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Agent navigation has been a crucial task in today's service and automated factories. Many efforts are to set specific rules for agents in a certain scenario to regulate the agent's behaviors. However, not all situations could be in advance considered, which might lead to terrible performance in a real-world application. In this paper, we propose CrowdGAIL, a method to learn from expert behaviors as an instructing policy, can train most 'human-like' agents in navigation problems without manually setting any reward function or beforehand regulations. First, the proposed model structure is based on generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL), which imitates how humans take actions and move toward the target to a maximum extent, and by comparison, we prove the advantage of proximal policy optimization (PPO) to trust region policy optimization, thus, GAIL-PPO is what we base. Second, we design a special Sequential DemoBuffer compatible with the inner long short-term memory structure to apply spatiotemporal instruction on the agent's next step. Third, the paper demonstrates the potential of the model with an integrated social manner in a multi-agent scenario by considering human collision avoidance as well as social comfort distance. At last, experiments on the generated dataset from CrowdNav verify how close our model would act like a human being in the trajectory aspect and also how it could guide the multi-agents by avoiding any collision. Under the same evaluation metrics, CrowdGAIL shows better results compared with classic Social-GAN.

Research and Development work on Commercial Agriculture (CA) has not sufficiently been taken into account of those transformations occurring in the country’s socio-economic and political environment, especially in the lens of decision-making and adoption of eco-friendly technologies in CA. It has been debated for a long time that well-set strategic policies and guidelines incorporated and agreed upon by all stakeholders into a model possess a vast potential to facilitate such decision-making towards the establishment of an eco-friendly CA. In the light of that, an illustrative model was built of which the logical paths were characterized by the variables stand for Key Performance Drives (KPD) to exhibit the state of societal acceptance of the research outputs on the concept of ‘Research for Society’ within the realm of functional flexibility of research institutes. The outputs and outcomes from such an exploratory analysis would facilitate research institutes working on CA to systematically adopt the ‘best-fit KPDs’ in research development and researches to be conceived from societal roots. Further, it would establish the true connections and dependencies between research, social awareness of research needs, and flexibility of research institutes to enhance the performance of the sector, through collected data on Key Performance Indicators (KPI).

Situated and shared experiences can motivate community members to plan shared action, promoting community engagement. We deployed and evaluated a communal extended-reality (CXR) bus tour that depicts the possible impacts of flooding and climate change. This paper describes the results of seven community engagement sessions with a total of N = 74 members of the Roosevelt Island community. We conducted pre- and post-bus tour focus groups to understand how the tour affected these community members' awareness and motivation to take action. We found that the unique qualities of immersive, situated, and geo-located virtual reality (VR) on a bus made climate change feel real, brought the consequences of climate change closer to home, and highlighted existing community resources to address the issue. Our results showed that the CXR experience helped to simulate a physical emergency state, which empowered the community to translate feelings of hopelessness into creative and actionable ideas. Our finding exemplifies that geo-located VR on a bus can be a powerful tool to motivate innovations and collective action. Our work is a first-of-its-kind empirical contribution showing that CXR experiences can inspire action. It offers a proof-of-concept of a large-scale community engagement process featuring simulated communal experiences, leading to creative ideas for a bottom-up community resiliency plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some victims of interpersonal violence do not acknowledge or label their experience as criminal. This study aims to explore men's experiences as victims of intimate partner violence and identify the key elements that contribute to their (un)acknowledgment and needs. We interviewed 10 Portuguese male victims in heterosexual relationships who requested formal help. A thematic analysis was performed using NVivo 11. Social gender discourses and expectations prevented men from acknowledging their