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Resumen La composición material de las edificaciones expresa las decisiones y arreglos sociotécnicos que las comunidades humanas realizan al habilitar el espacio en las ciudades. Se trata de decisiones que inciden directamente en las formas, persistencias y vulnerabilidades de los conjuntos urbanos. Utilizando los datos de edificación del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), el presente trabajo analizó la distribución de materialidades en las superficies y construcciones edificadas en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago entre 1990 y 2014, con el fin de verificar la relación entre materia y ciudad. Las conclusiones indican que estas decisiones han consolidado dos estrategias sociomateriales simultáneas que se traducen en una ciudad periférica, de ladrillo y madera, que se expande a partir de las edificaciones de baja altura y una ciudad pericentral, de hormigón y metal, que se compacta utilizando edificaciones residenciales de altura. Abstract The material composition of buildings expresses the socio-technical decisions and arrangements that human communities make by enabling space in cities. These are decisions that directly affect the forms, persistence and vulnerabilities of urban complexes. Using the building data of the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), this paper analyzed the distribution of materialities in the surfaces and buildings built in the Región Metropolitana de Santiago between 1990 and 2014, in order to verify the relationship between matter and city. The conclusions indicate that these decisions have consolidated two simultaneous sociomaterial strategies that translate into a peripheral city, brick and wood, which expands from low-rise buildings and a pericentral city of concrete and metal, which It is compacted using high-rise residential buildings. Resumo A composição material dos edifícios expressa as decisões e arranjos sociotécnicos que as comunidades humanas fazem ao possibilitar o espaço nas cidades. São decisões que afetam diretamente os formulários, persistências e vulnerabilidades de grupos urbanos. Utilizando os dados do edifício do Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), este trabalho analisou a distribuição de materialidades nas superfícies e edifícios construídos na Región Metropolitana de Santiago entre 1990 e 2014, a fim de verificar a relação entre matéria e cidade . As conclusões do acima indicam que essas decisões consolidaram duas estratégias sociomateriais simultâneas que se traduzem em uma cidade periférica, tijolo e madeira, que se expande a partir de prédios baixos e uma cidade pericentral de concreto e metal, que é compactado usando prédios residenciais altos.

This paper introduces architectural analysis of construction and design to the archaeological evidence of the Scottish brochs – Iron Age stone roundhouses still preserved up to 13 m high. Despite their unique construction, analysis shows brochs to have been an integral part of the wider British roundhouse tradition, indicating supra-regional similarities. Architectural differences between stone and timber roundhouses, but also between individual brochs, however, suggest underlying long-lived regional traditions. These traditions could be adapted according to individual requirements, such as site-specific masonry patterns. The consumption of material and labour, sophistication in construction and design, and a visible presence within the landscape suggest that locally-based communities were utilising domestic architecture as the medium to convey social and economic potential. The analytical method introduced here can be applied to other building traditions elsewhere – with the potential to yield similarly nuanced archaeological interpretations..

Gedruckt erschienen unter ISBN 978-3-746742-25-0, Bisherige architektursoziologische Ansätze, die den Zusammenhang von Gesellschaft und Architektur aufzuschlüsseln versuchen, beziehen sich in aller Regel nur sehr wenig bis gar nicht auf das direkte bauliche Umfeld und dessen physisch-materiellen Aspekte. Auch der Entstehungsprozess von Architekturen gerät nur selten in den Untersuchungsfokus. Zwar werden regelmäßig soziale Vorgänge in eine direkte Verbindung mit architektonischen Materialisierungen gebracht, Architekturen als die Grundlagen des Sozialen betrachtet und Erklärungen für den sinnhaften Umgang mit der gebauten Umwelt erarbeitet, doch welche Vorgänge es uns überhaupt erst erlauben, spezifische Sinngehalte mit bestimmten Gebäuden zu verknüpfen, bleibt in aller Regel erstaunlich offen. Die vorliegende Fallstudie zum 1906 eröffneten „Jügelhaus“ in Frankfurt am Main bezieht sowohl physisch-materielle als auch soziale Faktoren in die Untersuchung des Entstehungsprozesses eines Gebäudes ein. Die architektursoziologische Fallstudie fragt nach den hinter dem Bauvorhaben stehenden Ideen, Machtverhältnissen, Werthaltungen etc., die sich im Jügelhaus objektiviert bzw. über dessen Materialität manifestiert haben. Dabei spielt die Einbeziehung der städtischen Physis eine wichtige Rolle, denn über sie zeigt sich, wie die damaligen städtischen Machtstrukturen im Stadtraum über repräsentative Architekturen ihre sichtbare Fixierung erhalten haben. Anhand des Jügelhauses lässt sich veranschaulichen, dass eine „Verankerung“ des städtischen Wissens an die konkrete, bewusst gestaltete Materialität der Stadt machtvolle Effekte generieren kann. Die vorliegende Studie ist daher als ein Beitrag dazu zusehen, die Zusammenhänge und Dynamiken zwischen Gesellschaft, Wissen und Materialität aufzudecken., Previous approaches of architectural sociology, which attempt to reveal the connection between society and architecture, usually refer only very little or not at all to the direct built environment and its physical and material aspects. Also, the development process of architectures rarely gets into the focus of investigation. On the one hand researchers bring social processes regularly into direct connection with architectural materializations, they regard architectures as the foundations of the social, and they work out explanations for our meaningful handling of the built environment. On the other hand an important question remains surprisingly open: Which processes allow us to link specific meanings with certain buildings? The present case study on the "Jügelhaus" in Frankfurt am Main, which was opened in 1906, attempts to reveal the motivations of action of the parties involved, the social conditions on which they based, and how the building, in turn, created new physical as well as social facts. The architectural-sociological case study asks about the ideas, power relations, values etc. behind the building project, which have objectified themselves in the Jügelhaus or manifested themselves through its materiality. The inclusion of urban physics plays an important role here, for it shows how the structures of power in urban space at that time have been visibly fixed by representative architectures. The Jügelhaus illustrates that an "anchoring" of urban knowledge to the concrete and intentional designed materiality of the city can generate powerful effects. The present study can therefore be seen as a contribution to uncovering the connections and dynamics between society, knowledge and materiality.

