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When using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to produce images of the eye fundus, maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits must be considered. These limits are set out in international standards such as the National Standards Institute ANSI Z136.1 Safe Use of Lasers (USA) and BS EN 60825-1: 1994 (UK) and corresponding Euro norms but these documents do not explicitly consider the case of scanned beams. Our study aims to show how MPE values can be calculated for the specific case of retinal scanning by taking into account an array of parameters, such as wavelength, exposure duration, type of scanning, line rate and field size, and how each set of initial parameters results in MPE values that correspond to thermal or photochemical damage to the retina.

BackgroundFindings are presented from an evaluation of a pilot remand and assessment service - the Bentham Unit, The aims of the Bentham Unit are to provide rapid assessment, identify mentally disordered remand prisoners, and speed their transfer from prison to NHS care, where a need is indicated.MethodThe number, rate and speed of referral, assessment and transfer to NHS care of offenders remanded to Wormwood Scrubs prison during periods before and after the Bentham Unit opened were compared.ResultsThe service attracted a large volume of referrals. Between the two periods, significant increases in the numbers of referrals and hospital disposals, and major reductions in the interval between reception on remand into the prison, NHS assessment and transfer to NHS care, were observed.ConclusionsThe aims of the unit were met. Implications for service configurations are discussed.

Contributors. Preface. 1. The Ecosystem Approach and Planning and Management of the Marine Environment. 2. Developing the Human Dimension of the Ecosystem Approach: Connecting to Spatial Planning for the Land. 3. EU Maritime Policy and Economic Development of the European Seas. 4. Marine Planning and Management to Maintain Ecosystem Goods and Services. 5. Review of Existing International Approaches to Fisheries Management: The Role of Science in Underpinning the Ecosystem Approach and Marine Spatial Planning. 6. The Ecosystem Approach to Marine Planning and Management - The Road Ahead. Index

Background: Self-help resources are an important means of supporting people bereaved by suicide. These require careful evaluation. Aims: To evaluate the use and impact of Help is at Hand, a hardcopy and online booklet produced as part of England's suicide-prevention strategy. Methods: Data were collected on numbers of copies distributed and online access, and on users' views about the resource through questionnaires, interviews, and a focus group. Results: Large numbers of copies of Help is at Hand were obtained by a range of organizations, but far fewer directly by individuals, although the resource was extensively accessed online. Evaluation of individuals' responses to the resource was challenging. However, most respondents were very positive about the overall format and content and especially sections on experiencing bereavement and practical matters relating to the death. The main complaint was delay in gaining access to Help is at Hand. Conclusions: Evaluation of resources for people bereaved by suicide is difficult but worthwhile. Help is at Hand was largely well received. The main problem was with regard to individuals gaining access to it, especially at a time when they most needed it. Promotion of resources such as Help is at Hand needs to be prioritized. © 2012 Hogrefe Publishing.

There is a common thread running through this collection which highlights a new level of interaction with data and text, integrating thinker and machine in a complex relationship which questions the very concept of ‘humanity’.This may have profound implications for our understanding of what we mean by the humanities; what exactly is a ‘text’ if it changes in the moment of consumption? Deep reading has always been a process of interaction with text (Carr 2010; Kittler 1999), but the digital humanities take this one step further.Instead of simply losing ourselves through our imagination, the nature of digital technology is such that we are becoming integrated with the text itself;our brain is not simply picturing a new world, it is instead developing a new world, opening up new neural pathways in reaction to the speed and expanse of interaction with digital data (Carr 2010: 141). The new digital readers, with hyperlinks and notes, offer a new mediated experience of‘reading’. What then can we define as the text itself if each person’s interaction with it is completely different, following alternative links and pathways? As the digital humanities provide us with new technologies.

Particle uptake by two strains of the freshwater phytoflagellate Dinobryon was studied using cells grown in clonal batch cultures and presented with fluorescent microspheres. Clearance rates were found to be strongly dependent on temperature, with maximum clearance rate observed at around 20°C. Clearance rate over the diurnal light dark cycle was observed to be slightly higher during the dark phase. Cultures quickly died when placed in total darkness. cells of one strain grown for two weeks under dim irradiance (18 μEm -2 s -1 ) showed reduced clearance rates. For the other strain no relation was observed between clearance rate and irradiance

Bereavement following suicide is traumatic. Guilt, shame, stigma and feelings of rejection and isolation set it apart from the sadness following other kinds of death and may make it difficult for the bereaved person to obtain help (Harwood et al, 2002; Hawton & Simkin, 2003; Beautrais, 2004). the necessary official processes surrounding death by suicide, like the police and coroner's investigations, can add to the trauma (Biddle, 2003). This may be compounded by inaccurate or insensitive media reporting. Bereaved individuals are at risk of increased morbidity from abnormal grief reactions (Mitchell et al, 2005) and suicide (Qin et al, 2002), and they often need considerable support (de Groot et al, 2006; 2007).