intimate victimization and created barriers to seeking help. Participants struggled to achieve the social status of the victim and to gain access to intervention measures. These findings reflect the invisibility and insufficient social awareness of intimate partner violence against men and enhance our understanding of the need of those men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recognizing that high levels of social intelligence are required for effective engagement, the authors set out to find the association between employee engagement and social intelligence. Specifically, the goal of this study was to find the explanatory value of social intelligence constructs for employee engagement in a sample of employees by conducting a statistical analysis. The final research included 150 male and 50 female professionals who were selected from FMCG sectors. A questionnaire was used to gather socio-demographic evidence; the Utrecht engagement scale and the Tromso social intelligence scale in the Indian cultural context were used to obtain professional and job information. The findings revealed that employees with high levels of social intelligence scores performed well on engagement measures, with social skills being the most significant predictor of engagement. The findings of this study have substantial practical significance for the development of training and intervention activities targeted at improving employees' performance on the job, among other things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social domain was introduced to multi-hop D2D (device-to-device) communication in cellular network scenarios, and a novel relay selection algorithm for multi-hop D2D communication under cellular network was proposed.Unlike existing relay selection algorithms, the proposed algorithm selects relays for each hop in reverse order, which reduces the signaling overhead caused by algorithm implement.Then, social domain information of mobile terminals was introduced to the algorithm and its influence on the algorithm’s performance was studied, which was found significant enough not to be overlooked hence providing useful guidance to designing algorithms in practical systems.Moreover, via extensive Monte Carlo simulations, it is discovered that the proposed algorithm outperforms the benchmarks in terms of data throughput and energy efficiency in absence of social relationship information.In a more practical implementation with social relationship information included, the proposed algorithm though naturally achieving less throughput, significantly outperforms the benchmarks in energy efficiency.

Introduction: The subject of this article is to examine young people’s awareness of the legal provisions in force in Poland regarding punishment for using physical violence against children. The research problem is an attempt to determine the degree of compliance, application and enforcement of legal provisions in Poland in the field of criminality of acts constituting physical violence against children. The initial thesis is based on the assumption that in Poland there is a low awareness of young people about the binding legal provisions prohibiting the physical punishment of children and about the harmfulness of all forms of physical violence. Method: The sociological method was used. They were students of secondary schools and a post-secondary school in Wrocław. The research consisted in analyzing the experience of individuals – students in order to determine how these problems are perceived by young people, how they deal with them and how they interpret the world around them and what they encounter, was the basic assumption of our research. Results: The results of the surveys indicate an urgent need for intensive social education on the harmfulness of beating children, including the elimination of seemingly harmless spanking as an educational form. The fundamental problem, in the context of the perceived consent to physical discipline of children in Poland, results from the traditionally understanding of the so-called non-statutory of educational punishment. Key practitioner messages: This text is intended to influence the further development of judicial decisions in the field of educational discipline.

Transgender community in India characterizes acute Mental Health decline as they experience harassment, discrimination to blatant verbal, physical, and sexual assault, including beatings, rape, and even homicide. This cast out population facing extreme social exclusion losses it's self-esteem and voice, demands policies and processes that validate their experience, knowledge. This study aims to aid this community by exploring their mental health complexities through the survey method and support their echoes for support and social inclusion through creating awareness. This study is based on the transgender community form three different localities in Chennai, India.

