated the clonal status of somatic mutations into cancer genomic classification and highlighted the necessity of considering IDH clonal architectures in glioma precision stratification.

Background and aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and depression have high tendencies of comorbidity. In particular, diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) and depression exhibit similar fecal microbiota signatures, yet little is known about their pathogenic mechanism. Here, we propose that the differences in structure and composition of IBS-D and depression gut microbiota give rise to different downstream functions, which lead to distinct clinical phenotypes via host metabolism and further influence the interaction of brain-gut axis. Methods We performed multiomics study, including fecal metagenome-wide sequencing and serum metabolomics profiling in 65 individuals with IBS-D (n=22), depression (n=15), comorbid patients (n=13), and healthy controls (n=15). We analyzed functional genes contributed by the primary genus and evaluated their correlations with clinical indices and host metabolites. Results Metagenomic analysis revealed 26 clusters of orthologous groups of protein (COG) categories consisting of a total of 4,631 functional genes. Trehalose and maltose hydrolase (COG1554) and fucose permease (COG0738) were the most relevant and enriched functional genes in the IBS-D patients; urease accessory proteins UreE (COG2371) was that in the depression patients. Context based genome annotation suggest that an alteration of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae in IBS-D and depression respectively may be responsible for the enrichment described above. Correlation with host metabolites, such as maltotriose and isomaltose in carbohydrate metabolism and anandamide in neuroactive metabolism, drew further connections between these findings. Conclusions These changes led us to propose a connection between genomic signatures and clinical differences observed in IBS-D and depression. Our findings provide further insights into the involvement of gut microbiota in diseases related to brain-gut disorder.

Accumulating evidence shows that agents targeting gut dysbiosis are effective for improving symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. In this study we investigated the effects of berberine on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in two rat models of visceral hypersensitivity, i.e., specific pathogen-free SD rats subjected to chronic water avoidance stress (WAS) and treated with berberine (200 mg· kg−1 ·d−1, ig, for 10 days) as well as germ-free (GF) rats subjected to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a patient with IBS (designated IBS-FMT) and treated with berberine (200 mg· kg−1 ·d−1, ig, for 2 weeks). Before the rats were sacrificed, visceral sensation and depressive behaviors were evaluated. Then colonic tryptase was measured and microglial activation in the dorsal lumbar spinal cord was assessed. The fecal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. We showed that berberine treatment significantly alleviated chronic WAS-induced visceral hypersensitivity and activation of colonic mast cells and microglia in the dorsal lumbar spinal cord. Transfer of fecal samples from berberine-treated stressed donors to GF rats protected against acute WAS. FMT from a patient with IBS induced visceral hypersensitivity and pro-inflammatory phenotype in microglia, while berberine treatment reversed the microglial activation and altered microbial composition and function and SCFA profiles in stools of IBS-FMT rats. We demonstrated that berberine did not directly influence LPS-induced microglial activation in vitro. In both models, several SCFA-producing genera were enriched by berberine treatment, and positively correlated to the morphological parameters of microglia. In conclusion, activation of microglia in the dorsal lumbar spinal cord was involved in the pathogenesis of IBS caused by dysregulation of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, and the berberine-altered gut microbiome mediated the modulatory effects of the agent on microglial activation and visceral hypersensitivity, providing a potential option for the treatment of IBS.

Background Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid malignancies. The incidence of MDS is gradually increasing, but the pathogenesis is still not very clear. Studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways. However, the function of lncRNAs in MDS is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profiles and biological function of the aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in MDS. Methods We downloaded two data sets (GSE4619 and GSE19429) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and obtained differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and DE-mRNAs between MDS cases and healthy controls. Then we performed systematic bioinformatics analysis to know the biological function of DE-lncRNAs and DE-mRNAs in MDS. Results We identified 40 DE-lncRNAs and 643 DE-mRNAs between MDS cases and healthy controls. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis revealed that DE-lncRNAs and DE-mRNAs were mainly involved in necroptosis, apoptosis, immunodeficiency, p53 and FoxO signaling pathways. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression and lncRNA functional similarity network showed that twelve down-regulated lncRNAs co-regulated the same target gene and they were similar in function. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis of lncRNA and mRNA is helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of MDS, and the synergistically down-regulated lncRNAs may contribute to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

The bacterial flagellar motor is an intricate nanomachine that switches rotational directions between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) to direct the migration of the cell. The cytoplasmic ring (C-ring) of the motor, which is composed of FliG, FliM, and FliN, is known for controlling the rotational sense of the flagellum. However, the mechanism underlying rotational switching remains elusive. Here, we deployed cryo-electron tomography to visualize the C-ring in two rotational biased mutants (CCW-biased fliG-G214S and CW-locked fliG-G215A) in Vibrio alginolyticus. Sub-tomogram averaging was utilized to resolve two distinct conformations of the C-ring. Comparison of the C-ring structures in two rotational senses provide direct evidence that the C-ring undergoes major structural remodeling during rotational switch. Specifically, FliG conformational changes elicit a large rearrangement of the C-ring that coincides with rotational switching, whereas FliM and FliN form a spiral-shaped base of the C-ring, likely stabilizing the C-ring during the conformational remodeling.