The authors raise a question of the necessity of urgent introduction of the principles of green building design into the practice. It is emphasized that such a necessity is dictated by the dangerous degradation processes occurring in the biosphere and society. In the given report the questions of social purpose and function of architectural activity are raised, as well as of the development of the sociology of architecture as an essential field of scientific research for providing the quality of design solutions.Green building technologies are widely spread in Europe, USA and in the Korea, China. Green building and sustainable building technologies have converted into a regular construction and building operation practice, whose mission is to reduce consumption of power and other material resources and to preserve or improve the quality of buildings and their comfort. The most reputable green building standards include LEED in the USA and BREAM in Great Britain. A discussion of local green standards, that will take account of the climate, landscape, and the lifestyle of residents, is underway in Russia. Principles of the ecologically sustainable design are being introduced into the architectural practice.

The article analyzes international political architecture of government buildings in Russia, the U.S., Western Europe (UK, France, Germany) and Asia (China, India, Japan). Conclusions that the architecture of government buildings reflects the values of the dominant society’s political culture. Some government buildings are prototypes constructed previously in other societies and cultural traditions (for instance, the Capitol in Washington, USA, and the Capitoline temple in Rome).

In der Hochhaus-Studie wird ein endloser Zopf geflochten aus episodischen Beobachtungen, vorwiegend aus Frankreich stammen Theorieanleihen und ersten Ansätzen einer Soziologie der Kritik. Dieses Geflecht sollte auch in der Zukunft ein Stilmerkmal Potthastschen Denkens bleiben, ein Designmerkmal seiner Erzählarchitektur gewissermaßen. In einer „Laborstudie“ der besonderen Art werden Beobachtungsepisoden zusammengetragen über das, was Architekten und Planer tun, wenn sie dem alltäglichen Geschäft des Designs in einem Hochhausprojekt nachgehen. Das Besondere dabei ist zum einen, dass eine ethnografisch angeleitete Methodik des „über die Schultern Schauens“ oder „Beschattens“, wie sie aus vielen Untersuchungen von Wissenschaftlern im Labor bekannt war, auf den außerwissenschaftlichen Kontext von Designpraktiken im Architektur-Studio übertragen wurde (vgl. Guggenheim in diesem Band). Zum anderen war diese Methodik, im Zuge einer „Heimkehr der Ethnologie“ nach Europa, in ein Studying-up zu verwandeln: in der zu betrachtende fremde Kultur stand der soziologisch-ethnografische Novize nicht mehr oder weniger hilflosen Stammesmitgliedern, sondern in vielfältiger Weise überlegenen architektonisch-urbanistischen Profis gegenüber. Die theoretischen Anleihen kommen zumeist aus einer Auseinandersetzung mit einer damals wenig beachteten französischen Literatur, gerade im Augenblick eines beginnenden Siegeszuzugs von durchaus revolutionären und höchst irritierenden Überlegungen im Bereich der Science and technology studies (STS) um Bruno Latour und andere. Beginnend bei den Anfängen einer neuen Ethnologie um Claude Lévi-Strauss und Pierre Bourdieu werden regelmäßig Überlegungen aus dem Schriften von Bruno Latour, Luc Boltanski, Laurent Thévenot oder Michel De Certeau und deren Freunden in der STS-Forschung wie John Law oder Karin Knorr-Cetina aufgerufen – Überlegungen, die gelernten Soziologen noch einigermaßen fremd waren. Kritik bleibt weitgehend mittelbar, in der Form von Überlegungen zu einer Soziologie der Kritik, vorgetragen. Getreu einem ethnografischen Ethos bleiben kritische Äußerungen zu zentralen Fragestellungen der Stadtsoziologie zurückgenommen und verhalten: Statt Hochhaus gut/Hochhaus schlecht zu sagen, werden die Experten des Feldes selbst belauscht. Man möchte sagen: Sollen sie, die Architekten und Planer, sich doch erst einmal selber kritisieren., https://botopress.net/2017/08/03/sollen-wir-mal-ein-hochhaus-bauen/