Agent navigation has been a crucial task in today's service and automated factories. Many efforts are to set specific rules for agents in a certain scenario to regulate the agent's behaviors. However, not all situations could be in advance considered, which might lead to terrible performance in a real-world application. In this paper, we propose CrowdGAIL, a method to learn from expert behaviors as an instructing policy, can train most 'human-like' agents in navigation problems without manually setting any reward function or beforehand regulations. First, the proposed model structure is based on generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL), which imitates how humans take actions and move toward the target to a maximum extent, and by comparison, we prove the advantage of proximal policy optimization (PPO) to trust region policy optimization, thus, GAIL-PPO is what we base. Second, we design a special Sequential DemoBuffer compatible with the inner long short-term memory structure to apply spatiotemporal instruction on the agent's next step. Third, the paper demonstrates the potential of the model with an integrated social manner in a multi-agent scenario by considering human collision avoidance as well as social comfort distance. At last, experiments on the generated dataset from CrowdNav verify how close our model would act like a human being in the trajectory aspect and also how it could guide the multi-agents by avoiding any collision. Under the same evaluation metrics, CrowdGAIL shows better results compared with classic Social-GAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumigation is the most popular form of intervention in various parts of the world to combat the spread of dengue fever, including in the city of Jakarta, Indonesia. Various forms of intervention, such as media campaign and case detection, are being carried out to control dengue in Jakarta. This study aims to understand the impact of the media campaign and case detection in controlling dengue spread in the city of Jakarta via a novel mathematical model. The intervention of a media campaign can improve people's knowledge of dengue, which can make them aware of dengue. Furthermore, we also define our recovery rate as a decreasing function depending on the number of hospitalized individuals. The model was developed as a novel SAEIHR-VW (Susceptible Aware Exposed Infected Hospitalized Recovered - Susceptible and Infected Mosquito) model. Incidence data in Jakarta during 2020 is used to estimate the best-fit parameter of the model. The analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than one. The elasticity analysis demonstrates that media campaign intervention is much more sensitive than case detection in suppressing the basic reproduction number. Furthermore, larger case detection does not always provide a better result in reducing the basic reproduction number owing to the quality of treatment in the hospital. The dynamical system sensitivity analysis (local and global) shows that the infection probability rate is the most significant parameter for the infected and hospitalized individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is overwhelming evidence that companies with women on their boards of directors have higher levels of Corporate Social Responsibility. The relation between professional women and collective or organisational responsibility has been widely studied. However, to date there has been little research into the individual attitudes of women towards social responsibility. The purpose of this study is to analyse the differences in attitudes towards social responsibility between men and women in their professional life. Methods: A study sample (N = 524; 347 women; Medad = 37) was assembled using the LinkedIn social media platform and participants, after providing their informed consent, were asked to answer the Professional Social Responsibility Questionnaire. Results: The results showed significant differences in Professional Social Responsibility between men and women, with moderate effect (t(522) = 2.078; p = 0.038; η² = 0.191), in favour of women. The women participants scored higher in the dimensions Discovery of Personal Values (t(522) = 2.342; p = 0.020; η² = 0.216) and Social Awareness (t(522) = 2.179; p = 0.030; η² = 0.201), both with representative effect sizes. Discussion: These results suggest that the greater commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility of companies with women on their boards of directors is due, in part, to the greater individual or personal social responsibility of women. Higher levels of Discovery of Personal Values and Social Awareness amongst women may also result in better decision-making, ultimately accruing to the benefit of the company in terms of its financial results and reputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research article investigates the relationship between a person's social intelligence according to gender identity and their entrepreneurial and social activity. A significant positive impact of the development of social skills, social information processing skills and social awareness on a person's motivation to take an active part in the life of their locality, region or state, interest in politics, business or civic activities was identified. This result agrees well with the scientific assumption underlying the research that people with developed social intelligence should also have higher ambitions for a place in the social hierarchy choosing business or politics for this purpose. The research showed that civically active women have almost the same level of social intelligence as men, which confirms their equal chances of building a career in the public sphere, regardless of whether