The bacterial flagellum is a biological nanomachine that rotates to allow bacteria to swim. For flagellar rotation, torque is generated by interactions between a rotor and a stator. The stator, which is composed of MotA and MotB subunit proteins in the membrane, is thought to bind to the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which anchors the stator around the rotor. Detailed information on the stator and its interactions with the rotor remains unclear. Here, we deployed cryo-electron tomography and genetic analysis to characterize in situ structure of the bacterial flagellar motor in Vibrio alginolyticus, which is best known for its polar sheathed flagellum and high-speed rotation. We determined in situ structure of the motor at unprecedented resolution and revealed the unique protein-protein interactions among Vibrio-specific features, namely the H ring and T ring. Specifically, the H ring is composed of 26 copies of FlgT and FlgO, and the T ring consists of 26 copies of a MotX-MotY heterodimer. We revealed for the first time a specific interaction between the T ring and the stator PomB subunit, providing direct evidence that the stator unit undergoes a large conformational change from a compact form to an extended form. The T ring facilitates the recruitment of the extended stator units for the high-speed motility in Vibrio species. IMPORTANCE The torque of flagellar rotation is generated by interactions between a rotor and a stator; however, detailed structural information is lacking. Here, we utilized cryo-electron tomography and advanced imaging analysis to obtain a high-resolution in situ flagellar basal body structure in Vibrio alginolyticus, which is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. Our high-resolution motor structure not only revealed detailed protein-protein interactions among unique Vibrio-specific features, the T ring and H ring, but also provided the first structural evidence that the T ring interacts directly with the periplasmic domain of the stator. Docking atomic structures of key components into the in situ motor map allowed us to visualize the pseudoatomic architecture of the polar sheathed flagellum in Vibrio spp. and provides novel insight into its assembly and function.

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that agents targeting gut dysbiosis are effective on improving symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of berberine in modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis in models of IBS. Methods: Two models were used to mimic brain-gut axis dysfunction. Specific pathogen-free Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to water avoidance stress (WAS) and berberine treatment, and germ-free (GF) SD rats underwent fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from patient with IBS, followed by berberine or rifaximin gavage. Visceral sensation and depressive behaviors were assessed, colonic tryptase was measured, and microglial activation was evaluated. The fecal microbiota was profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. Findings: Berberine alleviated stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity and activation of colonic mast cells and microglia. Transfer of fecal samples from berberine-treated stressed donors to GF rats showed protective effects against WAS. IBS-FMT induced visceral hypersensitivity and a pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia. Berberine, not rifaximin, significantly reversed the activation of microglia, as well as altered microbial composition and function and SCFA profiles in stools of IBS-FMT rats. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between SCFA-producing genera or probiotics and the morphological parameters of microglia. Interpretation: Berberine-altered gut microbiota mediated the modulating effects of the agent on microglial activation and visceral hypersensitivity, providing a potential option for the treatment of IBS. Funding Statement: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81670491) and Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (No.2016-2-4093). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: All protocols were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethics branch of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval no. LA2016230).

To investigate the supplemental effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on the production, hatching performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity and immune response of laying breeders, a total of 480 Xuefeng black-bone (25-week-old) hens were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: Hens fed the basal diets with 0 (CON), 3.0 × 105 (BS-1), 6.0 × 105 cfu/g (BS-2) and 9.0 × 105 (BS-3) cfu/g of B. subtilis C-3102. As the B. subtilis C-3102 level increased, egg weight (linear, p

This paper introduces the construction process of the emergency network opinion case library. It uses ontology as the basic rule of knowledge representation and knowledge reasoning, it analyzes the field of emergency network opinion, and obtains the ontology model of emergency network opinion case. This paper discusses the process of case reasoning and the main method of case retrieval. It obtains the weighted sum of attribute similarity according to the categories of attributes, and realizes the application test of case reasoning of the emergency network opinion. (Abstract)

Artificial intelligence is the most important form of technological social change at present. In order to understand the status quo of AI research in Shandong and objectively reflect the development trend and technical hotspots, this report was based on AI research papers to understand the current research status. We analyzed issuing trend, research organizations, technologies, and then, offered some proposals for management on the development of AI.

Bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is a protein complex used for bacterial motility and chemotaxis that involves in energy transformation, torque generation and switching. FliL is a single-transmembrane protein associated with flagellar motor function. We performed biochemical and biophysical approaches to investigate the functional roles of FliL associated with stator-units. Firstly, we found the periplasmic region of FliL is crucial for its polar localization. Also, the plug mutation in stator-unit affected the polar localization of FliL implying the activation of stator-unit is important for FliL recruitment. Secondly, we applied single-molecule fluorescent microscopy to study the role of FliL in stator-unit assembly. Using molecular counting by photobleaching, we found the stoichiometry of stator-unit and FliL protein would be 1:1 in a functional motor. Moreover, the turnover time of stator-units are slightly increased in the absence of FliL. By further investigation of protein dynamics on membrane, we found the diffusions of stator-units and FliL are independent. Surprisingly, the FliL diffusion rate without stator-units is unexpectedly slow indicating a protein-complex forming event. Our results suggest that FliL plays a supporting role to the stator in the BFM.

// Jinyuan Xu 1, * , Yujia Lan 1, * , Fulong Yu 1, * , Shiwei Zhu 1, * , Jianrong Ran 1 , Jiali Zhu 1 , Hongyi Zhang 1 , Lili Li 1 , Shujun Cheng 1, 2 , Yun Xiao 1 and Xia Li 1 1 College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Shujun Cheng, email: chengshj@263.net.cn Yun Xiao, email: xiaoyun@ems.hrbmu.edu.cn Xia Li, email: lixia@hrbmu.edu.cn Keywords: lncRNA signature; prostate cancer; transcriptome; prognosis; BCR-free survival Received: December 13, 2017 Accepted: February 27, 2018 Published: May 18, 2018 ABSTRACT Despite highly successful treatments for localized prostate cancer (PCa), prognostic biomarkers are needed to improve patient management and prognosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators with biological and clinical significance. By transcriptome analysis, we identified a set of consistently dysregulated lncRNAs in PCa across different datasets and revealed an eight-lncRNA signature that significantly associated with the biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival. Based on the signature, patients could be classified into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different survival (HR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.67–2.88; P < 0.0001). Validations in the validation cohorts and another independent cohort confirmed its prognostic value for recurrence prediction. Multivariable analysis showed that the signature was independent of common clinicopathological features and stratified analysis further revealed its role in elevating risk stratification of current prognostic models. Additionally, the eight-lncRNA signature was able to improve on the CAPRA-S score for the prediction of BCR as well as to reflect the metastatic potential of PCa. Functional characterization suggested that these lncRNAs which showed PCa-specific expression patterns may involve in critical processes in tumorigenesis. Overall, our results demonstrated potential application of lncRNAs as novel independent biomarkers. The eight-lncRNA signature may have clinical potential for facilitating further stratification of more aggressive patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy.

// Mengchao Xiao 1, * , Wenjian Chen 1, * , Chao Wang 1, * , Yingfu Wu 1 , Shiwei Zhu 1 , Chuyang Zeng 1 , Yongchao Cai 2 , Changcheng Liu 2 and Zhiying He 1, 2 1 Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China 2 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Zhiying He, email: zyhe@tongji.edu.cn Keywords: chronic liver injury; senescence; apoptosis; necroptosis; necrosis Received: August 24, 2017 Accepted: November 10, 2017 Published: December 22, 2017 ABSTRACT Chronic liver injury (CLI) is a complex pathological process typically characterized by progressive destruction and regeneration of liver parenchymal cells due to diverse risk factors such as alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, viral infection, and genetic metabolic disorders. When the damage to hepatocytes is mild, the liver can regenerate itself and restore to the normal state; when the damage is irreparable, hepatocytes would undergo senescence or various forms of death including apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis. These pathological changes not only promote the progression of the existing hepatopathies via various underlying mechanisms but are closely associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathological changes that hepatocytes undergo during CLI, and their roles and mechanisms in the progression of hepatopathies and hepatocarcinogenesis. We also give a brief introduction about some animal models currently used for the research of CLI and progress in the research of CLI.

