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Using Rhodotorula glutinis and Chlorella vularis sludge as raw material, the extraction process of carotenoids from yeast and algae was optimized through single factor and response experiments, and the in vitro antioxidant activity of carotenoids from yeast and algae was investigated. The results showed that the optimal ionic liquid for yeast and algal wall breaking was 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride (BMIMCl), and the optimal extraction process for carotene from yeast and algal sludge was 1 mol/L ionic liquid concentration, pre-treatment temperature of 53 °C, and pre-treatment time of 57 min. Under this condition, the extraction amount of carotene from yeast and algae was 1.311 mg/g. When the mass concentration was 30 μg/mL, the scavenging rates of DPPH free radical, ·OH free radical and ABTS+ free radical were 82.3%, 37.6% and 86.8%, respectively, and the reducing power was 0. 289, showing good antioxidant activity. The yeast and algal sludge treated with BMIMCl had a higher content of extracted carotenoids and better antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: For a significant subset of agricultural products, including coffee, wine and tea, sensory perceptions of terroir (i.e., characteristic flavors imparted by the growing environment) are tightly linked to the product's value. With increasing climate change, it is critical to understand how shifts in climate, such as changes in precipitation, may interact with management practices (e.g., cultivar selection) to impact sensory quality in terroir‐driven crops, and what biochemical compounds may be associated with those impacts. Here, sensory quality and volatile profile composition were assessed for four Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivars grown in a field experiment where precipitation was reduced by rainout shelters, resulting in 14% lower soil moisture on average. RESULTS: Our results indicate an overall increase in yield coincident with a moderate decrease in sensory quality in response to reduced precipitation. The presence and magnitude of the sensory quality shift varied by cultivar and sensory attribute, though the Acidity attribute was consistently negatively impacted across cultivars, albeit with a high degree of uncertainty. Additionally, 31 volatile compounds were identified across green coffee samples that were variably impacted by reduced precipitation. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified patterns in volatile clustering associated with sensory attributes suggesting that reduced precipitation effects on sensory attributes may depend on nonlinear combinations of secondary metabolites. CONCLUSION: Ultimately, our results advance efforts to improve predictions of climate impacts on coffee‐growing landscapes and communities and highlight the value of considering indicators of harvest value beyond yield to improve economic forecasts for agroecosystems under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different amounts of Zn contained MgAl-layered double hydrotalcites topologically transformed into mixed oxide (xZn-O) nanomaterials through calcination at a high temperature. The degree of polymerization and reducibility of ZnOx species have been systematically investigated, as they are closely linked to the activity of propane dehydrogenation (PDH). For the xZn-O (x < 25%) catalysts, highly dispersed Zn species dominate owning to the strong lattice confinement effect of MgAlxOy supports. These catalysts exhibit a high turnover frequency (TOF) value, 93% propylene selectivity, and a slow increase in C3H8 conversion due to their strong resistance to over reduction. With an increase in Zn content, surface-supported ZnO nanoparticles and bulk ZnO crystal species emerge. Based on the results of characterization and calculation, as the degree of polymerization of the ZnOx species increases, they become more easily reduced, and the activation energy for C3H6 formation decreases, suggesting that the coordinatively unsaturated ZnOx species nearby oxygen vacancies are the active sites for PDH. However, these also lead to a decrease in C3H6 selectivity and an increase in coke selectivity (deactivation constant). Therefore, the appropriate degree of polymerization and reducibility of ZnOx species is critical for achieving efficient catalytic PDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delaying kidney senescence process will benefit renal physiologic conditions, and prompt the kidney recovering from different pathological states. The renal anti‐senescence effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and metformin have been proven in diabetic settings, but the roles of each one and combination of two drugs