they choose business, politics or public initiatives. It can be assumed that in the context of promoting gender equality in society, the development of women's social intelligence will contribute to their greater participation in social management and achieving a balance in leadership groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the development trends of emerging technologies with disruptive potential as early as possible is crucial for enterprise research and development (R&D) investment planning and government R&D strategic planning. Many researchers have used academic papers and patent data to identify trends in emerging technologies, although they rarely have made use of web news data focused on emerging technologies. Web news contains a large amount of social awareness data that represents the public's sense of and response to emerging technologies, and the social awareness data is of great significance for identifying the development trends of emerging technologies. Therefore, this article presented a research framework to identify the development trends of emerging technologies using patent analysis and web news data mining. In the research framework, first, we have used patent analysis to analyze the evolution topics of these emerging technologies, and have applied the topic model to study the changing patterns of publics’ topics of concern regarding emerging technologies contained in web news. Second, we have made a comparison analysis of the results of patent analysis and the public’ sense of and response to emerging technologies contained in web news. Then, we have applied an improved sentiment analysis to study the changing patterns of publics’ expectations for emerging technologies contained in web news. Finally, by studying the changes in publics’ topics of concern and publics’ expectations for emerging technologies over time, we have identified the development trends of emerging technologies. The perovskite solar cells technology is used as a case study to analyze the effectiveness and feasibility of the framework. This article provides a new research perspective to identify technology trends, and contribute to the technology forecasting methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThere is overwhelming evidence that companies with women on their boards of directors have higher levels of Corporate Social Responsibility. The relation between professional women and collective or organisational responsibility has been widely studied. However, to date there has been little research into the individual attitudes of women towards social responsibility. The purpose of this study is to analyse the differences in attitudes towards social responsibility between men and women in their professional life.MethodsA study sample (N = 524; 347 women; Medad = 37) was assembled using the LinkedIn social media platform and participants, after providing their informed consent, were asked to answer the Professional Social Responsibility Questionnaire.ResultsThe results showed significant differences in Professional Social Responsibility between men and women, with moderate effect (t(522) = 2.078; p = 0.038; η2 = 0.191), in favour of women. The women participants scored higher in the dimensions Discovery of Personal Values (t(522) = 2.342; p = 0.020; η2 = 0.216) and Social Awareness (t(522) = 2.179; p = 0.030; η2 = 0.201), both with representative effect sizes.DiscussionThese results suggest that the greater commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility of companies with women on their boards of directors is due, in part, to the greater individual or personal social responsibility of women. Higher levels of Discovery of Personal Values and Social Awareness amongst women may also result in better decision-making, ultimately accruing to the benefit of the company in terms of its financial results and reputation.

This article is devoted to the issue of awareness of human trafficking and forced labor among Poles. The analysis is based on the results of social opinion polls conducted in Poland between 1998 and 2020. Although there have been several such surveys, there is so far no summary or commentary on them in the Polish literature. There is extensive empirical material, however, some of the studies raise serious methodological doubts. Finally, interpretation of the results sometimes causes considerable controversy. In professional writing, the problem of social awareness of human trafficking has been discussed much less frequently than such issues as the scale of this phenomenon, the effectiveness of prosecution or the situation of the victims. The narrative axis of this article is Amitai Etzioniʼs concept of an active society. This author argues that a sense of community comes down to the development of optimal responses to emerging social needs. Therefore, questions have to be asked about whether Polish society perceives the problem of human trafficking as important, and whether it has developed the kind of readiness that guarantees that it will "deal" with it in the best possible way. In light of the data collected, and the analysis carried out, the proposed answer is decidedly negative. The article demonstrates that a low level of awareness from citizens became one of the factors that negatively affected the process of building an effective system of eliminating modern slavery in Poland. A poorly informed, passive, and most of all undemanding society turned out to be a “convenient” partner for the state apparatus, which never considered human trafficking to be one of its priorities. Even more, the state has almost completely neglected its duty to build a collective awareness of the danger of this crime, or to support societal responsibility for its victims.