Accurately predicting oilfield development indicators (such as oil production, liquid production, current formation pressure, water cut, oil production rate, recovery rate, cost, profit, etc.) is to realize the rational and scientific development of oilfields, which is an important basis to ensure the stable production of the oilfield. Due to existing oilfield development index prediction methods being difficult to accurately reflect the complex nonlinear problem in the oil field development process, using the artificial neural network, which can predict the oilfield development index with the function of infinitely close to any non-linear function, will be the most ideal prediction method at present. This article summarizes four commonly used artificial neural networks: the BP neural network, the radial basis neural network, the generalized regression neural network, and the wavelet neural network, and mainly introduces their network structure, function types, calculation process and prediction results. Four kinds of artificial neural networks are optimized through various intelligent algorithms, and the principle and essence of optimization are analyzed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of the four artificial neural networks are summarized and compared. Finally, based on the application of artificial neural networks in other fields and on existing problems, a future development direction is proposed which can serve as a reference and guide for the research on accurate prediction of oilfield development indicators.

Large-scale sequencing studies discovered substantial genetic variants occurring in enhancers which regulate genes via long range chromatin interactions. Importantly, such variants could affect enhancer regulation by changing transcription factor bindings or enhancer hijacking, and in turn, make an essential contribution to disease progression. To facilitate better usage of published data and exploring enhancer deregulation in various human diseases, we created DiseaseEnhancer (http://biocc.hrbmu.edu.cn/DiseaseEnhancer/), a manually curated database for disease-associated enhancers. As of July 2017, DiseaseEnhancer includes 847 disease-associated enhancers in 143 human diseases. Database features include basic enhancer information (i.e. genomic location and target genes); disease types; associated variants on the enhancer and their mediated phenotypes (i.e. gain/loss of enhancer and the alterations of transcription factor bindings). We also include a feature on our website to export any query results into a file and download the full database. DiseaseEnhancer provides a promising avenue for researchers to facilitate the understanding of enhancer deregulation in disease pathogenesis, and identify new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapy.

With the development of Internet technology, social network has become an important application in the network life. However, due to the rapid increase in the number of users, the influx of a variety of bad information is brought up as well as the existence of malicious users. Therefore, it is emergent to design a valid management scheme for user’s authentication to ensure the normal operation of social networks. Node trust evaluation is an effective method to deal with typical network attacks in wireless sensor networks. In order to solve the problem of quantification and uncertainty of trust, a novel trust management scheme based on Dempster–Shafer evidence theory for malicious nodes detection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by taking into account spatiotemporal correlation of the data collected by sensor nodes in adjacent area, the trust degree can be estimated. Secondly, according to the D–S theory, the trust model is established to count the number of interactive behavior of trust, distrust or uncertainty, further to evaluate the direct trust value and indirect trust value. Then, a flexible synthesis method is adopted to calculate the overall trust to identify the malicious nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has obvious advantages over the traditional methods in the identification of malicious node and data fusion accuracy, and can obtain good scalability.

Helicobacter pylori uses a cluster of polar, sheathed flagella for motility, which it requires for colonization of the gastric epithelium in humans. As part of a study to identify factors that contribute to localization of the flagella to the cell pole, we disrupted a gene encoding a cardiolipin synthase (clsC) in H. pylori strains G27 and B128. Flagellum biosynthesis was abolished in the H. pylori G27 clsC mutant but not in the B128 clsC mutant. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that flagellar genes encoding proteins needed early in flagellum assembly were expressed at wild-type levels in the G27 clsC mutant. Examination of the G27 clsC mutant by cryo-electron tomography indicated the mutant assembled nascent flagella that contained the MS ring, C ring, flagellar protein export apparatus, and proximal rod. Motile variants of the G27 clsC mutant were isolated after allelic exchange mutagenesis using genomic DNA from the B128 clsC mutant as the donor. Genome resequencing of seven motile G27 clsC recipients revealed that each isolate contained the flgI (encodes the P-ring protein) allele from B128. Replacing the flgI allele in the G27 clsC mutant with the B128 flgI allele rescued flagellum biosynthesis. We postulate that H. pylori G27 FlgI fails to form the P ring when cardiolipin levels in the cell envelope are low, which blocks flagellum assembly at this point. In contrast, H. pylori B128 FlgI can form the P ring when cardiolipin levels are low and allows for the biosynthesis of mature flagella. IMPORTANCEH. pylori colonizes the epithelial layer of the human stomach, where it can cause a variety of diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. To colonize the stomach, H. pylori must penetrate the viscous mucous layer lining the stomach, which it accomplishes using its flagella. The significance of our research is identifying factors that affect the biosynthesis and assembly of the H. pylori flagellum, which will contribute to our understanding of motility in H. pylori, as well as other bacterial pathogens that use their flagella for host colonization.