The seasonal distribution of benthic species in the water column above and below the thermocline in a small eutrophic lake is described. During summer stratification populations of Spirostomum spp, Loxodes spp., Plagiopyla and Deltopylum become established in the plankton on or below the oxycline/thermocline. At shallow sites no migration occurred and populations of the migratory species in the benthos were sparse, with the exception of Plagiopyla which occurred in high densities in the sediment. Two distinct planktonic populations are established during stratification: an epilimnetic community of obligate planktonic ciliates and a hypolimnetic community of benthic migrants.

Background and aims Slow recruitment and poor retention are common challenges to the successful delivery of clinical trials, particularly surgical trials. Patient and public involvement (PPI) in designing and conducting clinical trials has the potential to enhance recruitment and retention but there have been few attempts at rigorous evaluation. The aim of PIRRIST is to develop a PPI intervention that improves recruitment and/or retention in surgical trials.

The difference between these two animals comes to represent inner conflict and learning to live with it. The visual style is inspired by Cubism and how that style can illustrate many facets of the same thing. A mixture of traditional, hand-painted and 3D computer animation. Copyright held by creator.

SummaryNearly a decade ago, the Department of Health published its strategic development plan for mental healthcare for women. It focused on the ways in which mental health services for women should be configured to take account of the context of women's lives and the complexity of their health needs. This commentary argues that attention to the reproductive and sexual health of women in mental healthcare is at the centre of a gender-sensitive and modern mental health service.

Government policy has encouraged speedy transfer of mentally ill prisoners to NHS care,1 2 but arrangements have often proved slow and ineffective.3 4 The Bentham Unit was set up in February 1994 to provide rapid assessment and (where appropriate) transfer for male mentally disordered remand prisoners in the former North West Thames Regional Health Authority. The unit provides regular outreach assessment sessions at Wormwood Scrubs and other prisons and is based in a 14 bed locked ward to which patients may be admitted before court disposal and determination of final placement. We retrospectively identified all prisoners referred for NHS psychiatric assessment who had been remanded to prisons within the area covered by North West Thames Regional Health Authority (Wormwood Scrubs, Brixton, Pentonville, Wandsworth, and Feltham) between 1 April and 31 August 1994 and determined those who were assessed and admitted …

In many countries opiate overdose remains the main source of the 10-fold excess mortality among opiate addicts, notwithstanding the effects of HIV/AIDS.1 Treatment reduces mortality but can sometimes increase mortality transiently—for example, during the first few weeks of methadone maintenance treatment and among former opiate addicts after their release from prison. 2 3 The increase in mortality among released prisoners who were formerly opiate addicts has been attributed to loss of tolerance and erroneous judgment of dose when they returned to opiate use. 1 3 We wished to investigate whether opiate addicts who have undergone inpatient detoxification might have a similarly increased mortality after treatment. We followed up patients who received inpatient opiate detoxification, looked for evidence of increased mortality, and investigated the distinctive characteristics of patients who died. View this table: Predictors of mortality among patients who underwent inpatient opiate detoxification. Values are numbers (percentage) of patients …

The efficacy of lofexidine/naloxone was compared with lofexidine/placebo in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 89 opiate-dependent patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of patients completing detoxification or in the length of stay. Patients in the active naloxone group demonstrated gradual reductions in levels of withdrawal and craving over the detoxification period. At completion of detoxification, patients who received naloxone maintained a level of withdrawal consistently lower than that in the placebo group; however, naloxone did not substantially accelerate the resolution of the withdrawal syndrome. Implications for future research are discussed.

(1994). Phagotrophic nutrition of phytoflagellates. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 2237-2237.

Background and aims Patient and public involvement (PPI) is research being carried out ‘with’ or ‘by’ patients and/or members of the public rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. Some evidence suggests that PPI in clinical trials may improve recruitment and retention. We undertook a systematic review to determine whether or not this is confirmed by quantitative evidence. We also explored whether the impact on recruitment and retention varies according to context and PPI method.