This study aims to illustrate the emotional intelligence effect upon the quality of decision-making in financial insinuation, especially at the money exchange shops in Irbid, Jordan. To achieve the object of this paper, two questionnaires were designed. The first one is made up of 24 parts that weigh the attitudes of the study samples, all of the data related to their self understanding, self-management, social awareness, and social skills. The second questionnaire is made up of fourteen sections that reflect the evaluation of the samples in the study about the level of decision-making. The two questioners were spread to 40 employees. The population of this paper is all the Jordanian employees in the financial institutions, and the sample is the employees of the Alawneh Exchange, Irbid. After conducting the statistical analysis, the study shows that there is an effect of using emotional intelligence with self-understanding, self-management, social awareness, and social skills on the quality of decision-making among Alawneh Exchange employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growth of cities along with the rapidly increasing population in the last century, the increasing number of vehicles has revealed the traffic problem in transportation. There are many solutions to eliminate the traffic problem. One of these solutions is a bicycle, which is an environmentally friendly means of transportation. In this study, the effectiveness of the "Fancy Women's Bicycle Tour", an awareness movement that sets out to increase the rate of bicycle use to reduce exhaust gases, was examined. Although this awareness-raising movement started with an environmental purpose, it serves a second purpose: to make women visible in society. In the research, the focus group interview technique was applied and 12 women of different ages, professions and cities participating in the "Fancy Women's Bicycle Tour" awareness movement were interviewed. 7 questions prepared earlier in the interview were directed to the group and the answers were noted down and analyzed. The awareness movement that started on the "Car-Free Cities Day" in Izmir continues to reach its goal by spreading first to the whole of Turkey and then to the world. This movement has led to women becoming more visible in society, an increase in bicycle usage rates, and the acceleration of the regulation and construction of bicycle paths. The use of clean, environmentally friendly means of transportation instead of vehicles that cause air pollution, together with the roads that will be built, the education that will be given, is important for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder has precipitously mounted globally since the early 1990s. The Autism rise in amount has flashed fears of an autism epidemic. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developing condition. Although ASD can be an enduring disorder, early diagnosis and treatments can improve a person’s symptoms and daily functioning. Study shows that 1 in 54 children has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); it is a spectrum form, which means that all persons with autism represent certain difficulties. Since there is no specific diagnostic test, experts are still hunting for accurately what causes autism. The core features must be present in early development, like obstacles in social communication and interactions and restricted interests or repetitive behaviors. Multi F factors influence autism spectrum disorder, like gut-brain health, Microbiome dysfunction in the gastrointestinal tract, autoimmune disease, etc. Many research study findings are that probiotics may help diminish the inflammatory condition and modulate the Gastrointestinal problem and behavioral abnormality in ASD. Exclusive breastfeeding has the lowest risk of autism spectrum disorder; it decreases the 76 % chances of ASD. A proper supplement like folic acid during the first-trimester act as protective against ASD. Material and method: Relevant articles and literature were retrieved from different journals and web pages to find out the Autism details and how it related to various factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a teacher educator, I often use experiential pedagogies that I believe enhance student teachers' reflective "muscle," creativity, social responsibility, and overall pedagogical understanding, as I believe these assets advance their agentic professional identity, which in turn affects their teaching quality. While studying students' reactions to Augusto Boal's technique of Invisible Theater, I found myself engaged in a self-study concerned with my role and disposition as a teacher educator in terms of preparations for class discussions, questioning of dispositions, and experiences of oppression. After introducing the key concept and setting of this study, I discuss my experience and role with two groups of Israeli student teachers and the lessons I learned about my practice and professional identity in the process. I conclude this paper by suggesting conditions to be taken into consideration for Invisible Theater to be an effective pedagogical tool for social awareness and responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a globally recognized societal problem that requires intensive research to raise public awareness. Aim: Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to analyze IPV at the physical, psychological, and social aspects of abuse. Method: The methodology of the study correlates IPV to the personal experiences of notable Indian writer, Meena Kandasamy, according to the autobiographical account of her abusive married life in the award-winning novel When I Hit You, which depicts the horrible treatment of women by their perpetrators within a closed sphere. To substantiate, the selected autobiographical work is compared with Lenore Edna Walker’s prominent Cycle of Violence theory, which best describes why women become victims and also the abuser’s tactics in controlling the women in a violent relationship. Results: The study’s findings suggest that IPV, a serious global problem, requires government intervention and severe legal enforcement to protect women’s lives from the clutches of the abuser.