Chemical-induced spores of the Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus are peptidoglycan (PG)-deficient. It is unclear how these spherical spores germinate into rod-shaped, walled cells without preexisting PG templates. We found that germinating spores first synthesize PG randomly on spherical surfaces. MglB, a GTPase-activating protein, forms a cluster that surveys the status of PG growth and stabilizes at one future cell pole. Following MglB, the Ras family GTPase MglA localizes to the second pole. MglA directs molecular motors to transport the bacterial actin homolog MreB and the Rod PG synthesis complexes away from poles. The Rod system establishes rod-shape by elongating PG at nonpolar regions. Thus, the interaction between GTPase, cytoskeletons and molecular motors provides a mechanism for the de novo establishment of rod-shape in bacteria.SignificanceSpheres and rods are among the most common shapes adopted by walled bacteria, in which the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall largely determines cell shape. When induced by chemicals, rod-shaped vegetative cells of the Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus thoroughly degrade their PG and shrink into spherical spores. As these spores germinate, rod-shaped cells are rebuilt without preexisting templates, which provides a rare opportunity to visualize de novo PG synthesis and bacterial morphogenesis. In this study, we investigated how spherical spores germinate into rods and elucidated a system for rod-shape morphogenesis that includes the Rod PG synthesis system, a GTPase-GAP pair, the MreB cytoskeleton and a molecular motor.

This paper proposes an improved rotation invariant LBP descriptor (improved rotation invariant LBP, ILBPri) by adding sampling to improve the performance of the classic LBP descriptor description and retrieval efficiency employed in the CBIR (content-based image retrieval) system. Firstly, Harris corners are extracted from the original image by ILBPri descriptor, then the original image is sampled centered on the Harris corners; secondly, the sampled image are encoded in rotation invariant LBP; thirdly, the LBP histograms of each image are counted; finally, images are ranked by Euclidean distance between LBP histograms of images. A CBIR system was designed in this paper to test the performance of ILBPri descriptor, and an image retrieval experiment was designed with test image database Caltech 256. Experimental results show that precision has been increased by at least 1.8% and recall has been increased by at least 2.4% compared with classic LBP and classic improved LBP descriptors. The query time has been increased by 23.78ms and 0.77ms compared with LBP and LBPri.

The bacterial flagellum is a sophisticated self-assembling nanomachine responsible for motility in many bacterial pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio spp., and Salmonella enterica. The bacterial flagellum has been studied extensively in the model systems Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, yet the range of variation in flagellar structure and assembly remains incompletely understood. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to determine in situ structures of polar flagella in P. aeruginosa and peritrichous flagella in S. Typhimurium, revealing notable differences between these two flagellar systems. Furthermore, we observed flagellar outer membrane complexes as well as many incomplete flagellar subassemblies, which provide additional insight into mechanisms underlying flagellar assembly and loss in both P. aeruginosa and S. Typhimurium. IMPORTANCE The bacterial flagellum has evolved as one of the most sophisticated self-assembled molecular machines, which confers locomotion and is often associated with virulence of bacterial pathogens. Variation in species-specific features of the flagellum, as well as in flagellar number and placement, results in structurally distinct flagella that appear to be adapted to the specific environments that bacteria encounter. Here, we used cutting-edge imaging techniques to determine high-resolution in situ structures of polar flagella in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and peritrichous flagella in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, demonstrating substantial variation between flagella in these organisms. Importantly, we observed novel flagellar subassemblies and provided additional insight into the structural basis of flagellar assembly and loss in both P. aeruginosa and S. Typhimurium.

