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Ephyrae are produced through the strobilation of polyps in the general life cycle of Aurelia coerulea. However, it has been reported that planulae can also metamorphose directly into ephyrae, without passing through the polyp stage. There is a mixture of ephyrae developed from planulae (planula-strobilated ephyrae) and ephyrae developed from polyps (polyp-strobilated ephyrae) in the ephyra population. However, the effect of the planula-strobilated ephyrae on the ephyra population is yet to be determined, since their morphological characteristics have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine the morphological characteristics to distinguish between planula-strobilated and polyp-strobilated ephyrae. The differences in body dimensions, such as total body diameter (TBD), central disc diameter (CDD), lappet stem length (LStL), rhopalial lappet length (RLL), and total marginal lappet length (TMLL) were compared between the two types of ephyra. Thus, we show that body proportions can be used to identify planula- and polyp-strobilated ephyrae. The ranges for identifying planula-strobilated ephyra were 35.0–38.3% for CDD/TBD, 56.7–64.9% for LStL/CDD, 84.7–99.5% for TMLL/CDD, and 31.0–37.5% for RLL/TMLL. This method could be an important basis for devising countermeasures for jellyfish blooms in areas where ephyrae deriving from planula strobilation occur.

CARACTERÍSTICAS ESTRUTURAIS E ACÚMULO DE FITOMASSA DO MILHETO SOB DIFERENTES REGIMES DE IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA E ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA JOSÉ RALIUSON INÁCIO SILVA1; EDUARDO SOUZA1; MAURÍCIO LUIZ DE MELLO VIEIRA LEITE1; GENIVAL BARROS JUNIOR1; JOSE ROMUALDO DE SOUSA LIMA2 E ALDO TORRES SALES1 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Avenida Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, s/n, José Tomé de Souza Ramos – CEP: 56909-535, Serra Talhada –PE, Brasil, raliuson.silva@ufrpe.br, eduardo.ssouza@ufrpe.br, mauricio.leite@ufrpe.br, genival.barrosjunior@ufrpe.br, aldo.torres@ufpe.br 2Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Avenida Bom Pastor, s/n, Boa Vista – CEP:55292-270, Granhuns-PE, romualdo.lima@ufape.edu.br 1 RESUMO A utilização de água residuária pode aumentar a oferta hídrica e de alimentos em regiões semiáridas. Assim, objetivou-se estudar a dinâmica temporal das características estruturais e acúmulo de fitomassa do milheto irrigado com diferentes lâminas de água cinza, com e sem adubação orgânica. A pesquisa foi conduzida em ambiente protegido em esquema fatorial (4 x 2) + 1, com três repetições, sendo os fatores: níveis de água disponível do solo (25, 50, 75 e 100%) e doses de esterco (0 e 34 Mg ha-1), mais o tratamento controle (irrigação com água potável e sem adubação). Foram realizadas avaliações semanais das características estruturais: comprimento e diâmetro do colmo e número de perfilhos, folhas totais, folhas vivas e folhas mortas, sendo ajustados modelos matemáticos para descrever o comportamento dessas características ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Após 60 dias de aplicação dos tratamentos o milheto foi colhido e determinou-se o acúmulo de fitomassa e massa de raízes. O modelo sigmoidal é o que melhor explica a dinâmica da maioria das características estruturais. A irrigação com águas cinzas não afetou as características estruturais, massa de raízes e o acúmulo de fitomassa do milheto, sendo indicado adubação a fim de melhorar o seu desempenho. Palavras-chave: Pennisetum glaucum, águas cinzas, dinâmica do crescimento, manejo de irrigação SILVA, J. R. I.; SOUZA, E.; LEITE, M. L. M. V.; BARROS JUNIOR, G.; LIMA, J. R. S; SALES, A. T. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYTOMASS ACCUMULATION OF MILLET UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES WITH WASTEWATER AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION 2 ABSTRACT The use of wastewater can increase the water and food supply in semi-arid regions. Thus, the objective was to study the temporal dynamics of structural characteristics and the accumulation of phytomass in millet irrigated with different depths of greywater, with and without organic fertilization. The research was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a factorial scheme (4 x 2) + 1 with three replications, the factors being levels of water available from the soil (25, 50, 75 and 100%) and manure doses (0 and 34 Mg ha-1), plus control treatment (irrigation with drinking water and without fertilization). It was performed weekly evaluations of structural characteristics: stem length and diameter, and number of tillers, total leaves, live leaves and dead leaves. Mathematical models were adjusted to describe the behavior of these characteristics throughout the cycle. After 60 days of the application of the treatments, millet was harvested and the accumulation of phytomass and root mass was determined. The sigmoidal model best explains the dynamics of most structural features. The irrigation with greywaters did not affect the structural characteristics, root mass and phytomass accumulation of millet, and fertilization is indicated to improve its performance. Keywords: Pennisetum glaucum, greywaters, growth dynamics, irrigation management

