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Summary Aim To test the null hypothesis that there was no difference in treatment efficiency between therapies undertaken with conventional (CBs), passive self-ligating (PSLBs) or active self-ligating (ASLBs) brackets. Materials and methods An electronic search was performed in 3 data bases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) from their origin up to January 2019. Additional references were hand searched. Search was strictly restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and split-mouth design studies (SMDs). RCTs and SMDs were initially processed separately and subsequently combined in a network meta-analysis. The following variables were evaluated: treatment duration, number of visits, occlusal outcomes, alignment rate, transverse arch dimensional changes, incisor position modification, rate of space closure, anchorage loss, bond failure, root resorption, perception of discomfort during the initial phase of alignment, time to ligate in or to untie an archwire, periodontal variables, quality of life. Results On 229 papers, 30 RCTs and 9 SMDs were finally included in this study. Out of 85 comparisons, 16 only revealed statistically significant differences. It was quicker to untie and ligate an 0.014 NiTi arch from/in 6 ASLBs anterior ceramic brackets compared to 6 ceramic CBs. It was also more painful to insert and remove an 0.019 × 0.025 SS wire in/from PSLB's brackets compared to CB's attachments. Compared to conventional brackets, there was less maxillary incisor proclination with PSLBs in non-extraction cases. Moreover, there was less bleeding on probing 4-5 weeks after bonding with PSLBs compared to CBs brackets. The only significant difference between ASLBs and PSLBs was that alignment was 10 days faster with active self-ligating braces compared with passive self-ligating braces even if treatment duration between ASLBs and PSLBs was not significantly different. The network meta-analysis revealed that IMPA was greater in extractions cases with CBs compared with both ASLBs (+2,5°) and PSLBs (+1,6°). Conclusions The vast majority of the studied variables did not show any significant differences between the three types of brackets. The most significant findings were that it was quicker to insert and remove archwires from ASLBs compared to CBs, and it was more painful to insert and remove an 0.019 × 0.025” stainless steel wire in/from PSLBs compared to CBs. The major difference between ASLBs and PSLBs was that alignment was 10 days faster with active self-ligating braces compared with passive self-ligating braces even if treatment duration between ASLBs and PSLBs was not significantly different. Most of the claims put forward by the suppliers were not substantiated by our network meta-analysis.

Objectives To compare the rate of extraction space closure between periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) (Group 1) and PAOO using demineralized bone xenograft (DMBM) (Group 2) and to compare the level of wound healing between the PRF group vs the DMBM group after PAOO. Materials and Methods A two-arm prospective single blind pilot study with a split-mouth design was used in which 14 patients requiring premolar extraction were divided into two groups: PRF and DMBM. En-masse space closure was carried out with using mini implants after the PAOO procedure. The amount of space closure was measured at five time points with 2-week intervals within 2 months. The gingival healing levels were assessed using early wound healing scores on the first postoperative day. Results The rate of extraction space closure was faster in the experimental quadrant at all time points (T1-T4) in the PRF group and at time points (T3, T4) in the DMBM group. Comparison between experimental quadrants showed a significant increase in the rate of space closure in the PRF group T1 to T3 (P < .05). The PRF group showed higher total early healing scores than the DMBM group. Conclusions PRF, when used in the PAOO procedure, produces a faster rate of space closure with better early wound healing than DMBM.