Helicobacter pylori uses a cluster of polar, sheathed flagella for motility, which it requires for colonization of the gastric epithelium in humans. As part of a study to identify factors that contribute to localization of the flagella to the cell pole, we disrupted a gene encoding a cardiolipin synthase (clsC) in H. pylori strains G27 and B128. Flagellum biosynthesis was abolished in the H. pylori G27 clsC mutant but not in the B128 clsC mutant. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that flagellar genes encoding proteins needed early in flagellum assembly were expressed at wild-type levels in the G27 clsC mutant. Examination of the G27 clsC mutant by cryo-electron tomography indicated the mutant assembled nascent flagella that contained the MS ring, C ring, flagellar protein export apparatus, and proximal rod. Motile variants of the G27 clsC mutant were isolated after allelic exchange mutagenesis using genomic DNA from the B128 clsC mutant as the donor. Genome resequencing of seven motile G27 clsC recipients revealed that each isolate contained the flgI (encodes the P-ring protein) allele from B128. Replacing the flgI allele in the G27 clsC mutant with the B128 flgI allele rescued flagellum biosynthesis. We postulate that H. pylori G27 FlgI fails to form the P ring when cardiolipin levels in the cell envelope are low, which blocks flagellum assembly at this point. In contrast, H. pylori B128 FlgI can form the P ring when cardiolipin levels are low and allows for the biosynthesis of mature flagella. IMPORTANCE H. pylori colonizes the epithelial layer of the human stomach, where it can cause a variety of diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. To colonize the stomach, H. pylori must penetrate the viscous mucous layer lining the stomach, which it accomplishes using its flagella. The significance of our research is identifying factors that affect the biosynthesis and assembly of the H. pylori flagellum, which will contribute to our understanding of motility in H. pylori, as well as other bacterial pathogens that use their flagella for host colonization.

Some flagellated bacteria regulate motor torque in response to the external load change. This behavior is critical for survival, but the mechanism has remained unknown. Here, we focused on a key protein, FliL of Vibrio alginolyticus, and solved the crystal structure of its periplasmic region (FliLPeri). FliLPeri reveals striking structural similarity to a conserved domain of stomatin, which is involved in ion channel regulation in some organisms, including mammals. FliLPeri forms a ring with an inner diameter that is comparable in size to the stator unit. The mutational analyses suggested that the presence of the ring-like assembly of FliL around the stator unit enhances the surface swarming of Vibrio cells. Our study data also imply that the structural element for the ion channel regulation is conserved from bacteria to mammals., Many motile bacteria swim or swarm using a filamentous rotating organelle, the flagellum. FliL, a component protein of the flagellar motor, is known to enhance the motor performance under high-load conditions in some bacteria. Here we determined the structure of the periplasmic region of FliL (FliLPeri) of the polar flagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus. FliLPeri shows a remarkable structural similarity to the stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C (SPFH) domain of stomatin family proteins, some of which are involved in modulation of ion channel activities in various organisms. FliLPeri forms a ring assembly in the crystal with an inner diameter of around 8 nm, which is comparable to the size of the stator unit. Mutational analyses suggest that the FliL ring forms a complex with the stator unit and that the length of the periplasmic linkers of FliL and the stator B-subunit is essential for the complex formation. We propose a model of the FliL-stator complex to discuss how Vibrio FliL modulates stator function in the bacterial flagellar motor under conditions of high viscosity.

Angelicae Sinensis Radix (AS), a well-known herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been wildly used for replenishing the blood and promoting circulation, in Asia for thousands of years. It has been confirmed that AS also possesses the pharmacological activity of anti-depression. At the same time, recent studies suggested that depression is associated with anemia, and depression could be ameliorated via modulating the blood system. However, it is still unknown whether the anti-depression effect of AS is related to its pharmacological activity of modulating the blood system. In the current study, hematological examination and metabonomic techniques were performed to explore potential anti-depression mechanisms of AS, related to the function of modulating the blood system in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. The results demonstrated that AS could significantly improve CUMS-induced depressive symptom, hematological anomalies, and hypoxia symptoms. The analysis of metabonomics demonstrated that 26 potential biomarkers in depression could be regulated by the administration of AS. Among them, eight biomarkers participate in the metabolic pathways of amino acid and sphingolipid, and energy metabolism could also be regulated in an anemia model through the administration of AS, as reported in previous literatures. Further results proved that AS modulated energy metabolism in depression through the inhibition of the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 (PDK-1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). These results suggested that the modulation of the blood system was involved in the anti-depression effect of AS. The mechanism may be associated with the promotion of the body's energy metabolism, the stabilization of cell membranes, the promotion of serum protein synthesis, and the enhancement of immunity.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Summary of studied according to SNP: this table summarized all the SNPs which had been reported in IBS and shows its reference. Table S2. Study characteristics analysis: this table shows the most important information for the studies which take into analysis in this SMRA.