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative contribution of the reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) humeral stem length on initial implant fixation, which may contribute to the long-term success of uncemented shoulder implants. Methods Three RSA humeral components were randomly divided into the following testing groups: (1) 100% Stem length (n = 7); (2) 50% Stem length (n = 7); (3) 0% Stem length (n = 7). Each humeral stem was press-fit into twenty-one 4th Generation Osteoporotic Sawbones humeri. Torque and compressive axial load were applied to the humerus for 10,000 cycles at ±2.5 Nm and −392 N, respectively. Rotational micromotion of the implant was measured. Results Micromotion for all 3 testing groups was below the 150 µm micromotion threshold throughout testing. The overall micromotion in Group 2 was significantly larger than Group 1 (P Conclusion All stem lengths studied maintained micromotion below the 150 µm threshold, suggesting that any of these treatment groups would provide adequate initial fixation to allow bony on-growth. Clinically, stemless or short-stemmed prosthesis design offer theoretical benefits such as the degree of freedom for humeral stem placement independent of diaphysis. This study concluded that the zero-length stem will allow for this and provide adequate fixation comparable to the full-length stem. Level of Evidence Basic Science Study.

Aims There are concerns regarding initial stability and early periprosthetic fractures in cementless hip arthroplasty using short stems. This study aimed to investigate stress on the cortical bone around the stem and micromotions between the stem and cortical bone according to femoral stem length and positioning. Methods In total, 12 femoral finite element models (FEMs) were constructed and tested in walking and stair-climbing. Femoral stems of three different lengths and two different positions were simulated, assuming press-fit fixation within each FEM. Stress on the cortical bone and micromotions between the stem and bone were measured in each condition. Results Stress concentration was observed on the medial and lateral interfaces between the cortical bone and stem. With neutral stem insertion, mean stress over a region of interest was greater at the medial than lateral interface regardless of stem length, which increased as the stem shortened. Mean stress increased in the varus-inserted stems compared to the stems inserted neutrally, especially at the lateral interface in contact with the stem tip. The maximum stress was observed at the lateral interface in a varus-inserted short stem. All mean stresses were greater in stair-climbing condition than walking. Each micromotion was also greater in shorter stems and varus-inserted stems, and in stair-climbing condition. Conclusion The stem should be inserted neutrally and stair-climbing movement should be avoided in the early postoperative period, in order to preserve early stability and reduce the possibility of thigh pain, especially when using a shorter stem. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):250–258.

Acetabular reconstruction using an ice-cream cone prosthesis has been a reliable reconstruction option following pelvic tumour resection. However, it remains unknown which factor determines the success of this procedure. We aimed to determine risk factors for complications and functional loss in acetabular reconstruction using an ice-cream cone prosthesis. Fifty-four patients with malignant bone tumours who underwent acetabular reconstruction using an ice-cream cone prosthesis between 2004 and 2016 were studied. The bone–stem ratio was calculated as the ratio of the inserted length into the bone per the entire stem length. A total of 26 (48%) patients had at least one complication and 11 patients (20%) required surgical interventions. The complication rates were 71% and 40% with a bone–stem ratio ≤ 50% and > 50%, respectively (p = 0.026), and the bone–stem ratio significantly stratified the risk of complications (≤ 50%: OR, 4.67 versus > 50%; p = 0.048). The mean MSTS score at the final follow-up was 60% (range 23–97%): the scores were significantly lower in patients with complications/leg-length discrepancy (52%) than in those without (79%; p = 0.002). The mean score with a bone–stem ratio ≤ 50% was significantly lower than the score with a ratio > 50%, especially in patients who underwent non-navigated reconstructions (33% versus 64%; p = 0.001). The inserted length of the coned stem into residual bone was predictive of complications and functional outcome. Surgical indication for this procedure should be considered with the size of the remaining ilium to stabilise the prosthesis with a coned stem longer than half length.

The review is devoted to the description of allelic variants of Rht genes and their effect on the traits associated with the growth, development, and yield of wheat plants. The effect of Rht genes on the growth and development of wheat plants through DELLA proteins is considered. A new classification of wheat plants by the height (stem length) based on the presence/absence of strictly defined alleles of Rht genes determined by molecular genetic methods in their genotypes is proposed.