Background : On a daily basis, orthodontic patients present with malocclusions and orofacial imbalance. Often times, teeth must be extracted in order to obtain proper esthetics, occlusion, and stability as well as extraction of teeth is often a need to close residual space, after the initial decrowding and aligning. Pre adjusted fixed orthodontic appliances commonly utilize sliding mechanics for space closure with different types of force delivery systems. A variety of materials have been used as force delivery systems to close spaces between teeth as in the case of canine retraction after the extraction of premolars. Elastomeric auxiliaries are relatively consistent in producing tooth movements. The purpose of the study to evaluate the rate of mandibular canine retraction by elastomeric power chain. Materials and methods : This obervational study was designed as split mouth study. A total number of 20 patients (40 quadrants),who required canine retraction into first premolar extraction sites as part of their orthodontic treatment in the Department of Orthodontics, BSMMU as study population. The quadrants were affixed by elastomeric power chain (Dentaurum) with 200gm force measured by Correx Tension Gauge. Space closure was measured by means of direct measurement from the mesial surface of mesial wing of the 2nd premolar bracket and the distal surface of distal wing of the canine bracket with digital Vernier Calipers. Results: Mean space closer rate in mandibular canine retraction was 0.99 ± 0.08 mm/month in elastomeric power chain method with p value

Introduction: In Majority of patients seeking orthodontic treatment, teeth must be extracted in order to obtain proper esthetics, occlusion, and stability as well as extraction of teeth is often a need to close residual space, after the initial decrowding and aligning. Pre adjusted fixed orthodontic appliances commonly utilize sliding mechanics for space closure with different types of force delivery systems. A variety of materials have been used as force delivery systems to close spaces between teeth as in the case of canine retraction after the extraction of premolars. Among all sliding or frictionless methods of canine retraction, super-elastic nickel titanium coil spring has a particular property in producing light continuous force at a long range of action, compared with previously available materials. Nickel-titanium closed coil spring, with a continuous action, might have some advantages in fixed appliance space closure mechanics. Materials and Methods: Over the period of one year from May 2015 to April 2016, this clinical trial was carried out and A total number of 20 patients (40 quadrants), who required canine retraction into first premolar extraction sites as part of their orthodontic treatment in the Department of Orthodontics of BSMMU selected as study population. The quadrants were affixed by nickel titanium closed coil springs (medium force, Ni-Ti extension spring, Ormco) with 200gm force measured by Correx Tension Gauge. Space closure was measured by means of direct measurement from the mesial surface of mesial wing of the 2nd premolar bracket and the distal surface of distal wing of the canine bracket with digital Vernier Calipers. Results: Mean space closer rate in mandibular canine retraction was 1.07 ± 0.12 mm/month by nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) closed coil spring method with p value

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of the working archwire intra-aging on the rate of upper first premolar space closure and to measure frictional resistance during space closure. Methods: A total of 28 subjects participated in this study. All patients were treated by upper first premolar extraction. Subjects were subdivided into 2 groups: non-replacement side: consisted of the right or left sides of the upper arch where space closure was done using the same 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS; replacement side: comprised the other side of the subjects where the working archwire was replaced with a new one each visit. The working archwire in the upper arch was split into 2 halves (new archwire on one side and old one on the other side); each one-half was connected to the other in the midline by a joining shim. Elastomeric chain was used to close extraction spaces. The amount of space closure (mm) was recorded each visit for 3 months. Results: In the non-replacement side, the rate of upper space closure was 0.80 mm/month coronally and 0.75 mm/month gingivally. In the replacement side, it was 0.69 mm/month coronally and 0.67 mm/month gingivally (p > 0.05). Mean frictional force for the non-replacement side was 3.58 ± 1.20 N, and it was 2.43 ± 1.21 N for the replacement side (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Intraoral archwire aging has no effect on the rate of upper premolar space closure/month although frictional resistance of the aged archwire was higher than of the new one. Clinical relevance No need to replace 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS every visit during space closure to overcome corrosion and frictional resistance. The study was supported by the Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology (research grant number 53/2019).