The landscape of European cities is by no means homogeneous. Nonetheless, the same type of conflict has repeatedly occurred in different places in the last few years: From Seville to Vienna, from Cologne to St. Petersburg, planned high-rise buildings for inner city districts have provoked fervent arguments and debates. Whether and how European cities should integrate more high-rise buildings is a highly controversial question. This chapter focuses on strategies of vertical construction and related debates about the cityscape in both Paris and Vienna. By studying the urban constellations of Paris and Vienna, it can be shown that what may look comparable at first glance is the outcome of highly different strategies and histories. Although both cities define themselves to a wide degree with reference to historic structures, the image of tall buildings varies drastically in these cities, which correlates with these cities’ diverse histories and hence experiences with high-rise buildings. Path dependencies and the ways individual cities receive international trends are crucial to understanding processes of urbanization. Based on in-depth interviews with various urban actors and other relevant qualitative data, this chapter aims to demonstrate that a city’s high-rise strategy cannot be attributed to any single factor; rather, it is the result of a complex interplay between various aspects and actors, which crucially includes present and past struggles over cityscapes and therefore over urban spaces.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, Tez çalışması mimarlık ve sosyolojinin arakesitinde dolaşmak çabasının bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkar. Güncel mimarlık ortamı ve sosyoloji okumaları çaprazlandığında heyecan verici bir manzarayla karşılaşılması bu çalışmanın ana kaynağını oluşturur. Mimarlık bilgi alanının verileriyle değerlendirilen durumların başka bir kavramsal çerçeve içerisinde ele alındığında sunabileceği düşünülen potansiyeller tezin amacı olarak ortaya konmak istenmiştir. İlk bölüm, girizgah mahiyetinde çalışmanın ardındaki motivasyonları ortaya koymayı amaçlar. Bundan sonra, mimarlık alanı içerisindeki unsurlar, unsurlar arası ilişkiler ve mevcut durumu mimarlık kavramsal çerçevesi içerisinde ortaya koymak gerekliliği ön görülmüştür. İkinci bölüm, mimarlık alanı içerisinde, alanın üç ana aktörü olan mimar, mimarlık ürünü, kullanıcı arasındaki ilişkileri araştırır. Mimarlık algısının zaman içerisindeki değişimi alan içerisinde mimarın pozisyonunun değişimiyle ilintilidir. İnsanların mimarlığı deneyimleme biçimlerinin değişimi ise alan içerisinde kullanıcının pozisyonunun değiştiğini gözler önüne serer. Bu değişimler mimarlık alanı içerisindeki ilişkilerin yeniden düzenlendiğine işaret eder. Kentleşme ve kapital arasında zaman içerisinde kurulan kuvvetli bağlar, çok aktörlü mimarlık alanında etkisini artıran bir diğer unsur olarak belirir. Kent ve kapitalin ilişkisi de bu sebeple çalışma için önem kazanır. Günümüz kentlerinde artık kullanıcılar dönüşen kentin müşterisi konumuna gelmişlerdir. Tüm bu değişmeler bize bir zamanlar adı anılmayan mimarın günümüz mimarlık ortamında önemli bir figür haline geldiğini, bir zamanlar kullanıcısına referansla inşa edilen mimarlık pratiğinin ise artık kullanıcısını kaybettiğini gösterir. Mimarın daha güçlü bir pozisyona gelip kullanıcının denklemden silinmesi, mimarın mimarlık ürünüyle baş başa kaldığı bir portre çizer. Öte taraftan, kapital ve kent arasındaki ilişkinin gittikçe önem kazanması mimarlık alanını domine etmeye başlamasına yol açar. Böylelikle kapital, alan içerisindeki bir diğer kuvvetli figür olarak belirir. Bir yandan, mimarın rolünün ağırlığının artmasıyla beraber mimar ve mimarlık ürünü arasındaki ilişki kuvvetlenirken, öte yandan kapitalin mimarlık alanına sürekli müdahalesi aynı ilişkiyi zayıflatır. Dolayısıyla mimarın mimarlık alanı içerisindeki durumu muğlaklaşır. Mimarın ürünüyle baş başa kalıp kalamadığı ikilemi bizi mimarlık alanına başka kavramlarla bakmaya zorlar. Üçüncü bölüm mimarlık alanının mevcut durumunu alternatif anlama biçimlerini araştırır. Burada Bachelard, Kuhn ve Wittgestein’ın düşünceleri zihin açıcı bir rol üstlenmişlerdir. Bachelard’a göre mevcut kuramlar zorunlu hakikat konumunu üstlendikçe hata sürekli kendini olumlar. O halde hakikat haline gelmiş mevcut kabullerle yeni olarak tanımladığımız durumu anlamaya çalışmanın çıktısı, sürekli kendisini olumlayan hatalı bir çıktı olacaktır. Öyleyse yeni durumu yeni bir yöntemle anlamaya çalışmak gerekliliği doğar. Thomas Kuhn’a göre her tür sınama, bir hipotez üzerine yapılan her doğrulama ya da çürütme çabası, daha başlangıçtan bir sistem içinde yer alır. Yine Thomas Kuhn’un ve Ludwig Wittgenstein’ın benimsediği yaklaşıma göre, bizim kavramsal sistemimizde yeri olmayan bir yenilik hakkında sorulacak sorulara yine bizim sistemimizde yanıt bulmak olanaksızdır. Bu sorulara yanıt vermeye başladığımız anda, kavramsal sistemimizi değiştirmişiz demektir. Bu düşünceler temel alınarak yeni sorulara ve sorunlara yanıt verebilmek üzere kavramsal sistemde değişikliğe gitmek bu bölümde önerilmiştir. Bourdieu sosyolojisini bu amaçla araçsallaştırmanın iki önemli nedeni vardır, ilişkisellik ve düşünümsellik. Bourdieu sosyolojisinin önemli kavramlarından olan ilişkisellik, unsurların içkin özelliklerinden ziyade birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerine odaklanmanın sistemi anlamada oldukça önemli bir yeri olduğunu söyler. Düşünümsellik ise sistemi anlamaya çalışan bireyin kendisinin de sistemin bir parçası olduğu farkındalığıyla hareket etmesini amaçlar. Böylesi bir düşünümsel teyakkuz hali içerisinde kapital, iktidar ve çıkar kavramlarını ilişkisel olarak düşünmenin katkı sağlayabileceği düşüncesiyle mimarlık sosyolojisi alternatif bir yöntem olarak üçüncü bölümde önerilmiştir. Yapılandırılmış olduğunu farketmenin yapıyı doğru okuyabilmenin ön şartı olduğu bilgisiyle mimarın durduğu yeri daha iyi analiz etmesinin mimarlık alanı içerisinde daha iyi pozisyon almasına olanak sağlayıp sağlayamacağı sorusu dördüncü bölümü ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kültürün tahakküm aracı olarak kullanılmaya müsait yapısı kültür üreticisi olan mimarı ve kültürel bir pratik olan mimarlığı ister istemez iktidarla ilişki içerisine sokar. Bu sebepten dördüncü bölüm iktidar kavramını ele alarak başlar. Devamında, yine Bourdieu sosyolojisinin kavramlarının yol göstericiliğinde, bir çıkar üretme mekanizması olarak kapital ve biçimlerinin nasıl işlediği aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunların sonucunda çıkar üreten mekanizmaları okumanın kolaylaşması ve mimarın durduğu yerin daha iyi analiz edilebilmesi beklenmektedir. Bu beklenti çerçevesinde son olarak Bourdieu’nün entelektüeller hakkındaki eleştirileri ışığında mimarlığa entelektüel bir pratik olarak bakılmaya çalışılmıştır. Simgesel iktidar ve simgesel şiddet kavramlarının yardımıyla entelektüel olarak mimarın konumunu açığa çıkarmanın mimarlık alanı içerisinde mimarın konumunu netleştirmeye yardımcı olabileceği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak tez kapsamında, mimarın ürünüyle baş başa kalıp kalamadığı, mimarlık bilgisine diğer bir deyişle kültürel kapitale sahip mimarın alan içerisinde sermaye sahipleriyle diğer anlamıyla ekonomik kapital sahipleriyle karşı karşıya kaldığında nasıl bir pozisyon aldığı, ya da alabileceği sorularını cevaplamak için yeni kapılar aralayabileceği düşünülen sosyolojik bir kavramsal çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu aslında tüm alanlar için geçerli teori pratik karşılaşmasının da başka bir okuması olarak ele alınabilir. Tüm bu okuma çerçevesinde mimarın sosyolojik çerçevenin sağladığı araçlarla durduğu yeri daha iyi analiz edebileceği, bunun sonucunda da daha iyi pozisyon alabileceği iddiası tez çalışmasında ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bourdieu’ye göre tahakküme direnmenin hatta tahakkümü ortadan kaldırmanın yolu da ancak böylesi bir açık etme çabasıyla mümkün kılınabilir., This study emerges from an attempt to work in the intersection area of architecture and sociology. The exciting idea of intercrossing the contemporary architectural world with the sociological discourse formed the basis of this research. Rethinking the situations, which have always been considered under the context of architectural knowledge, in an alternative frame could bring out a great potential to evaluate our former repertoire in a different way. This work aims to put these potentials on the table for further discussions . First chapter aims to set forth the motives behind this study. Afterwards, it is thought to be necessary to put forward the contemporary situation of architecture, the components and the relationship between the components of the field of architecture, in an architectural context. Second chapter, tries to discover the relations between the main elements of the field of architecture, architect, architectural product, and user. The change in the perception of architecture in time is closely related with the change of the architect’s role in the architectural field. And the change in the ways how people experience the architecture reveals the adjustment of the position of user in the architectural field. These changes indicate that the correlations in the field of architecture has been rearranged. The bonds between urbanisation and capital, which has been constructed in a long period of time, come to play an ever increasing role in the multi-faceted architectural field. Because of this situation, the relation between city and capital gains importance. Consequently, in today’s urban environment users come to be the consumers of the city. All these changes show us that architect, who is once not recognised in the field of architecture, becomes an important figure, and users, who are the main element of the built environment, now become vague in an architectural context. The growing value of the role of architecture and the evanesce of the user from the equation, creates a scene in which architect and the architectural product are side by side and alone. On the other side, the growing significance of the relation between city and capital causes the relation to dominate the field of architecture. In this way capital emerges as an substantial figure in the field. On the one hand, with the increasing significance of architect, the relation between architect and the architectural product grows strong. On the other hand, the ongoing intervention of capital weakens the very same bonds. Therefore the position of architect in the field of architecture becomes ambiguous. In this way, the dilemma about architect’s being alone with its product or not forces us to use other concepts for analysing the architectural environment. Third chapter investigates the alternative ways of understanding. Here, the ideas of Bachelard, Kuhn and Wittgenstein have mind refreshing effects. As for Bachelard, as long as the current theories have the position of absolute truths, the mistake affirms itself all the time. In that case, the outcome of the effort to understand a new situation with the current acknowledgments will be an erroneous outcome which affirms itself all the time. Therefore, the necessity to understand new situations with new methods occur. For Thomas Kuhn, every kind of proof, every attempt to prove or refute an hypothesis, is always already in a system. Again, as for Kuhn’s and Wittgenstein’s approach, it is impossible to answer the questions which are about an innovation out of our conceptual world. When we start to answer those questions, it means that we have changed our conceptual system. Using these considerations as a base, in this chapter, it is suggested to change our conceptual framework in order to be able for answering new questions, and handling new situations. According to this objective, there are two reason for utilising the sociological approach of Bourdieu: one is relationality, the other is reflexivity. Relationality, as one of the main concepts of Bourdieu’s sociology, suggests that, in order to understand the system, it is crucial to focus on elements’ interrelations rather than on their intrinsic values. As for reflexivity intends to act with the knowledge that the observer itself is also a part of the system which it observes. With the assertion that in this kind of reflexive vigilance methodology, considering the power, capital and interest relationally may contribute to the field of architecture, in order to analyse its circumstances. With these suggestions in mind, a sociology of architecture is proposed as a method in the third chapter. Considering the fact that to be able to read the structure truly, it is necessary to have the knowledge of everyone is a part of that very system, fourth chapter emerges from a question whether it is possible to take a better position after analysing the current situation in the field of architecture, or not. Culture has a tendency to be used as a tool for domination. That is why the architect, producer of culture, and the architecture as a cultural practice willingly or unwillingly interacts with power. This is the reason behind starting the fourth chapter with the concept of power in sociology. Afterwards, again with the help of the terminology of Bourdieu, capital as a way of producing interest, and how types of capital work are examined. As a consequence of these, it is expected to make it easier to analyse the mechanism of interest, and the position of architect in the current situation. Under the light of this expectation, lastly, it is intended to look at architecture as an intellectual practice. It is established that with the help of concepts symbolic capital and symbolic violence, it is possible to help to understand and clarify the position of architect as an intellectual. As a consequence, throughout the study, sociological conceptual framework is created to answer following questions: can architect stay alone with its product, how architect as a cultural capital holder take a position when she confronts with the economic capital holder, or how other positions can she takes? It is believed that another conceptual framework can open up new opportunities to have another vision. This study is also can be considered as an examination of the theory practice contradiction which is valid not only in the field of architecture but more or less in every field. This research strongly suggests that we can use a sociological framework to analyse the current situation better, and take a more powerful position in the field of architecture. For Bourdieu, this kind of revealing and exposition is the only way to defeat domination and overcome power practices., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