Background Humeral stem designs for total shoulder arthroplasty have varied over the years, with a recent trend toward shorter stems. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of humeral component stem length on the ability to restore the native humeral head anatomy. Methods We performed a retrospective review including patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis between 2007 and 2017 with complete operative reports and adequate radiographs. Surgical data including stem design were collected. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements of the center of rotation (COR), humeral head height (HH), and neck-shaft angle were performed. Restoration of the native humeral anatomy was deemed “acceptable” based on postoperative differences in the COR ≤ 3 mm, HH ≤ 5 mm, and neck-shaft angle > 130°. Deviations between preoperative and postoperative measurements were compared across stem types. All available 2-year stemless implant radiographs were also analyzed. Results In total, 261 patients were included, with 31 stemless, 43 short-stem, and 187 standard-stem implants. There was no significant difference in COR restoration in the x-axis direction (P = .060) or y-axis direction (P = .579). There was no significant difference in restoration of acceptable HH by stem type (P = .339). Stemless arthroplasty implants were more likely to be placed in varus (22.6%) compared with short-stem (7.0%) and standard-stem (3.7%) designs (P Conclusion Restoration of humeral anatomic parameters occurred significantly less with stemless implants than with short- and standard-stem implants. The stem of a shoulder arthroplasty implant aids surgeons in accurately restoring patient-specific anatomy.

A Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different micronutrients on growth and yield of cauliflower. The whole research experiment was carried out for two years (i.e., rabi season 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Research cum Instructional farm of Horticulture, Department of Vegetable Science, IGKV, Raipur. The experiment was laid down under randomized block design in three replication, and consisting of fifteen treatments. The important growth parameters and curd yield encompassed in the study were plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, width of leaves (cm), length of leaves (cm),length of root (cm), stem length (cm), stem diameter (cm), days to first curd initiation, days of 50% curd maturity and curd yield (q ha-1). The experimental findings revealed that almost all the treatments showed a positive effect on growth and yield, however treatment T5 (100% RDF + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1 + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1) exhibited most significant influence on all above mentioned parameters when compared to T1- Control (100% RDF). Therefore, on the basis of experimental it can be concluded that the application of micronutrients is an effective approach in cauliflower to enhance the growth, curd maturity and curd yield.

Both G-quadruplex (G4) and G-triplex (G3) can bind thioflavin T (ThT) to light up the fluorescence of ThT. G4/ThT and G3/ThT can be used as fluorescent indicators to construct a label-free molecular beacon (MB). In this work, we present a comparative perspective of G3/ThT-based MB and G4/ThT-based MB. The results showed that the G3/ThT-based MB had higher sensitivity and faster response speed than the G4/ThT-based MB. Furthermore, we systematically studied the effect of stem length and varying pairs on the response of the G3/ThT-based MB, and then proposed one rational design of the G3/ThT-based MB. This work demonstrates that the shorter G3 is more suitable for constructing the MB stem. This present work opens a promising way to develop a sensitive, simple and homogeneous biosensing method.

The study was conducted in March-May 2020 in greenhouse in Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute. Sahra F1 variety of watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) was used as plant material in the experiment. In this study, the effects of different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 ppm) of Tebuconazole substance on the quality and development of watermelon seedlings were investigated. It was determined that different dose applications caused a significant change in seedling characteristics According to the data obtained, a average reduction of 38.45% and 17.81% was achieved in seedling length and stem length, respectively, compared to the control application. Also, the stem diameter increased in 3.03% after the applications. The all doses applications also provided an increase in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD). In this study, applications of Tebuconazole at different doses were found to control the seedling height in watermelon and positively affected on specific quality characteristics of seedlings.

This experiment was conducted in (Zawita) area in Dohuk governorate / Iraq, and the morphological characteristics were studied by selecting four sites, four trees from each site, four sectors and, choosing twenty trees in each sector. Statistical analysis (RCBD) was done using the SPSS system. Through this study, it was found that Pinus brutia Ten. In Zawita, there is a clear effect on some morphological characteristics of the seedlings resulting from it. The first site was one of the best sites followed by the second site where he gave seedlings of good quality in terms of stem length with an average of 39.25 cm and the total weight of wet and dry seedlings with averages of 13.97 and 35.34 g respectively, and the third site was the lowest studied sites and gave seedlings of less quality than the rest of the sites where he scored Stem length averaged 23.06 cm while wet and dry weight was 7.68 and 22.17 g, respectively. As for the correlation between the variables, the relationship was positive and strong among all the variables except those between the length of the root and the rest of the variables except with the characteristic of the wet root weight. The highest correlation values were between total dry weight and total wet weight recording 0.960 and the lowest between the length of the root and the dry vegetative weight where the value was 0.070.