Objective: to evaluate dental arch and smile changes after miniscrew anchored en-masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth in Class II division 1 malocclusion cases. Methods: A total of 22 adult patients (mean age, 19.78 + 1.24 years) with Class II division 1 malocclusion were randomly assigned to 2 groups; group I (11 patients treated with miniscrew anchored en-masse retraction) and group II (11 patients treated with two-step retraction using conventional anchorage). Skeletal, dentoalveolar and smile changes were analyzed in both groups using standardized photographs, study casts, and lateral cephalograms before and after space closure. Results: Miniscrew anchored en-masse retraction showed a statistically significant decrease in upper incisor display (U1UL) (-2.22±1.33; P 0.05). Group II demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in IMW (-1.63 ± 1.19, P

El papel preponderante de la estética, y específicamente de los dientes, obligan a que los tratamientos ortodontico sean cada vez más estables y satisfactorios, no sólo desde el punto de vista funcional como lo juzga el profesional, sino también de satisfacción personal y autoimagen que es la forma como se auto percibe el mismo paciente. Proporcionar a los pacientes que sufren de Agenesia bilateral de incisivos laterales superiores, tratamientos multidisciplinarios que alcancen estos objetivos es fundamentais. El cierre de espacios evita la instalación de prótesis os implantes para la rehabilitación de los mismos, logrando finalizar los tratamientos integralmente sin importar que los pacientes no hayan terminado aún su crecimiento y desarrollo facial, alcanzando con esta alternativa resultados estéticos muy satisfactorios a lo largo de los años. Se colectaron en Quito - Ecuador datos de 36 pacientes que habían finalizado sus tratamientos mediante mecánica de cierre de espacios. 19 hombres y 17 mujeres entre adolescentes y adultos, se autoevaluaron a través de una encuesta. Las variables a considerar fueron: edad, sexo, nivel de satisfacción, tiempo transcurrido desde la finalización del tratamiento, y si se realizaron tratamientos estéticos adicionales. Los test de hipótesis muestran que el 65% está muy satisfecho con los resultados obtenidos, el 44% terminó su tratamiento hace más de 3 años, y que el 67% no se realizó ningún tratamiento adicional. Se concluye por tanto que esta mecánica es altamente satisfactoria en esta muestra.

INTRODUCTION This split-mouth trial aimed to examine the effects of light-emitting diode (LED)-mediated photobiomodulation compared with no photobiomodulation on maxillary canine distalization. METHODS Twenty participants (10 males and 10 females; aged 11-20 years) requiring bilateral extraction of maxillary first premolars were included from the Sydney Dental Hospital waiting list. After premolar extractions, leveling, and alignment, canines were retracted on 0.020-in stainless steel wires with coil springs delivering 150 g of force to each side. Each patient's right side was randomly assigned to experimental or control using www.randomisation.com, and allocation concealment was performed with sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. The experimental side received 850 nm wavelength, 60 mW/cm2 power, continuous LED with OrthoPulse device (Biolux Research Ltd, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) for 5 min/d. For the control side, the device was blocked with opaque black film. Patients were reviewed at 4-week intervals for force reactivation and intraoral scanning over 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the amount of tooth movement, and secondary outcomes were anchorage loss and canine rotation, all measured digitally. Blinding for study participants and the treating clinician was not possible; however, blinding was done for the measurements by deidentifying the digital scans. Linear mixed models were implemented for the data analysis. RESULTS Nineteen participants concluded the study. Data analysis showed that the treatment × time interaction was not significant, suggesting no difference in space closure (unstandardized regression coefficient [b], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.05 to 0.29; P = 0.17), canine rotation (b, 0.21; 95% CI, -0.82 to 1.25; P = 0.69), and anchorage loss (b, -0.01, 95% CI, -0.28 to 0.26, P = 0.94). No harms were noted. CONCLUSIONS Daily 5-minute application of LED did not result in clinically meaningful differences during extraction space closure compared with no LED application. REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000652471). PROTOCOL The protocol was not published before trial commencement. FUNDING This research was funded by the Australian Society of Orthodontists Foundation for Research and Education.