The relationship between the design and construction of architectural objects — the material — and the social context in which these objects are shaped and used — the social — is a key issue within the sociology of architecture. The relationship between the material and the social is contested: some tend to reify one, be it the material or the social, at the expense of the other, whereas others consider the material and the social to be ‘constitutively entangled’ (Orlikowski 2007:1437). In keeping with the latter perspective, we investigate the recursive interplay between the material and the social in the context of a design process that involved both architectural and organizational design. Particular emphasis is given to how extensive user participation was brought to bear in developing the architectural design and the implications of this for the users’ sense of their work and organization, as well as for the architectural designers’ sense of their professional practice.

The final chapter is composed as a dialogue between a sociologist of architecture and a science studies scholar as they discuss the opportunities and limitations of enriching the sociology of architecture with concepts, approaches and terms from science and technology studies (STS). The dialogue comprises two alternate parts: one is scientific in tone and elaborates at length the arguments that are the basis for our theses on the actions of architecture. Here, we trace how material objects are conceptualized in STS and focus on the question of how we can fruitfully integrate STS insights into a new sociology of architecture. The other part of the dialogue, formally emphasized by italics, is held in a more colloquial tone and connects the single elements of the scientific parts by summarizing and emphasizing their central conclusions.

The thesis is about relation of society to its material environment including its cultural product which is architecture. This is the reason why it is using viewpoints of sociology of culture and art. The thesis focuses on the contemporary projective architecture and brings its characteristics having a relation to society. The main starting-point is uncritical nature of projective architecture. This nature is set into the historical development of the architectural styles of the twentieth century. The picture of development of those critical and uncritical phases is assembled with emphasis to their specific relation to society. In the conclusions the detected relation of projective architecture to the society is assembled to this development. It is compared with former stages. The conclusions say that the relation between society and architecture is strengthened, but on the other hand it is individualised and relativized too.