The current study was carried out to investigate Pre-Basic Seed Potato Production in soilless cultures under Egyptian conditions. Furthermore, the study investigated the possibility of plantlets direct acclimatization of three potato varieties in Aeroponic culture system comparing with substrate culture system (peat moss and vermiculite 3:1 v/v). Also, the growth and the yield of three cultivars (Diamant, Lady Rosetta and Spunta) were compared. Aeroponics showed better survival rate and promising method for acclimatization of potato plantlets ex vitro. Moreover, Varietal differences were noticed between the three tested varieties. The best response as survival rate, stem length and leaf area were observed by Spunta followed by Lady Rosette while Diamant came in the last place. However, Diamant produced the highest plant dry matter. Aeroponic system gave higher minituber number per plant while substrates gave higher average minituber weight. The obtained results recommend the use of Aeroponic culture system in acclimatization of in vitro potato plantlets and minitubers to be introduced in pre-basic seed programs in Egypt.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema de cultivo no desenvolvimento das plantas e na qualidade das hastes florais de gladíolos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois cultivares: White Goddess e Red Beauty; duas datas de colheita: Dias das Mães (DM) e Dia dos namorados (DN); e dois sistemas de cultivo: convencional e mínimo. Nas plantas foram avaliadas o número de folhas, massa seca total, número de floretes, dias para emergência e ponto de colheita, comprimento e diâmetro da haste. Para Red Beauty cultivada para o DM, o cultivo mínimo proporcionou maior número de folhas, comprimento e diâmetro da haste; e para o DN, aumento da massa seca, do número de floretes e dias para emergência. Para White Goddess houve efeito do sistema de cultivo somente no DM, quando as plantas apresentaram, no cultivo mínimo, maior diâmetro e comprimento da haste e menor da massa seca. Para Red Beauty, 83,4% e 25% das hastes foram classificadas como extra no cultivo mínimo e convencional, respectivamente, enquanto a White Goddess apresentou 100% das hastes como extra em ambos os sistemas de cultivo.

Small-scale wind turbines that operate at low wind speeds regularly will face yawing performance problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stem length and tail shape on turbine performance through the power generated and the yawing angle and furling angle that formed. An experimental method was used in this research. Tail stem length variations that used were 0.35 m, 0.53 m and 0.71 m. The tail shape varies Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Triangular, Up Rectangular, Down Rectangular, Up Trapezoidal, Down Trapezoidal, Up Triangular and Down Triangular. Wind speed used in this case is 4.3 m/s, 4.8 m/s and 5.2 m/s. The tests carried out at Marina Beach, Semarang. Power measurements using a digital multimeter. Yawing and furling angle measurements using video recordings and measured using Solidworks. Wind speed measurements using a digital anemometer. The results showed that the best configuration is the triangular tail shape with 0,53 m of tail stem length. The power generated of this configuration has increased from wind speed of 4.3 m/s (0.816 Watt) to 4.8 m/s (1.140 Watt) and decreased at a wind speed of 5.2 m/s (1.081 Watt). This phenomenon is related to the design where at wind speed above 5 m/s, the design of furling mechanism will work to reduce the capture of wind energy by diverting the direction of the rotor towards the wind direction. So that the damage of the blade due to higher wind pressure can be minimized.

Potato is a winter crop; the optimal temperature range is 20-25°C for haulm growth and 15–20 °C for tuberization. Recently climatic changes, provoked the importance of adaptability of varieties to high temperatures. For this reason, a study was conducted during 2018and2019 seasons at Vegetables Research Farm in Kaha, Qualiobia Governorate, totest the response of some potato varieties (Cara, Spunta, Barcelona and Valor) for cultivation during the summer months (first July, first August, first September and first October). Data were recorded to measure vegetative growth at 75 DAPS while yield parameters were recorded at harvesting time. Concerning differences between planting dates, the results showed that the planting in October gave the best results for vegetative growth and yield in all tested varieties, while September plantation came the second place. Planting during July and August caused dramatic effects on vegetative growth and yield. Furthermore, the cv. Cara gave higher significant growth measurements (stem length, weight of tubers plant, fresh and dry total weight, CGR and RGR). Also, Cara gave also the highest stem number, leaves number, tubers number and close to that obtained from cv. Valor in both seasons. Cara variety produced the highest tuber yield and its components followed by Barcelona, and then Valor and Spunta, in both seasons. Moreover, the interaction between the tested varieties and planting dates showed that the most tolerant cultivars during the high temperature months (July and August) was Cara in the first place, then Valor and Barcelona in the second rank, while Spunta cv. was the most sensitive cultivar. In general, it is recommended for early potato planting in summer months (July and August) under Egyptian conditions the choice of varieties which exhibit tolerance to stresses as Cara, Valor or Barcelona and avoid planting susceptible varieties as Spunta in these months.