Background: Closure of the space of missing maxillary lateral incisors and canine substitution is probably the first choice to avoid long-term restorative replacements but may produce an inferior aesthetic result which may has adverse effect on oral health. Aims: To assess the effects of orthodontic space closure (OSC) of bilateral congenitally absence of maxillary lateral incisors (CMMLI) and consequent canine substitution on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQL). Materials and Methods: The impacts of OSC and canine substitution on the OHRQL were assessed using the short-version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) and a modified version of the Eastman Esthetic Index (EEI) questionnaires. Answers of the patients’ perception to esthetics of the tooth substitution were rated and correlated between gender and compared between the oral health and esthetic perception categories. Results: Females had higher mean OHIP score in all domains and lower mean EEI score than males. Overall, 76% of patients rated their oral health as satisfactory, more males were satisfied than females. Significantly, 33.3% of females recorded impacts to their oral health compared to 20% of males (P=0.014). More males (p=0.049) were dissatisfied with the colour, and more females (p=0.022) were dissatisfied with the shape. The most common impacts were related to social disability domain in the perception of male patients to colour of teeth (p=0.00078) and in Psychological discomfort and disability domains in females with poor perception to the shape and size of teeth, respectively. Conclusions: One-fourth of patients were associated with impairment in OHRQL, this extent and severity appeared to be expressed by social disability and psychological discomfort. Keywords: Canine substitution, Congenitally absence of maxillary lateral incisors, Eastman Esthetic Index, Oral Health Impact Profile, Oral Health Related Quality of life, Orthodontic space closure, O

ZusammenfassungDie Compliance-unabhängige Seitenzahn-Mesialisierung mittels Mini-Implantaten ist bei korrekter Indikationsstellung eine sehr gute Alternative zur Versorgung uni- oder bilateraler Lücken im Oberkiefer. Der Mesialslider zeigt eine ausgezeichnete körperliche Bewegung der Molaren. Verankerungsverluste, wie z. B. eine Abweichung der Frontmitte bei asymmetrischem Lückenschluss oder eine Kippung der Frontzähne nach palatinal, können vermieden werden. Das Finishing nach Lückenschluss mit Mesialslider kann mit einer Multibandapparatur in signifikant verkürzter Zeit oder auch durch Alignerschienen erfolgen. Der vorliegende Patientenfall zeigt, dass der kieferorthopädische Lückenschluss anhand eines digitalen Workflows vom intraoralen Scan bis hin zur Fertigstellung des Gerätes erfolgreich durchgeführt werden kann.

This article presents the clinical management of a patient with bilateral congenitally missing mandibular incisors. This condition is relatively rare and always needs a careful diagnosis and treatment planning. The chosen treatment strategy for this patient included space closure by protraction of the mandibular posterior teeth and canine substitution of missing incisors. Furthermore, the problems arising from this treatment plan, such as premolar-protected occlusion and tooth size discrepancy, are discussed. From the case presented in this study, we can conclude that space closure may be considered an efficient treatment approach for achieving satisfactory functional and aesthetic results.

OBJECTIVE: Before they haven't completed its development, permanent first molar(PFM) teeth which have been decayed and treated with root canal therapy is mostly extracted before the child even reaches adult hood. With correct evaluation of patient, these extracted teeth’s space can be ideally closed by permanent second molars(PSM). The aim of the study is to learn under which conditions we can provide ideal closure and occlusion in patients who refer to us in a late stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 695 patients aged 6-16 years who had PFM tooth extracted at a Faculty of Dentistry were retrospectively evaluated from the system. 117 patients had their PFM tooth extracted after the ideal age range and 15 of them were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Panoramic films of 21 teeth of 15 patients with spontaneous ideal closure were evaluated before extraction and after eruption of PSM teeth. The contact between the PSM and the second premolar was recorded and intraoral photographs were taken. Rotations in the PSM and second premolars, axis disturbances towards the linguale/buccal, midline deviations in both jaws, TMJ dysfunctions and chewing habits were evaluated. RESULTS: When PFM extraction was performed, PSM development stage was determined as Demirjian G in 19 teeth and H stage in 2 teeth. Tipping was observed in 80%, and rotation in 9.5% of the PSM teeth. Clinically, it has been determined that 85% of the patients don’t notice the PFM deficiency, don’t complain about their teeth and don’t consider orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, it has been observed that ideal spontaneous space closure and ideal occlusion can be achieved, although it was extracted in late period. In ideal occlusion, rotation or tipping after extraction in late period; permanent third molar presence and eruption pressure were more effective than the eruption direction and angle of the PSM tooth.