Effects of the microbiome associated with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) on the gut have been reported, but no study has reported the effects of the IBS-D gut microbiome on the liver. We transplanted the fecal microbiota from an IBS-D patient and from a healthy volunteer to GF rats. The hepatic inflammation, serum biochemical parameters and metabolome, fecal microbiota profile, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and correlations among them before and after berberine intervention were assessed. Compared with the healthy control fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) rats, the fecal microbiota of IBS-D patients induces significant Kupffer cell hyperplasia, hepatic sinusoid hypertrophy, and elevated levels of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ and decreases the synthesis of ALB in GF rats. This is possibly related to Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium attributable to fecal formate, acetate, and propionate levels, which are associated with the host linoleic acid pathway. Berberine can partially reverse the Kupffer cell hyperplasia, Faecalibacterium, fecal formate, acetate, and propionate by modulating the gut microbiome composition. These results may imply that IBS-D not only is an intestinal functional disorder but can cause liver inflammation, thus providing some implications regarding the clinical cognition and treatment of IBS-D.

Face recognition is a biological technology based on identity recognition of human face feature information. In this study, Web of Science Core Collection database is used as data source. Using Excel, Bibexcel and VOSviewer software for data mining and quantitative analysis of the 1980-2018 year research papers on face recognition, we explores the trend of change, the distribution of research forces, key areas, research hot spots and international cooperation. The results show that the number of documents in face recognition has been growing, and there are many subjects involved in the research of face recognition technology, mainly Computer Science, Enginerring and}{Psychology. There are many research papers on face recognition in China and the United States; China is most prominent in international cooperation and has strong cooperative relations with all major countries; the Chinese Academy of Sciences is very active in the research of face recognition, and its papers are far ahead of other institutions. The main focuses of the study are feature extraction, face detection, sparse representation, face perception, etc. The main hot spots of research are sparse representation, dictionary learning, deep learning, semisupervised learning, metric learning, sparse coding, etc.

Background Decline in circulating ovarian hormone levels is associated with increment in anxiety and alteration in intestinal microbiota. As a kind of gut microbiota modulator, berberine (BBR) has shown efficacy in treating diseases such as menopausal osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes through regulating bacteria. However, the effects of BBR on ovariectomy-induced anxiety are still unclear and whether or not gut microbiota modifies the possible effect of BBR remain to be fully elucidated. Aim To demonstrate that BBR is able to alleviate anxiety through modulating intestinal microbiota under estrogen-deficient conditions. Methods Female specific pathogen-free (SPF) SD rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or shamoperated (sham). BBR (100mg/kg) or control vehicle was administered via oral gavage every day for four weeks. Open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze test (EPM) were used to detect the anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, the 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis were utilized to validate the changes in intestinal microbes and microbiota isoflavone metabolites, respectively. The concentration of serum estradiol (E2) was measured using ELISA. Further, female germ-free (GF) SD rats were operated and treated with BBR or vehicle under sterile conditions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted using fecal samples from SPF rats to colonize GF-OVX rats. Results Compared with SPF-sham rats, OFT and EPM showed increased anxiety in SPFOVX rats, and BBR treatment significantly ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors compared with SPF-OVX rats. The serum level of isoflavone metabolite equol and the ratio of equol to daidzein were decreased by ovariectomy and elevated by BBR treatment. Furthermore, BBR treatment altered the microbiota diversity and taxa richness of the gut microbiome. The alpha diversity revealed a significant reduction in richness and diversity after BBR administration compared with SPF-OVX group. The beta diversity showed dissimilarity in composition among each group. At the genus level, BBR-treated rats harbored a higher abundance of beneficial gut microbes, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia, among which many species are involved in isoflavone bioconversion (Fig.1). Notably, estrogen deficiency in GF rats also resulted in anxiety-like behaviors, however gavage feeding of BBR to GF-OVX rats had no significant effects on behavior improvement and equol metabolism. FMT of SPF-BBR rats to GF-OVX rats improved anxiety-like behaviors and increased the serum concentration of isoflavone metabolite equol (Fig.2). Conclusions Gut microbiota is critical in BBR treatment of ovariectomy-aggravated anxiety, indicating a promising therapeutic strategy for postmenopausal anxiety. Download : Download high-res image (316KB) Download : Download full-size image Fig. 1 . BBR ameliorates the anxiety-like behaviors and gut dysbiosis of SPF-OVX rats. (A) Elevated plus-maze test results. (B) Open field test results. (C) Ovarian hormone levels. (D) Isoflavone levels. (E) α-diversity indices. (F) β-diversity measured by PCoA. (G) LEfSe analysis from phylum to genus. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *P Download : Download high-res image (217KB) Download : Download full-size image Fig. 2 . GF condition eliminates the anti-anxiety effects of BBR, while fecal microbes from SPF-BBR rats ameliorates anxiety of GF-OVX rats. (A) Elevated plus-maze test results of GF rats. (B) Open field test results of GF rats. (C) Ovarian hormone levels of GF rats. (D) Isoflavone levels of GF rats. (E) Elevated plus-maze test results of FMT rats. (F) Open field test results of FMT rats. (G) Ovarian hormone levels of FMT rats. (H) Isoflavone levels of FMT rats. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *P