In this research, different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg L-1) of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were prepared and applied to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds; as a result, seed germination, root-trunk lengths and effects on root numbers were investigated. AgNPs with an average size of 12.63 nm synthesized from the leaves of the corn (Zea mays L.) plant were used. Wheat seeds were incubated for 7 days in a dark environment at 25 oC. At the end of the 7 days, the maximum germination was observed and the germination rate was determined by examining the number of germinated seeds in each petri dish. According to the results obtained, the effect of AgNP applications on germination in wheat plants decreased only in the 10 mg L-1 application, while it has been determined that it has no effect in other applications. While silver nanoparticle applications cause a decrease in root and stem length, its effect on the number of roots increases in 2.5 and 5.0 mg L-1 applications, while a decrease is determined in other applications.

The study was carried out in VNR Seeds Pvt. Ltd., in village Gomchi near Nandanvan of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh. Different substrates used are 100% cocopeat, 100% peatmoss, Mixture of 50% cocopeat and 50% peat moss and mixture of 60% cocopeat and 40% vermiculite. After 25 days of seed sowing growth of seedlings in tray with 100% cocopeat we found that the average stem width 3.33 mm, stem length 108 mm, leaf width 42.33 mm, and leaf length 56.66 mm. In cocopeat the sturdy plant development is found. In 100% peat moss the result found is average stem width 3 mm, stem length 91.33 mm, leaf width 33 mm and leaf length 53.33 mm and in mixture of 50% cocopeat and 50% peat moss, average stem width is 3.16 mm, stem length 100.33 mm, leaf width 42.33 mm and leaf length is 49.66 mm. In mixture of 60% cocopeat and 40% peatmoss, average stem width is 2 mm, stem length 64 mm, leaf width 35.66 mm and leaf length is 48 mm. These observation shows that growth of seedlings in tray with cocopeat is better in comparison to other substrates, therefore we considered as better growing substrate among all substrates we used.

This study aimed to estimate significance of heterosis, combining ability, genetic parameters and heritability for vegetative, flowering, yield and fruit quality traits using15 F1hybrids obtained from 6×6 half diallel mating system without reciprocals. The results indicated that analysis of variance exhibited highly significant for the mean squares of the genotypes for all traits, except for, parents which was significant for fruit diameter and parents vs. hybrids was insignificant for average fruit weight and fruit diameter, but it gave significant for fruit length. None of the F1 hybrids had the highest values for all traits.The maximum significant desirable heterosis values over mid-parent were -17.19, 61.36, 44.14, -5.46, 17.26, 308.83, 296.41, -23.58 and -12.79% for stem length, number of branches/plant, leaves/plant, days to opening the first female flower, average fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, yield/plant, fruit length and fruit diameter, respectively. Also, the heterosis over better parent were recorded the following values;-18.18, 32.47, 37.66, -6.97, 14.77, 205.54, 204.98, -20.43 and -14.48% for same traits listed before. The analysis of variance for both GCA and SCA revealed highly significant estimates for all traits. The GCA was higher than SCA for all the traits. The inbred lines P1, P3, P4, P5 and P6 were the good combiner for number of branches/plant , days to opening the first female flower and fruits/plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, number of leaves/plant and stem length, respectively.. The estimates of heritability in broad sense (h2b.s.%) were higher than their corresponding in narrow sense(h2n.s.%) for all traits.

Interferometric measurements of free solution assays (FSAs) quantify changes in molecular conformation and hydration upon binding. Here, we demonstrate that aptamer probes designed to undergo varying levels of conformational change upon binding produce corresponding variations in FSA signals. A series of hairpin aptamers were synthesized for the small molecule (tenofovir) with identical loop regions that contain the binding pocket, with between 2 and 10 self-associating base pairings in the stem region. Aptamers selected for tenofovir showed a decrease in the FSA signal and binding affinity (increase in KD) with increasing stem length. Thermodynamic calculations of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) reported a decrease in ΔG with respect to a corresponding increase in the aptamer stem length. Collectively, these observations provide an expanded understanding of FSA and demonstrate the potential for the rational design of label-free aptamer beacons using FSA as readout.