Magnets have been widely used in orthodontics, there have been concerns regarding their safety and possible harmful effects. Magnets are used in number of conditions like, Relocation of Unerupted teeth; Space closure with magnets; Molar intrusion and correction of anterior open bite; Molar distalization; Maxillary expansion; Functional appliances for correction of Class II malocclusion; Functional Appliances for Class III malocclusions; Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, snoring; Extrusion of crown-root fractured teeth; Closure of mid-line diastema; Correction of hemifacial microsomia. At present the most promising clinical uses for these magnets are mainly confined to tooth movement for impacted teeth, and Class II and Class III malocclusions, as well as for treatment of open bite cases. In particular the long term effects of correction of open bite with magnetic appliances have to be evaluated. Keywords: Magnetic Appliances.

Self ligation orthodontics is becoming more popular recently because of the ease of ligation. The study aims to assess the efficiency of self ligating brackets compared to the conventional brackets during the initial alignment stage. Study models of 20 patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment with Damon self ligating system and conventional ligating system were included in the study. The study models were assessed for anterior arch alignment, extraction space closure and changes in intercanine widths at pre-operative stage and after 20 weeks of treatment T0, T1 ( 10 weeks), T2 ( 20 weeks). All the data about the above parameters was collected , tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Two-sample t-test for assessing the difference between pre- and posttreatment values among the groups were performed. A chi-square test was done to find the association between the gender and the type of ligation. There was no significant difference in the rate of alignment between the two groups at the end of 20 weeks (mandibular arch, P=0.62 & maxillary arch, P=0.78). No significant difference in the extraction space closure (mandibular arch, T0-T2. P=0.76, maxillary arch T0-T2, P=0.39). Mandibular intercanine width increased from T0-T2, 1.83 and 2.69mm in SL and CL groups respectively. Chi-square association between gender and types of bracket used was found not to be statistically significant (p>0.05) . The SL brackets were not very effective compared to CL brackets in anterior alignment or extraction space closure during the first 20 weeks of treatment. We can conclude that the type of ligation alone does not influence the efficiency of treatment.

Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the prognosis of spontaneous space closure and occlusion in uncontrolled permanent lower first molar extractions in patients with different developmental stages. Materials and Methods: Fifty permanent lower first molar extractions were included in the study. Extractions were divided into two groups as appropriate-timing (Group 1- 6th or 7th stages of Nolla) and late-timing (Group 2- 8th or 9th stages of Nolla), according to the Nolla calcification stage of permanent second molar germs in the same quadrant. In the 24th month, based on clinical/radiological/photographic data, the success of spontaneous space closure, rotation degrees of adjacent teeth, and dental midline deviations were evaluated. Results: Successful spontaneous space closure was observed in 52% in Group 1, and no successful result was present in Group 2. The difference was statistically significant (p

Summary Elastomeric chains are widely used by orthodontists for incisor retraction and space closure. However, force degradation and permanent deformation are expected to occur. Objectives The present study was designed to compare the force degradation of closed, open, grey and transparent power chains from four orthodontic companies (American orthodontics® (AO®), Dentsply®, Ormco® and Rocky Mountain Orthodontics® (RMO®)) over time. Materials and methods Universal testing machine was used to measure the force of the power chains elongated to 25 mm at 0 hours, and after storage in artificial saliva at 24 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. A Tukey's honestly significant difference test was performed. Results Most of the power chains showed less than 30% of force decay at 24 hours of elongation. The AO® transparent open elastomeric chains presented the lowest percentage of force remaining at almost all times: 24 hours (58.9%), 1 week (67.7%), 2 weeks (43.2%), 3 weeks (72.4%), and 4 weeks (63%). Most of the power chains had an increase of force measured after 2 weeks of storage in artificial saliva. Three of the sixteen groups (Ormco® grey open, RMO® grey and transparent closed) displayed an increase in the force at 4 weeks of elongation compared to the force registered at 0 hours. Conclusion The results indicated that the force generated by elastomeric chains at 4 weeks remains optimal for a physiologic tooth movement.