This research aims to study the sunlight penetration performance on the front facade of selected apartments with Neo-Minimalist architectural style. The selected case studies are two front facade of apartments buildings located at the Penang Island east coast latitude 5° 25' 0" N and longitude 100° 19' 0" E, the east part of Penang has been under great developing progress in the last 10 years. Minimalist architectural style is very popular and preferable by architects and people in this region. The tow selected case studies are Baystart condominium, Bayan Lepas and Bayswater Resort condominium, Gelugor. The study uses sun tool software to simulate and calculate the extent of sunlight penetration. The simulation will be conducted with oriented the building as the sun rays are perpendicular to the building’s facade, and then compare the results of sunlight penetrations between the two buildings and the used of architectural elements. The study finds that the sunshade elements and the recessed wall with balcony which are used in the minimalist style facade design make the buildings efficient to prevent the unwanted sunlight which causes overheating and over brightness inside the building, and that is the one of the reasons behind the popularity of the minimalist architectural style.

The bachelor thesis is dedicated to the influence of city environment on the social life of its inhabitants with regards to the design of space. I am pointing to the influence of type of development of the city space and appearance of public ground on forming neighbor relationships among inhabitants. In the thesis, I am focusing on public space in unique city locality of housing development Solidarita. This housing project, which has been designed as a space, which shall support community relationships, does not work according to the ideas of its designers. One of the last public areas in the housing development Solidarita is the Park Na Solidarite, which does not comply with its function. I am suggesting possible reasons why it is so and I inquire into how local inhabitants perceive the space. KEY WORDS Sociology of architecture, social relations, urban space, public space

Lightweight tensile structures outstand as an exemplary field that revolutionized architectural technology and engineering in the early 70 s, while having established new frame conditions and methodologies regarding cooperation between architectural and engineering disciplines in practice and research [1]. Cable-net and membrane structures’ form-finding process is directly related to aesthetic, functional, structural and construction aspects from early stages of the design. The structure’s geometry is revised in an iterative process of form finding until an equilibrium form under the imposed stress requirements of the members and boundary conditions has been reached. The origin of lightweight tensile structures and the initiation of numerical methods of analysis that enabled the realization of the roof structure of Munich 1972 Olympics-Arenas frames three phases of developments in the area: design and computational analysis, design optimization and automated manufacture, and open loop multivariable systems performance based design. The specific project’s succession of technology driven design processes are reviewed from the perspective of an interrelated syntax of architectural and structural design.

Grob lässt sich die Geschichte Berlins als Hauptstadt in drei Phasen aufteilen – zunächst die Geschichte der Königsstadt und ihrer Bauten, dann die expansive und später zerstörerische Zeit vom Kaiserreich bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges, und schließlich die nach der Wiedervereinigung. Bei dieser Einteilung fehlt fast ein halbes Jahrhundert, die Zeit nämlich des geteilten Berlin und des Kalten Krieges zwischen 1945 und 1990. Diese Epoche unklarer Perspektiven und separater städtebaulicher Entwicklungen ist eine Besonderheit, welche die Geschichte Berlins von der anderer europäischer Hauptstädte unterscheidet. Begonnen hatte der repräsentative Ausbau Berlins nach der Königskrönung des brandenburgischen Kurfürsten mit dem Schlüter'schen Schloß, weiteren Bauten und Straßenzügen; an diesem bis heute sichtbaren Gerüst wurde bis in die Zeit Schinkels weiter gearbeitet. Danach entfaltete sich die Baugeschichte der Stadt über viele politische und architektonische Brüche hinweg, bis nach der Wiedervereinigung zum ersten Mal in großem Maßstab für einen demokratischen Staat gebaut wurde.

The building envelope plays a crucial role in saving or consuming energy, depending on the type of the envelope and design. Architects and engineers need to consider many issues when working with envelope designs, including environmental issues, aesthetic appearance, occupant comfort, and view; these aspects make the envelope a multifunctional component, thus the integration approach is the optimal method to address envelope design. In the last decade we have witnessed the inclusion of the kinetic envelope in many typologies of buildings. Many scholars believe the kinetic envelope improves the environmental performance of the building. The purpose of this paper is to review the current practice and development of the kinetic envelope and to investigate its role in the improvement of energy performance in buildings.

The chapter analyses the invention and the form of the discourse on building conversion as one particular instance of redefining what a technology is and how it operates. I describe a shift from expert defined closure to lay based openness and tinkering as a shift from prototyping to allotyping: Since the early 1970s, change of use and building conversion have become a central and fashionable discourse among architects and architectural theorists. Before the 1970s, buildings were understood as technologies, as ‘society made durable’. The notion of building type was central to link a building to a given use. A bank was a bank because architects applied existing templates, prototypes, to turn a building into a bank. In the 1970s, suddenly buildings became flexible – discursively, since building conversion always existed: ‘Building type’ no longer was a meaningful link between a building and its use. A bank should not stay a bank, but become a hotel, a theatre or a flat, in short: an allotype. The chapter elucidate this central shift in thinking about buildings and reflects on the special case of allotyping buildings and how it continues to vex thinking about buildings.

Building technology and art have the dialectical unified relationship, and Ieoh Ming Pei’s architectural goal is to seek harmony and unity between them. This article mainly discusses the detail management and design methods in Ieoh Ming Pei’s works, helping to understand the unification of architecture and art, and the combination of technology and art.

The thesis is about relation of society and its material environment - architecture. It focuses on current architecture and its characteristics with relation to society. The emphasis is placed on influence of constructions, interaction with users and transmission of meanings. The thesis is characterizing contemporary architecture using theories of Marshall McLuhan. Today's architecture is distinguished by projective character which enables higher participation of users than former architectural traditions. New interconnection of society and architecture appears. It is characterized by higher degree of interaction. At the same time, higher relativization, individualization and virtualization of meanings emerge. Currently, architecture is cool medium through the lens of Marshall McLuhan theories. It is characterized by low definition. On the other hand, former architectural traditions were hot mediums with high definition. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Recently the use of perimeter diagonals which resist lateral forces and carry gravity loads simultaneously without vertical columns has increased significantly and are known as ‘diagrid’. This structure is made up of diamond modules with diagonal members and provides more lateral stiffness compared to the conventional structures. Generally, these structures have provided the context for more elegant designs and more efficient structures, making them so popular among architects and engineers. Consequently, these structures have made significant advances during the last decade although they are regarded as a totally new trend. The paper aims at discovering the evolutionary process of diagrid structures and their progresses which leads to major breakthroughs in architectural, structural and sustainability concepts. Indeed, these recent advances are investigated and reported for architects and engineers. The results, based on case studies, show that these structures have been able to address most of the designing requirements. They have also been used in different projects with totally different heights, areas and functions, suggesting diamond modules can be applied not only for high-rises but for a wide range of projects.