The demand of oyster mushroom has increased. Hence the production should be improved as well. The purpose of research is to know the growth response and production of several varieties of oyster mushroom on the powder media of palm stem waste and sawdust. Research conducted in Sumatra mushroom oyster cultivation. The design used in this study is a Complete Random Design (CRD) factorial that is of 2 factors. The first factor is the composition of the planting media of palm oil and sawdust was conducted with 2 repeats. The Parameter of observation on the study is the percentage of baglogs covered by mycelium (%), the growth of mycelium on the substrate (cm), the age of the body of the fruit (DAI), Number of fruit body (fruit), diameter of the hood (cm2) The stem length of the fruit body (cm) and the wet Harvest weight (g). The results showed that the best treatment for the growth of mycelium and the age of fruit body in total saw dust amd and varieties jamur tiram 58.38 days formation of the first fruit body.

Agro-industrial by-products are potential environmental pollutants. Achieving sustainability leads us to think for handling them in an environmentally friendly way. The present framework was designed to investigate the potential of subsequent utilization of mushroom spent substrate (MSS) of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus) cultivation. Two consecutive trials (2018 and 2019) were conducted at Mushroom Laboratory, Sohag University, Egypt. Fresh rice straw (RS) was used along with mushroom spent substrate (MSS) as control treatments and compared with another three different mixtures of RS:MSS as follows: 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1. The agronomic parameters of the new growing cycle of oyster mushroom, as well as the chemical compounds of substrates were investigated. Data revealed that pure (RS) substrate gave the greatest fruiting bodies yield and number/500g substrate, average fruiting bodies weight, and both of the cap diameter and stem length. In contrast, sole (MSS) gave the least values in both trials. Employing RS and MSS substrate mixture at 2:1 ratio exceeded the other two formulations concerning the above-mentioned parameters. Relative to RS, the analyses of substrates nutritive compounds in MSS showed a significantly higher percentage of N, P, K, total carbohydrates and total ash after cultivation , but had a lower percent in total carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. In conclusion, SMS alone can›t be considered a potent substrate for further mushroom production. However, it may be used as a filler material in combination with RS but at low ratio.

This research was conducted during the two consecutive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the effect of Filter mud as organic manure and biofertilizers application, as well as, their interaction on growth and some chemical constituents of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings. Filter mud was applied at 0, 24, 48, and 72 g/bag. Biofertilizers were control, Active Yeast (AY), Minia Azotein (M.A.), Arbescular mycorrhizea fungi (AM), AY+ M.A., AY+AM, M.A.+AM and AY+M.A.+AM. The most obtained results were as follows: The addition of filter mud at all levels led to a significant increase in plant growth traits (stem length, stem diameter, leaves fresh and dry weights /plant and stem fresh and dry weights /plant, as well as, the elements of N, P and K % in the leaves), as compared to the check treatment. Utilizing the high level of filter mud (72 g/bag) registered the highest values of these parameters. In relation to biofertilizers treatments, all of them either separately or in combination, except for active yeast, in some cases, led to a significant augment in these previous traits. The application of triple inoculants (AY+ M.A. +AM) proved to be more effective in increasing these above mentioned parameters. In addition, for the interaction, it was significant effect on all examined characters, except for stem diameter. Clearly, most of combined treatments significantly increased all studied traits comparing to untreated ones. The most effective treatments were detected by using filter mud at the high level with the triple inoculants (AY+ M.A. +AM) in comparison with those obtained by other combination treatments.

Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of sugarcane in the world, and the sugar and ethanol sector has invested in the development of new technologies and methods of planting to meet the market demand. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of sugarcane at the acclimation phase and under field conditions, from pre-sprouted seedlings exposed to supplementary lighting, through light-emitting diode, in the period of acclimation in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in Carpina, PE, Brazil, from January to September 2017. The experimental plots were composed of pre-sprouted seedlings acclimated in greenhouse, exposed to the supplementary lighting systems, 90% Red + 10% Blue (R:B 90/10), 80% Red + 20% Blue (R:B 80/20), 70% Red + 30% Blue (R:B 70/30) and a control. The evaluation of seedling growth was performed through the measurement of biometric indicators: plant height (cm); stem length (cm); stem diameter (cm) and number of tillers. The biometric indicators showed no significant differences, but plants under lighting systems with a greater proportion of the red wavelength (R:B 80/20 and R:B 90/10) showed higher percentage of survival in the field. RESUMO O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador de cana-de-açúcar do mundo e, o setor sucroenergético tem investido no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de plantio de cana-de-açúcar para atender à demanda do mercado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, avaliar o desempenho de cana-açúcar no final da fase de aclimatação e em campo, proveniente de mudas pré-brotadas expostas à iluminação suplementar à base de diodo emissor de luz no período de aclimatação em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi realizado em Carpina, PE, de janeiro a setembro de 2017. As parcelas experimentais foram compostas por mudas pré-brotadas em ambiente protegido, expostas aos sistemas de iluminação suplementar, 90% vermelho + 10% azul (V:A 90/10), 80% vermelho + 20% azul (V:A 80/20), 70% vermelho + 30% azul (V:A 70/30) e o controle. A avaliação do crescimento das mudas foi realizada por meio de indicadores biométricos: altura da planta (cm); comprimento do colmo (cm); diâmetro do colmo (cm) e o número de perfilhos. As variáveis biométricas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, no entanto, as plantas submetidas aos sistemas de iluminação com maior proporção do comprimento de onda vermelho (V:A 80/20 e V:A 90/10), apresentaram maior percentual de sobrevivência no campo.

This research is about the effect of mulch type and bokashi dose on the growth of chili. This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of mulch type on the growth of chili, (2) the effect of bokashi dose on the growth of chili, (3) the effect of the interaction of mulch type and bokashi dose on the growth of chili. This research used factorial design consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the type of mulch which consists of 3 types of mulch namely black silver plastic mulch, rice straw mulch and dry leaf mulch. The second factor is the dose of bokashi which consists of 6 levels, namely: Po = without giving bokashi (control), P1 = giving 0.4 kg bokashi, P2 = giving 0.8 kg bokashi, P3 = giving 1.2 kg of bokashi, P4 = giving 1.6 kg of bokashi and P5 = giving 2.0 kg of bokashi. Growth parameters measured were stem height, leaf blade length, leaf blade width and wet weight of chili stems. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance. The results showed that: (1) mulch type significantly affected stem height, stem wet weight, leaf blade length and leaf blade width, silver black plastic mulch gave better results than other mulches, (2) The dose of organic fertilizer significantly affected height stem, stem wet weight and leaf blade length but not significantly affect leaf blade width, (3) interaction of mulch type and bokashi dose did not significantly affect stem height, stem weight, stem length, leaf blade length and leaf blade width

Background. Soybeans accessions from the VIR collection were tested in Primorsky Territory, Russia. These accessions had not been studied earlier in that area.Materials and methods. The testing was carried out at the Far East Experiment Station of VIR and involved 570 soybean accessions of various geographic origin. The work was performed according to VIR’s methodological guidelines.Results. The selected accessions were evaluated for their flowering and ripening schedule, seed yield, various seed characteristics (primary color of seed coat, seed hilum color, etc.), 1000 seed weight, plant height, the lower pod setting height, etc. The maximum seed yield (18.0–21.9 g) was registered for 4 accessions: ‘Primorskaya 1099’(k-9700), ‘Primorskaya 1102’ (k-9707) (Russia, Primorsky Territory); ‘Epps’(k-9308) and ‘Pioneer 3981’(k-9651) (USA). Their growing season lasted 121– 130 days. The earliest accessions ‘1337’ and ‘738-4’ (Sweden) had growing seasons of 81–90 days and low seed yields. The weight of 1000 seeds varied from 71 g to 250 g. Only one accession had 1000 seed weight higher than 300 g. The correlation between seed yield and growing season duration was medium (r = 0.57), and between seed yield and 1000 seed weight it was small (r = 0.13). Stem length varied from 15–30 to 111–130 cm. Accessions with the highest seed yield had stem lengths of 51–90 cm. The lower pod setting height ranged from a minimal level (< 6.1 cm) to 18.1–20.0 cm. Among the 92 accessions with high seed productivity (> 14.0 g) only 5 produced their lower pods at a height above 12 cm. Full-scale characterization of the material was published in Catalogue of the VIR Global Collection, Issue 905, 2019.Conclusion. The accomplished study helped to describe earlier untested accessions, grown under the environmental conditions important for soybean production. The accessions with the best economic characteristics can be used in breeding practice.