Objectives To investigate the effect of micro-osteoperforation (MOP) on the rate of tooth movement (RTM), space closure duration, and oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) during completion of anterior retraction in patients undergoing combined orthodontic-surgical treatment after premolar extraction and decompensation with sliding mechanics. Materials and Methods Twenty-four participants with indications for premolar extractions were randomly allocated to treatment with conventional sliding mechanics (control group; CG) or with to treatment in which three MOPs were performed every activation (experimental group; EG). Dental impressions were taken monthly until space closure was completed and dental casts were converted to three-dimensional models. After the anterior retraction procedure, Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaires were filled out at 4 and 72 hours. Results Eighteen patients (7 men and 11 women) remained in the trial until space closure was completed (mean follow-up period = 247 days). For full space closure RTM, no significant difference (P = .492) was found between groups (0.614 mm/month for the CG; 0.672 mm/month for the EG). The RTM for different time points, groups, time frames and their interaction were statistically different (P < .05). In multiple correlation analysis, the RTM significantly decreased over time for both groups (P < .05). The OHRQoL scores were significantly higher (worse) for the EG. The psychological, physical and social disabilities, and handicap domains displayed significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion Use of MOPs did not change the full space closure RTM, while it had a negative impact on OHRQoL.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of different techniques of en masse retraction on the vertical and sagittal position, axial inclination, rate of space closure, and type of movement of maxillary central incisor. Materials and methods: A typodont simulation system was used (CL II division 2 malocclusion). Three groups were used group 1(N=10, T-loop), group 2(N=10, Time-Saving loop), and group 3(N=10, Microimplant). Photographs were taken before and after retraction and measurements were made using Autodesk AutoCAD© software 2010. Kruskal- Wallis one-way analyses of variance and Mann-Whitney U test (p≤0.05) were used. Results: The rate of space closure showed no significant difference among the three groups (p≤0.05), while results regarding type of tooth movement showed a significant difference among the three groups (p≤0.05), where group 3(0.59±0.09) showed a more degree of controlled tipping than group1(0.33±0.19) while group 2(-0.50±0.09) showed an uncontrolled tipping movement. Conclusions: It is concluded that microimplant anchored sliding mechanics gives better control over the en masse retraction mechanics and greater retraction. Conventional techniques result in extrusion and move the teeth in less degree of translation movement.

Objectives To examine the effect of micro-osteoperforation (MOP) on the space closure rate using passive self-ligating or conventional brackets. Materials and Methods This was a two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial undertaken at the outpatient department of a dental college. There were 60 participants (30 women and 30 men) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Both the study and control groups were subjected to MOPs throughout the period of space closure. MOPs were repeated every 28 days. The experimental group (mean age 19.5 ± 1.66 years) was bonded with passive self-ligating brackets while the control group (mean age 19.9 ± 1.13 years) was bonded with conventional brackets. Both groups were examined and compared for rate of space closure. An evaluation was conducted for both groups until the entire extraction space was closed and confirmed by evaluation of a tight contact between the canine and the second premolar using a piece of dental floss. Results Before the initiation of retraction, all initial criteria were similar between the two groups (P > .05). No difference was observed between the two groups in the rate of space closure (P > .05). Conclusions MOP in conjunction with passive self-ligation does not increase the rate of orthodontic space closure when compared with MOP used with conventional brackets.