MapReduce is a popular framework for analyzing massive datasets. However, MapReduce typically operates on static data by scheduling batch jobs so that it is difficult to process continuous unbounded streams of data in real time. To address this problem, we propose a scalable distributed method, called SDRT-MR, based on MapReduce framework. We first present a memory caching mechanism based on Hash B+ tree, which can be utilized to optimize the high concurrency access performance for intermediate results. To perform incremental one-pass analytics, we further employ dynamic incremental hash technique to enable fast in-memory processing, and provide a frequent keys discovering algorithm to keep hot keys in memory. The experimental results demonstrate that this method can maintain better real-time performance and scalability.

A series of novel 1,4-naphthoquinones possessing pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds were synthesized in very good yields using one-pot condensation of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, aldehydes, and 2-substituted 4,6-diaminopyrimidine. The in vitro anti-proliferative activity of these novel compounds was evaluated in SGC7901 and HepG2 cell lines. Almost all the tested compounds showed manifested potent inhibitory activity against the two tested cancer cell lines.

At present, the wave of globalization has swept the world and penetrated into all aspects of social life, bringing opportunities and challenges. In the context of economic and technological globalization, the concept of internationalization of scientific and technological innovation has emerged as the times require. It has become an important strategic means for countries to adapt to globalization trends, respond to globalization challenges, and seize globalization opportunities. In recent years, the internationalization of scientific and technological innovation has increasingly become an important issue of concern to the provincial government. In order to further integrate deeply into the global innovation network, maximize the use of international scientific and technological resources, and strive to achieve new breakthroughs in becoming the forefront of innovative provinces and building an open innovation highland, this paper constructs the internationalization system of scientific and technological innovation in Shandong Province, and puts forward countermeasures and guarantee measures to promote the internationalization of scientific and technological innovation in Shandong Province.

In high-speed free-space optical communication systems, the received laser beam must be coupled into a single-mode fiber at the input of the receiver module. However, propagation through atmospheric turbulence degrades the spatial coherence of a laser beam and poses challenges for fiber coupling. In this paper, we propose a novel method, called as adaptive stochastic parallel gradient descent (ASPGD), to achieve efficient fiber coupling. To be specific, we formulate the fiber coupling problem as a model-free optimization problem and solve it using ASPGD in parallel. To avoid converging to the extremum points and accelerate its convergence speed, we integrate the momentum and the adaptive gain coefficient estimation to the original stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) method. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces 50% of iterations, while keeping the stability by comparing it with the original SPGD method.

The bacterial flagellum has evolved as one of the most remarkable nanomachines in nature. It provides swimming and swarming motilities that are often essential for the bacterial life cycle and pathogenesis. Many bacteria such as Salmonella and Vibrio species use flagella as an external propeller to move to favorable environments, whereas spirochetes utilize internal periplasmic flagella to drive a serpentine movement of the cell bodies through tissues. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to visualize the polar sheathed flagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus with particular focus on a Vibrio-specific feature, the H-ring. We characterized the H-ring by identifying its two components FlgT and FlgO. We found that the majority of flagella are located within the periplasmic space in the absence of the H-ring, which are different from those of external flagella in wild-type cells. Our results not only indicate the H-ring has a novel function in facilitating the penetration of the outer membrane and the assembly of the external sheathed flagella but also are consistent with the notion that the flagella have evolved to adapt highly diverse needs by receiving or removing accessary genes. IMPORTANCE Flagellum is the major organelle for motility in many bacterial species. While most bacteria possess external flagella, such as the multiple peritrichous flagella found in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica or the single polar sheathed flagellum in Vibrio spp., spirochetes uniquely assemble periplasmic flagella, which are embedded between their inner and outer membranes. Here, we show for the first time that the external flagella in Vibrio alginolyticus can be changed as periplasmic flagella by deleting two flagellar genes. The discovery here may provide new insights into the molecular basis underlying assembly, diversity, and evolution of flagella.

The application patents of face recognition as data sources are studied in the paper. Mainly using statistical analysis method and social network analysis method, high-level patent analysis was carried out in many aspects, such as main national distribution, main institutions, focal research points and key patents of face recognition. The research status and competition situation of face recognition are comprehensively revealed, aiming at providing reference for researchers who are in related fields to understand the development trend of face recognition.