Situated and shared experiences can motivate community members to plan shared action, promoting community engagement. We deployed and evaluated a communal extended-reality (CXR) bus tour that depicts the possible impacts of flooding and climate change. This paper describes the results of seven community engagement sessions with a total of N = 74 members of the Roosevelt Island community. We conducted pre- and post-bus tour focus groups to understand how the tour affected these community members’ awareness and motivation to take action. We found that the unique qualities of immersive, situated, and geo-located virtual reality (VR) on a bus made climate change feel real, brought the consequences of climate change closer to home, and highlighted existing community resources to address the issue. Our results showed that the CXR experience helped to simulate a physical emergency state, which empowered the community to translate feelings of hopelessness into creative and actionable ideas. Our finding exemplifies that geo-located VR on a bus can be a powerful tool to motivate innovations and collective action. Our work is a first-of-its-kind empirical contribution showing that CXR experiences can inspire action. It offers a proof-of-concept of a large-scale community engagement process featuring simulated communal experiences, leading to creative ideas for a bottom-up community resiliency plan.

The aim of this study was to understand the reasons why Spain has one of the lowest prevalence rates of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in the European Union. Using a qualitative and inductive research approach, a total of five focus groups (n = 19) and 10 unstructured interviews with key informants were conducted. Three main categories were identified as possible explanations of the relatively low prevalence of IPVAW in Spain: law and policy, social awareness, and cultural patterns. Lessons learned and implications to improve future macrolevel intervention and prevention strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual foundations, features, and scope of the notion of rationality are increasingly being affected by developments in embodied cognitive science. This article starts from the idea of embodied rationality, and aims to develop a frame in which a debate with the classical, possibly bounded, notion of rationality-as-consistency can take place. To this end, I develop a game theoretic description of a real time interaction setup in which participants' behaviors can be used to compare the enactive approach, which underlies embodied rationality, with game theoretic approaches to human interaction. The Perceptual Crossing Paradigm is a minimal interaction interface where two participants each control an avatar on a shared virtual line, and are tasked with cooperatively finding each other among distractor objects. It is well known that the best performance on this task is obtained when both participants let their movements coordinate with the objects they encounter, which they do without any prior knowledge of efficient interaction strategies in the system. A game theoretic model of this paradigm shows that this task can be described as an Assurance game, which allows for comparing game theoretical approaches and the enactive approach on two main fronts. First, accounting for the ability of participants to interactively solve the Assurance game; second, accounting for the evolution of choice landscapes resulting from evolving normative realms in the task. Similarly to the series of paradoxes which have fueled debates in economics in the past century, this analysis aims to serve as an interpretation testbed which can fuel the current debate on rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this column is to promote the use of group drumming as an important access point to improved self and community relationships that naturally develops the competencies of student self-awareness and social awareness in the general music classroom. Group drumming is a far-reaching activity with the capacity to improve and transform many of the traumatic life experiences endured by our students. The promise of group drumming to enhance individual well-being while simultaneously developing an inclusive community environment is a readily available tool within reach of almost every general music teacher. The approach can be used to enhance self-awareness in the moment, reduce anxiety, and provide access to successful experiences for students. Group drumming exposes participants to new ways of understanding themselves and others around them while creating important entry points to the SEL (social and emotional learning) competencies of both social awareness and self-awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good quality health care promotes well-being among individuals, societies and communities and expenditure on improving public health care services is a part of long term strategies of almost all governments around the world. Public satisfaction with any product or service is a major indicator of its effectiveness. This study highlights the efficiency of basic health care units through the subjective measure of public satisfaction, and the impact of behavioral variables on public satisfaction. These explanatory variables can be classified as employment status, wealth, demographic factors, social connectivity and access to basic health care units. The results show that 45 percent of the rural households are dissatisfied; which is an indication that in rural areas these units are not working properly due to non-availability of staff and facilities. The results for educational status reveal that the likelihood of satisfaction for educated households is higher. However, the households who have television were 33% less satisfied than who do not have television, even though access to technology is linked to higher levels of satisfaction. The study results show a strong negative effect of distance from basic health care units on public satisfaction. Assessing the reasons for dissatisfaction, the survey data highlights that 38 percent of the households are dissatisfied because the health care center is too far, 33 percent mentioned insufficiency of health facilities in these centers and 12 percent stated shortage of staff as the reason for dissatisfaction. In Pakistan health spending is barely 1 percent of GDP and this glaring lack of facilities demands more investment in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]