Rock permeability is a key parameter in evaluating the CO2 storage capacity and injectivity in geologic CO2 sequestration projects. To investigate the influences of confining pressure and testing temperature on rock permeability, seepage tests were carried out on four cylindrical sandstone specimens using a newly developed triaxial permeability measurement system. In this study, the confining pressure was loaded and unloaded stepwise between 10 and 30 MPa at different temperatures (25–90 °C). The experimental results showed that as the effective confining pressure increased in the loading process, sandstone permeability decreased nonlinearly. As the effective confining pressure decreased in the unloading process, permeability increased nonlinearly. Elevated temperature decreased the sandstone permeability, and the percentage reduction in permeability decreased with increasing temperature. Micropore space closure and thermal expansion were evidence of the permeability changes as the confining pressure and testing temperature were varied. The experimental results obtained in the seepage tests under the different confining pressures and elevated testing temperatures provide a reference for evaluating rock permeability in underground engineering.

Introduction: Frictionless mechanics for extraction space closure is one of the commonly used method in orthodontic practice. The ‘Mouse” loop is a new design for efficient and low friction space closure. Description: The 'Mouse' loop has biomechanical advantages of increased range of activation and low load deflection rate. A case report is presented for the application of the loop. In the case report, a deciduous canine was extracted and its space was closed with the help of the 'Mouse' loop. Conclusion: The space of the deciduous canine was closed within five months without any clinical disadvantage. Keywords : Loop mechanics, mouse loop, Frictionless mechanics, Individual canine retraction

Objectives: To assess the soft tissue changes in orthodontic extraction and non-extraction patients on 3D stereophotogrammetric images. Setting and sample: 23 extraction (22.2 ± 9.2 years) and 23 non-extraction (20.3 ± 11.1 years) consecutive patients were enrolled at the Sections of Orthodontics at Aarhus University and at University of Naples Federico II. Methods: All patients had a first 3D image taken after bonding of brackets on the upper incisors (T0), and a second 3D image (T1) after space closure in the extraction group or at insertion of the first SS or TMA rectangular wire in the non-extraction group. The 3D images were captured with 3dMDFace System and analysed with 3dMDVultus Software. After placing 19 landmarks, 15 measurements were obtained. Intragroup changes were analysed with paired t-test and intergroup changes with unpaired t-test (P

Background: Orthodontic space closure following premolar extraction may result in gingival cleft formation. This may contribute to orthodontic relapse due to reopening of extraction spaces. Purpose: 1) To see the effects gingival clefts have on relapse and opening of closed extraction spaces after orthodontic treatment. 2) To record any changes in cleft severity that may occur. 3) To evaluate any relationship between gingival phenotype and cleft severity. Methods: Subjects recruited from previous study in which gingival clefts were measured during space closure. The clinical measures included the occurrence and severity of clefts and their relationship to gingival phenotype. Results: Sites with a cleft (N=42) had 42.86% relapse and those without (N=19) had 36.84% relapse. Conclusions: As gingival cleft severity increases, the amount of relapse distance is likely to increase. Patients with a thick gingival phenotype who obtain gingival clefts in extraction sites during orthodontic treatment are more likely to have relapse post-treatment compared to sites which did not develop a gingival cleft.

Background . In sliding mechanics, archwires should slide easily during the retraction of anteriors. Round wires slide well, but the torque control is a significant problem. Rectangular wires produce effective torque expression but pose a challenge to free sliding due to factors like friction and force used to overcome friction, etc. To utilize the properties of both wires, the wire should be bi-dimensional. Dual-dimensional wire is one such wire with different dimensions in the anterior and posterior sections. This study aimed to compare the amount of space closure and anchorage loss of molars between the rectangular and dual-dimensional wire groups during retraction with mini-implants. Methods. Forty patients were randomly allocated to two groups (n=20). Patients with rectangular wires formed the control group, and those with dual-dimensional wires formed the experimental group. Mini-implants and NiTi coil springs were used for retraction. Model and cephalometric analyses were carried out to calculate the amount of space closure and anchor loss, before and four months after the study. Statistical significance was set at PResults. The average amount of space closure was higher with DDW (3.98 mm) than rectangular wire (3.22 mm). The difference was statistically significant. No significant difference was found with anchorage loss. Conclusion. DDW can be used as an alternative to rectangular wires during retraction with mini-implants; however, it cannot replace the rectangular wires completely. Anchorage control was effective with both wires.