Highlights Interior temperatures increased with decreasing poly-tunnel height. In subtropical regions, high interior temperatures of poly-tunnels could degrade quality of rose-cut flower. Stunted growth of rose plants because of higher temperatures could lead to mis-interpretations of nutrient deficiency. Abstract . High temperature is a major constraint to plant production in many regions of the world. Observations indicate that poly-tunnel structure design can influence interior temperature, and in turn determine the quality of cut flowers, including the length of the stems, the leaf biomass, and nutrient uptake. In this study, interior temperature and cut-flower quality of roses were assessed in five poly-tunnels with eave heights ranging from 2 to 4 m. Interior temperatures from 11:00-15:00 h in the hottest months of July and August were monitored. Rose (Rosa hybrida ‘Peach Avalanche’) was cultivated in these poly-tunnels with the same cultivation regimes. Higher interior temperatures were observed in poly-tunnels with lower eave heights. Leaf membrane thermal stability (MTS) values were negatively correlated with higher interior temperatures, indicating that the photosynthetic system of plant leaves was impaired. Stem length and mass were decreased with higher temperature by over 50%, while leaf biomass decreased by 25% in the poly-tunnel with eave height of 2 m in comparison with that of 4 m. Nitrogen concentration in plant leaves increased with higher temperature, whereas the patterns of other elements were not associated with different poly-tunnel eave heights. These results indicate that poly-tunnel interior high temperatures that were associated with lower eave heights are a major constraint for commercialized rose-cut flower production in this region, and improved design of poly-tunnels could increase production. Keywords: Cut flower, Membrane thermal stability, Stem length, Stem mass, Yunnan Province.

Cultivation of crops in urban environments might reduce the environmental impact of food production1-4. However, lack of available land in cities and a need for rapid crop cycling, to yield quickly and continuously, mean that so far only lettuce and related 'leafy green' vegetables are cultivated in urban farms5. New fruit varieties with architectures and yields suitable for urban farming have proven difficult to breed1,5. We identified a regulator of tomato stem length (SlER) and devised a trait-stacking strategy to combine mutations for condensed shoots, rapid flowering (SP5G) and precocious growth termination (SP). Application of our strategy using one-step CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing restructured vine-like tomato plants into compact, early yielding plants suitable for urban agriculture. Field data confirmed that yields were maintained, and we demonstrated cultivation in indoor farming systems. Targeting the same stem length regulator alone in groundcherry, another Solanaceae plant, also enabled engineering to a compact stature. Our approach can expand the repertoire of crops for urban agriculture.

Dentre as hortaliças folhosas, a alface é uma hortaliça folhosa bastante consumida no Brasil, sendo recomendado o uso de cultivares adaptadas às diferentes condições climáticas. Com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar genótipos de alface de folhas lisas e tolerantes ao florescimento precoce. O experimento foi implantado no município de Itabaiana, Estado de Sergipe em blocos casualizados com três repetições, sendo testados 12 genótipos, os quais foram avaliados quanto à massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca da raiz, massa de folhas comerciais e não comerciais, número de folhas comerciais e não comerciais, diâmetro da cabeça e comprimento do caule. O genótipo AFX005B-121-02, que possui folhas lisas e é tolerante ao florescimento precoce, apresentou melhor desempenho comercial e agronômico, sendo promissor para plantio nas condições do Agreste.

Chrysanthemum is a Short Day Plant (SDP) that will flower if the day length is less than 12 hours. Indonesian Chrysanthemum farmers provide additional light at night to maintain the Chrysanthemum’s vegetative phase so obtained the stem length which accordance to the cut flower standard (±76 cm). In other side, Chrysanthemum flowers are known has contain metabolites product and potentially useful. This study is purpose to determine the effect of differences in LED light intensity and light exposure duration on growth, flower production, and metabolites profile of chrysanthemum. The study used a RAL method 3x2 factorial pattern which is in the form of giving an additional light intensity of 0 W, 10 W and 20 W and an additional light exposure duration of 2 hrs and 4 hrs. The results showed that the combination of 20 W + 4 hrs is optimaly increases the stem length (96,2 cm) and flowers diameter (6,6 cm). The 20 W light intensity is optimally inhibits the flower initiation and increases the amount of flower. The most compounds produced by chrysanthemum are from fatty acid groups, then hydrocarbons, and diterpenes. The combination of 10 W + 4 hrs is an optimally increases flower metabolites production that produces the most compounds compared to other treatments.