Graphics was a two dimensional notion till the nineteenth century. It was only in the twentieth century, during the modern movement, that graphics emerged as a three dimensional tool. During the same time architecture also had a change in its definition and there was a breakthrough in the design industry. Colour which was earlier used as a superficial element for decoration now started being used as a design element of third dimension in architecture. Designing with colour therefore it must be considered in all its aspects of which are related to one another, so that virtually in any work in which colour plays a role all must be taken into accent. Colours have a profound effect on mind and emotion and influence our mood and feelings. Colour can reinforce ideas of form and material; express its divisions and proportions. Colour can underline an architectural statement, it can punctuate, direct and focus attention and compensate in a way unlike any other abstract element”. How graphical use of colour can create a statement in architecture.

This article will discuss about analyzes the new topic of sustainable architecture and different perceptions of the experts on the concept of “sustainable architecture”. Today, the word sustainability widely has been discussing in order to provide solutions to react the needs of the nowadays without the peril of resources for future generations and followed that, by application of sustainability in architecture, the discussion of sustainable architecture begins. Sustainable architecture is an approach to the design of an architecture that can bring social stability. Today, community areas, most of the development and sustainability of urban areas is considered. In this article, we believe that interaction between architecture and cinema are two integral elements of sustainability principles of the social dimension that consist: equity and social identity, aesthetic and comfort, and other similar problems are pointed out and provide appropriate solutions to increase social stability, to achieve the space that is part of the collective memory in the mind of viewer and it is affecting the five senses, include: to see, hear, think, and so the opportunity to reflect on her life before and after entrance again to everyday life. How long in time and create hierarchy to reach the outside and the inside spaces, increasing comfort and enhancing public safety and social stability, flexibility and lighting in terms of space and design principles of sustainable architecture, and in details, social sustainable will be discuss topic of this article.

As housing demand in India is continuously growing, different government schemes are being implemented to cater to the need of mass housing for the poor and lower income group people. Use of appropriate Costeffective Eco-friendly Construction Technologies (CECT) in housing sector in India has the potential to be the most appropriate in terms of economy and acceptability. The reduced cost of building, enhancement of comfort level and non-compromise on safety may establish appropriateness of CECT, which will also act as a market force and demand for such technologies is expected to grow-up. Previously the appropriateness of CECT in Indian context was never explored. This paper studied the acceptability and adaptability potential of different CECTs through field survey, literature study and technical calculations and tried to find out the most appropriate one among those.

This paper examines the thermal performance of housing in the UK and the associated costs for different fabric construction methods of the envelope for a typical four bedroom detached house. The energy ratings were assessed using the UK Government’s Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), which is based on the Building Research Establishment Domestic Energy Model. The capital costs were estimated from data published by the Building Cost Information Services applied to Leicester UK area in 2011. Through alterations to the dwelling fabric alone, a reduction of 30.1% in carbon emissions of the base property could be achieved. Standard methods proved to be as effective as alternative methods at reducing carbon emissions by 22.6% for an average capital cost increase of 9.1% against the base property. This was equivalent to an extra cost of £13.7 for each kg of CO2 emissions reduction. It was found that alternative methods could reduce carbon emissions by 20.5% for an extra cost of 18.4% over the base property. The optimum construction method that would help achieve the UK government’s carbon emissions target was also discussed. The paper also discusses the methods for improving energy efficiency in new extensions to existing dwellings, using a typical solid-wall terraced house with a new single storey extension, as a case study. In this study, it was found that by increasing refurbishment costs by only 4.7% could result in carbon emissions reduction by 21.7%.

The paper explores the recent innovations in architecture materials developed through nanotechnology, based on the design of material properties in order to obtain specific performances. In particular, nanostructured cementitious materials, represent an interesting application of nanotechnology in the construction industry, considering the significant performance advantages compared to conventional products and the potential in reduction of resources and energy consumption throughout the life cycle connected to their use. To understand the relevance of these innovations, an approach aimed at identifying the possible impact on design and construction is required, considering the benefits achievable through a conscious use of nanotechnology, without neglecting the scientific issues still open and risk factors for humans and environment related to their uncontrolled use. The specific focus on the characteristics and potential applications of nanostructured cement-based materials is intended to reaffirm the need to develop an adequate level of knowledge internal to architectural disciplines on nanotechnology-related innovations, starting from the prominent role that cement and concrete plays in the construction industry.

The paper explores the recent innovations in architecture materials developed through nanotechnology, based on the design of material properties in order to obtain specific performances. In particular, nanostructured cementitious materials, represent an interesting application of nanotechnology in the construction industry, considering the significant performance advantages compared to conventional products and the potential in reduction of resources and energy consumption throughout the life cycle connected to their use. To understand the relevance of these innovations, an approach aimed at identifying the possible impact on design and construction is required, considering the benefits achievable through a conscious use of nanotechnology, without neglecting the scientific issues still open and risk factors for humans and environment related to their uncontrolled use. The specific focus on the characteristics and potential applications of nanostructured cement-based materials is intended to reaffirm the need to develop an adequate level of knowledge internal to architectural disciplines on nanotechnology-related innovations, starting from the prominent role that cement and concrete plays in the construction industry.

The integrated studios in which architecture students are paired with engineering and construction manager students works on the assumption that the common denominator-BIM-is a tool of equal meaning and value to all. This is not the case: each discipline has its own values, procedures, and protocols that bend BIM to its own needs. When these differences are not recognized, design, which has traditionally been the province of architecture, gets short shrift. The BIM process offers the opportunity for cross-disciplinary contamination without sacrificing design emphasis. How to blend engineering student input with architecture student design input so each group learns equally from the other and high quality design outcomes are empowered rather than diminished will be discussed.