As the current evidence about the “best” approach for tackling the problem of uni- or bilateral agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors is still conflicting, several options need to be evaluated for each individual patient. While space closure seems to be the safer option for avoiding long-term sequelae, especially progressive infraocclusion, the latest improvements in implanto-prosthodontics, if coupled with comprehensive orthodontic pretreatment, can achieve excellent esthetic and functional outcomes at least in the mid to long term, provided that patient compliance is guaranteed.

A unilateral congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor is often associated with a small or peg-shaped contralateral tooth. This form of hypodontia is also frequently combined with a generally undersized maxillary dentition, which could therefore be considered a paradigm for esthetic situations where problems of tooth position, size and form need to be connected and resolved. The space opening versus the space closure option should derive from a hierarchy of decisions. When we treat young patients, the restorative solutions should be obtained by a minimally invasive approach, which facilitates both the reversibility and ease of reintervention in the long term.

In patients with missing teeth in the anterior maxilla, orthodontic space closure constitutes an effective treatment option: evidence-based, and most appropriate for ensuring periodontal health in the long-term. This approach is nowadays feasible in all malocclusions as the first step of an interdisciplinary approach, which aims not only at an optimum esthetic and functional result, but moreover at reducing the invasiveness of subsequent prosthodontic treatment. Therefore, space closure should be considered the first alternative in growing patients and when the gingival margins are visible. This article presents the rationale for space closure, some crucial details for treatment planning and finishing, and the esthetic-occlusal outcome in two treated patients with challenging maloccclusions.

We report the successful orthodontic treatment of a 13-year-old girl who had been involved in an accident with avulsion of her maxillary right central incisor and both mandibular left incisors. Fifteen months after replantation of the teeth, all showed severe root resorption with apical inflammation and had to be extracted. After compensatory removal of the maxillary left central incisor, all 4 extraction sites were closed within 20 months of active orthodontic treatment to avoid implant-prosthodontic replacement. By sequential extraction of the 2 hopeless replanted equilateral mandibular left incisors and common-sense management of straightwire mechanics, it was possible to move the right central incisor across the mandibular midline and close the large space completely. To our knowledge, no case report about orthodontic closure of 2 adjacent extraction spaces in the same quadrant has been published.

The aim of this study was to investigate the condition of the maxillary lateral incisors and evaluate the methods used for cleft closure in patients with cleft lip and palate, including the treatment of the maxillary lateral incisors. A total of 214 patients (260 clefts) with alveolar clefts who had started Phase II treatment and entered the maintenance period at the Department of Orthodontics at Tokyo Dental College, Chiba Hospital, between 1975 and 2014 were included. Panoramic, intraoral, and occlusal radiographs, as well as intraoral photographs and medical records, were used to investigate cleft classification, the presence or absence and location of maxillary lateral incisors, and frequency and treatment method for peg lateral incisors in the cleft region. There were more unilateral cleft cases (78.5%) than bilateral cleft cases. The prevalence of congenital absence of the maxillary lateral incisors was similar between unilateral (53.0%) and bilateral cases (53.3%). Peg laterals occurred frequently, with 89.9% occurring in unilateral cases. The maxillary lateral incisors were more commonly found in the secondary than in the primary palate. The number of non-extraction cases was larger than that of extraction cases, regardless of cleft type or the location of the peg laterals. In many cases, the peg laterals were treated with non-extraction and space closure or crown modification. These results suggest that, depending on their condition, the peg laterals should be preserved as much as possible in devising a treatment plan.