in natural kidney aging process remain undefined and deserve further research. Senescence‐accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) were orally administered dapagliflozin, metformin, and a combination of them for 16 weeks. Dapagliflozin exhibits better effects than metformin in lowering senescence related markers, and the combination therapy shows the best results. In vitro experiments demonstrate the same results that the combination of dapagliflozin and metformin can exert a better anti‐senescence effect. Blood metabolites detection in vivo shows dapagliflozin mainly leads to the change of blood metabolites enriched in choline metabolism, and metformin tends to induce change of blood metabolites enriched in purine metabolism. In conclusion, the results suggest dapagliflozin may have a better renal anti‐senescence effect than metformin in non‐diabetes environment, and the combination of the two drugs can strengthen the effect. The two drugs can lead to different blood metabolites alteration, which may lead to different systemic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a precursor that is metabolized by several enzymes to many biological eicosanoids. Accumulating data indicate that the ω-hydroxylation metabolite of AA, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), is considered to be involved in the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). The inhibitors of AA ω-hydroxylase, however, are demonstrated to exhibit protective effects on MIRI. Dihydrotanshinone I (DI), a bioactive constituent of danshen, is proven to be a potent inhibitor of AA ω-hydroxylase by our preliminary study in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotection of DI against MIRI and its effects on the concentrations of 20-HETE in vivo. Rats subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion were assigned to intravenously receive vehicle (sham and ischemia-reperfusion), low (1 mg/kg), middle (2 mg/kg), or high (4 mg/kg) doses of DI before reperfusion. The results demonstrated that DI treatment could improve cardiac function, reduce infarct size, ameliorate the variations in myocardial zymogram and histopathological disorders, decrease 20-HETE generation, and regulate apoptosis-related protein in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion rats. These findings suggested DI could exert considerable cardioprotective action on MIRI by the attenuation of 20-HETE generation, subsequent myocardial injury, and apoptosis through inhibition on AA ω-hydroxylase. Key words: dihydrotanshinone I, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, arachidonic acid, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, ω-hydroxylase, apoptosis, danshen. L'acide arachidonique (AA) est un precurseur metabolise par plusieurs enzymes en de nombreux eicosanoides biologiques. De plus en plus de donnees indiquent que le metabolite issu de la ω-hydroxylation de l'AA, l'acide 20- hydroxyeicosatetraenoique (20-HETE), est implique dans le dommage d'ischemie-reperfusion myocardique (DIRM). Les inhibiteurs de la ω- hydroxylase d'AA, cependant, ont demontre qu'ils exercaient des effets protecteurs contre le DIRM. Le dihydrotanshinone I (DI), un constituant bioactif du danshen, a montre qu'il est un inhibiteur puissant de la ω-hydroxylase d'AA selon les etudes preliminaires in vitro realisees par les auteurs. Le but de l'etude presente etait d'examiner la cardioprotection par le DI contre le DIRM et ses effets sur les concentrations de 20-HETE in vivo. Des rats soumis a une ischemie de 30 min suivie d'une reperfusion de 24 h ont recu par voie intraveineuse le vehicule (operation fictive et ischemie-reperfusion), une dose faible (1 mg/kg), moyenne (2 mg/kg) ou elevee (4 mg/kg) de DI avant la reperfusion. Les resultats ont demontre que le traitement au DI pouvait ameliorer la fonction cardiaque, reduire la taille de l'infarctus, ameliorer les variations du zymogramme myocardique et les manifestations histopathologiques, diminuer la generation de 20-HETE, et reguler les proteines reliees a l'apoptose dans le myocarde des rats soumis a l'ischemie-reperfusion. Ces donnees suggeraient que le DI pouvait exercer une action cardioprotectrice considerable contre le DIRM en attenuant la generation de 20-HETE, le dommage myocardique subsequent et l'apoptose, par l'inhibition de ω-hydroxylase d'AA. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: dihydrotanshinone I, dommage d'ischemie-reperfusion myocardique, acide arachidonique, acide 20- hydroxyeicosatetraenoique, ω-hydroxylase, apoptose, danshen., Introduction Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the phospholipids of membranes of the body's cells. It can be metabolized by 3 oxygenase systems: cyclooxygenases (COXs), lipoxygenases [...]