In a living state organism, people are always trying to reinterpret political symbolism. Wolfgang Braunfels, Urban Design in Western Europe: Regime and Architecture, 900–1900 (1988), 321. Introduction It has been argued in previous chapters that states’ strategies to foster belonging among their citizens have led to the built environment being mobilized in a variety of ways in differing political contexts. The focus of this chapter is on two distinct but related developments in contemporary Europe: first, the European Union's attempts to embed their political project in cultural forms from architecture and the built environment (discussed with reference to the Brussels Capital of Europe project), and second, coexistent projects in member nation states to reposition and ‘Europeanize’ existing national architectural symbols (illustrated with reference to Norman Foster's reconstruction of the Reichstag in Berlin). An overarching concern of the chapter is to develop an understanding of the role of architects in the cultural construction of what can broadly be understood as ‘transnational’ European political projects. As such, the focal point is not so much the emergence or otherwise of a distinctly European style of architecture, but rather the extent to which the ongoing work of high-profile architects to embed the ‘imagined community’ (Anderson 1983) of Europe into socially meaningful forms reveals something about the wider politics of architecture in the contemporary European context. After a brief contextualization of EU cultural politics, the first substantive discussion in the chapter addresses the EU's Brussels, Capital of Europe project, which drew together a number of high-profile European cultural commentators – including the leading architects Rem Koolhaas and Jean Nouvel – to suggest a range of interventions both in Brussels’ built environment and in the EU's ‘branding’ more generally in order better to reflect the institution's ‘European’ values. The spatial and architectural projects that emerged from the project meetings and the subsequently published report (European Commission 2001) are explicit engagements with the cultural form that political Europeanization, a highly contested project in search of democratic legitimacy and popular support, should take. As a result, the Brussels Capital of Europe project reveals a number of the tensions associated with both the political mobilization of architects and, more broadly, the ambiguous relationship between architectural form and social meaning.

Put me on the map, give my industrial city a second chance, make me the centrefold of the Sunday supplements, the cover of in-flight magazines, the backdrop for fashion shoots, give me an iconic landmark, give me – architectural – shock and awe. Charles Jencks, Iconic Buildings: The Power of Enigma (2004), 18. Introduction Political agencies' recent embrace of what has come to be known as ‘iconic’ architecture can be understood as a continuation of longstanding attempts to mobilize major building projects, first, to materialize wider discourses of major social change, and second, to generate surplus value from urban space. The desire to commission sufficiently persuasive and socially resonant architectural forms with which to attract various forms of mobile capital – especially from the private sector and tourism – while at the same time symbolizing an upward trajectory for a place, has seen iconic architecture incorporated enthusiastically into UK cultural policy strategies. The ‘visually consumable’ (Urry 2002) nature of such attention- grabbing buildings, allied to a hope that iconic forms will help create instantly recognizable ‘brand images’ for places, has led Charles Jencks to claim a renewed function for statement architecture. He has observed that in ‘the last ten years a new type of architecture has emerged. Driven by social forces, the demand for instant fame and economic growth, the expressive landmark has challenged the previous tradition of the architectural monument’ (2004: 7).

Das Review Essay befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Oliver SCHMIDTKE über "Architektur als professionalisierte Praxis". Diese ist dem Nachweis gewidmet, dass die Architekten/Architektinnen eine Profession bilden und die Architektur eine professionalisierungsbedürftige Tätigkeit darstellt. Grundlage seiner Argumentation ist der einflussreiche professionstheoretische Ansatz von Ulrich OEVERMANN, nach dem solche Berufsgruppen Professionen bilden, die sich in einer stellvertretenden Weise mit spezifischen lebenspraktischen Krisen von Individuen und Vergemeinschaftungen auseinandersetzen. Architekten/Architektinnen stellen demzufolge deshalb eine Profession dar, weil sie sich mit dem professionalisierungsbedürftigen, lebenspraktischen Problem der Markierung von Innen-Außen-Grenzen in einem gemeinsamen Sozialraum befassen. Entsprechend untersucht SCHMIDTKE architektonische Werke daraufhin, wie lebenspraktische Krisen durch Architekt/innen ästhetisch übersetzt und in einer entsprechenden Formsprache materialisiert werden. Das besondere Augenmerk seiner Studie liegt auf den Konsequenzen, die sich aus der Professionalisierungsbedürftigkeit der architektonischen Praxis in Hinsicht auf die Position der Architekt/innen in ihrem Wettbewerb mit anderen Berufsgruppen ableiten lassen. Bei der Analyse solcher Entwicklungen werden jedoch auch die Grenzen dieses professionstheoretischen Ansatzes deutlich. Dennoch: SCHMIDTKEs Analyse des professionalen Handelns von Architekt/innen stellt einen bedeutsamen und sehr empfehlenswerten Beitrag für die Professions- wie für die Architektursoziologie dar. This paper deals with Oliver SCHMIDTKE's study of architecture as a professional practice. SCHMIDTKE undertakes to prove that architects form a profession and that architecture represents an activity in need of professionalization. His approach is based on Ulrich OEVERMANN's influential theory of professions, which states that occupational groups become professionalized if they deal, by proxy, with specific crises faced by individuals and communities. In this understanding, architects form a profession because they deal with the practical problem of marking internal and external borders in shared social space. SCHMIDTKE thus examines architectural works with regard to how such crises are aesthetically translated by architects and materialized in an appropriate design vocabulary. His study focuses on the need to professionalize architectural practice in the face of competition from other occupational groups but the analysis of such developments also makes clear the limitations of this theoretical approach to professionalization. Despite this, SCHMIDTKE's account of the professional activity of architects represents an important and highly recommended contribution to the sociology of professions as well as the sociology of architecture. Este artículo trata sobre un estudio de Oliver SCHMIDTKE sobre la arquitectura como una práctica profesional. SCHMIDTKE se compromete a probar que los arquitectos forman una profesión y que la arquitectura representa una actividad que necesita ser profesionalizada. Su enfoque se basa en la importante teoría de las profesiones de Ulrich OEVERMANN, la cual plantea que los grupos ocupacionales se profesionalizan si ellos tratan, alternativamente, con crisis específicas enfrentadas por individuos y comunidades. Desde este modo de entender el tema, los arquitectos forman una profesión porque ellos tratan con el problema práctico de marcar límites internos y externos en un espacio social compartido. De este modo, SCHMIDTKE examina trabajos arquitectónicos observando como tales crisis son traducidas estéticamente por los arquitectos y materializadas en un vocabulario de diseño apropiado. Su estudio se enfoca en la necesidad de profesionalizar las prácticas de arquitectura en medio de una competencia con otros grupos ocupacionales, pero el análisis de tales desarrollos deja claro también los límites de ese enfoque teórico sobre la profesionalización. Aún así, el relato de SCHMIDTKE sobre la actividad profesional del arquitecto representa tanto una altamente recomendable contribución a la sociología de las profesiones como a la sociología de la arquitectura.

Das Review Essay befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Oliver SCHMIDTKE über "Architektur als professionalisierte Praxis". Diese ist dem Nachweis gewidmet, dass die Architekten/Architektinnen eine Profession bilden und die Architektur eine professionalisierungsbedürftige Tätigkeit darstellt. Grundlage seiner Argumentation ist der einflussreiche professionstheoretische Ansatz von Ulrich OEVERMANN, nach dem solche Berufsgruppen Professionen bilden, die sich in einer stellvertretenden Weise mit spezifischen lebenspraktischen Krisen von Individuen und Vergemeinschaftungen auseinandersetzen. Architekten/Architektinnen stellen demzufolge deshalb eine Profession dar, weil sie sich mit dem professionalisierungsbedürftigen, lebenspraktischen Problem der Markierung von Innen-Außen-Grenzen in einem gemeinsamen Sozialraum befassen. Entsprechend untersucht SCHMIDTKE architektonische Werke daraufhin, wie lebenspraktische Krisen durch Architekt/innen ästhetisch übersetzt und in einer entsprechenden Formsprache materialisiert werden. Das besondere Augenmerk seiner Studie liegt auf den Konsequenzen, die sich aus der Professionalisierungsbedürftigkeit der architektonischen Praxis in Hinsicht auf die Position der Architekt/innen in ihrem Wettbewerb mit anderen Berufsgruppen ableiten lassen. Bei der Analyse solcher Entwicklungen werden jedoch auch die Grenzen dieses professionstheoretischen Ansatzes deutlich. Dennoch: SCHMIDTKEs Analyse des professionalen Handelns von Architekt/innen stellt einen bedeutsamen und sehr empfehlenswerten Beitrag für die Professions- wie für die Architektursoziologie dar. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159, This paper deals with Oliver SCHMIDTKE's study of architecture as a professional practice. SCHMIDTKE undertakes to prove that architects form a profession and that architecture represents an activity in need of professionalization. His approach is based on Ulrich OEVERMANN's influential theory of professions, which states that occupational groups become professionalized if they deal, by proxy, with specific crises faced by individuals and communities. In this understanding, architects form a profession because they deal with the practical problem of marking internal and external borders in shared social space. SCHMIDTKE thus examines architectural works with regard to how such crises are aesthetically translated by architects and materialized in an appropriate design vocabulary. His study focuses on the need to professionalize architectural practice in the face of competition from other occupational groups but the analysis of such developments also makes clear the limitations of this theoretical approach to professionalization. Despite this, SCHMIDTKE's account of the professional activity of architects represents an important and highly recommended contribution to the sociology of professions as well as the sociology of architecture. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159, Este artículo trata sobre un estudio de Oliver SCHMIDTKE sobre la arquitectura como una práctica profesional. SCHMIDTKE se compromete a probar que los arquitectos forman una profesión y que la arquitectura representa una actividad que necesita ser profesionalizada. Su enfoque se basa en la importante teoría de las profesiones de Ulrich OEVERMANN, la cual plantea que los grupos ocupacionales se profesionalizan si ellos tratan, alternativamente, con crisis específicas enfrentadas por individuos y comunidades. Desde este modo de entender el tema, los arquitectos forman una profesión porque ellos tratan con el problema práctico de marcar límites internos y externos en un espacio social compartido. De este modo, SCHMIDTKE examina trabajos arquitectónicos observando como tales crisis son traducidas estéticamente por los arquitectos y materializadas en un vocabulario de diseño apropiado. Su estudio se enfoca en la necesidad de profesionalizar las prácticas de arquitectura en medio de una competencia con otros grupos ocupacionales, pero el análisis de tales desarrollos deja claro también los límites de ese enfoque teórico sobre la profesionalización. Aún así, el relato de SCHMIDTKE sobre la actividad profesional del arquitecto representa tanto una altamente recomendable contribución a la sociología de las profesiones como a la sociología de la arquitectura. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs090159

Der Beitrag wendet sich der Frage des Zusammenhangs von Sicherheit und architektonischer und städtebaulicher Gestaltung zu. Historisch sind die Funktionen europäischer Städtegründungen unter anderem darauf zurückzuführen, dass sie Sicherheit gewährleisten konnten. Über Stadtmauern und den Wehrdienst der Stadtbewohner ('Spießbürger') konnten befestigte Städte ('Festungen') besser verteidigt werden als alleinstehende Gebäude. Die Sicherheit der Stadt forderte soziales Engagement, bot aber allen Bürgern vermehrten Schutz. In der modernen Stadt werden urbane Ordnungs- und Sicherheitsstrukturen von Spezialisten hergestellt (z.B. Polizei, Gesundheitsamt, Sozial- und Ordnungsamt, öffentlichen Versorgern, Schul- und Verkehrswesen). Mit diesen Strukturen gewinnt der urbane 'Disziplinarapparat' neue Formen. Die Kriminalsoziologie war lange Zeit gleichgültig gegenüber Fragen der Raumgestaltung. Neuere Ansätze zeigen jedoch eine Vielzahl an Möglichkeiten, wie Kriminalitätswahrscheinlichkeit abgesenkt werden kann - insbesondere, indem soziale Kontrolle ('territoriale Interessengemeinschaft') durch bauliche Maßnahmen gefördert wird. Die Anordnung und Größe der Häuser und Siedlungen, die Strukturierung der Zu- und Aufgänge, Anordnung der Fenster, durchdachte Platzierung von Abstellflächen, Baumbewuchs und 'Grenzmarkierungen' kann visuell geschützte Räume entstehen lassen, die den Fremden auffällig werden lassen und das Auftreten krimineller Handlungen verringern können. Der Beitrag weist darauf hin, dass diese baulichen Maßnahmen von einem Management der Quartiere begleitet werden sollten, also von einer sozialen Einbindung der Bewohner in Verantwortlichkeit für ihr Wohnumfeld. 'Aufgegebene' Wohnviertel zeigen eine höhere Kriminalität ('Broken window'-Theorie) als gut integrierteWohnumgebungen. Wird dies nicht berücksichtigt, könnenStadtviertel in Kriminalität abgleiten - umso mehr, als dann gut integrierte und situierte Familien und Bürgerin andere Stadtteile abwandern - und ehemals stabile soziale Strukturen durch den Nachzug von sozial schwachenBewohnern weiter untergraben werden. (ICB)