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Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Introduction. The CD68+ cell receptor is part of the macrophage receptor family, which is associated with macrophages that are polarized by the M1 phenotype. The growth of the cell fraction of macrophages with CD68+ may not always explain all changes in the activity of marker enzymes, as cells of non-macrophage origin can also activate the transcription of iNOS and Arg genes under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between the number of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels and the activity of iNOS and Arg, Sar production under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (30 animals). Animals in the experimental group were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at the rate of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Animals from the experimental group were removed from the experiment on days 30, 90 and 180 of the simulation of the central derivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis with immunohistochemical examination of testicular macrophages for the presence of CD68 receptors. Results and discussion. 1. The relationship between iNOS activity and the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testicular interstitium is strongly directly proportional. 2. The association between iNOS activity and CD68+ receptor prevalence in testicular vessels is strongly inversely proportional. 3. Sar production is inversely proportiona to the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testes. 4. Sar production is directly correlated with the prevalence of the CD68+ receptor in the testis interstitium. Conclusions. Macrophages bearing the CD68 receptor on their surface are a source of nitricoxide in the testes of rats on days 30 and 90 of central deprivation

Male sex hormones in general, and testosterone in particular, play an important role not only during puberty in young men; they are also needed to maintain intercellular interaction in the testes. The question regarding the influence of the central regulation of testosterone synthesis on changes in the testes during prolonged deprivation of the stimulus to testosterone production is still open. The aim of this research was to study changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical, morphological changes in the testes of rats under conditions of prolonged (270 and 365 days) central deprivation of testosterone synthesis. The experiments were carried out on 15 sexually mature white male rats of the Wistar line. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each. The first group (control) received subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% for 365 days. In the second and third groups, central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was performed for 270 and 365 days, respectively. Central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was modelled by the administration of dipherelin (triptorelin) in a dose of 0.3 mg / kg subcutaneously. On the 270th day of the experiment, changes were noted in the interstitial tissue, with manifestations of fibrosis. Disturbances in the microvascular bed were manifested by endothelial dysfunction and an increase in the density of the vascular wall, associated with both the qualitative and quantitative composition of altered interstitial cells and microvessels. The 365th day of the experiment, like the previous period of the experiment, was characterized by changes in both parenchymal and interstitial components of the testes. In the interstitial tissue, fibrosis can be noted with a decrease in the quantitative composition of interstitial endocrinocytes. The interstitial spaces between the convoluted tubules are enlarged in comparison with the previous period of the experiment. The production of nitric oxide reduce

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Male sex hormones in general, and testosterone in particular, play an important role not only during puberty in young men; they are also needed to maintain intercellular interaction in the testes. The question regarding the influence of the central regulation of testosterone synthesis on changes in the testes during prolonged deprivation of the stimulus to testosterone production is still open. The aim of this research was to study changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical, morphological changes in the testes of rats under conditions of prolonged (270 and 365 days) central deprivation of testosterone synthesis. The experiments were carried out on 15 sexually mature white male rats of the Wistar line. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each. The first group (control) received subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% for 365 days. In the second and third groups, central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was performed for 270 and 365 days, respectively. Central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was modelled by the administration of dipherelin (triptorelin) in a dose of 0.3 mg / kg subcutaneously. On the 270th day of the experiment, changes were noted in the interstitial tissue, with manifestations of fibrosis. Disturbances in the microvascular bed were manifested by endothelial dysfunction and an increase in the density of the vascular wall, associated with both the qualitative and quantitative composition of altered interstitial cells and microvessels. The 365th day of the experiment, like the previous period of the experiment, was characterized by changes in both parenchymal and interstitial components of the testes. In the interstitial tissue, fibrosis can be noted with a decrease in the quantitative composition of interstitial endocrinocytes. The interstitial spaces between the convoluted tubules are enlarged in comparison with the previous period of the experiment. The production of nitric oxide reduce

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Male sex hormones in general, and testosterone in particular, play an important role not only during puberty in young men; they are also needed to maintain intercellular interaction in the testes. The question regarding the influence of the central regulation of testosterone synthesis on changes in the testes during prolonged deprivation of the stimulus to testosterone production is still open. The aim of this research was to study changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical, morphological changes in the testes of rats under conditions of prolonged (270 and 365 days) central deprivation of testosterone synthesis. The experiments were carried out on 15 sexually mature white male rats of the Wistar line. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each. The first group (control) received subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% for 365 days. In the second and third groups, central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was performed for 270 and 365 days, respectively. Central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was modelled by the administration of dipherelin (triptorelin) in a dose of 0.3 mg / kg subcutaneously. On the 270th day of the experiment, changes were noted in the interstitial tissue, with manifestations of fibrosis. Disturbances in the microvascular bed were manifested by endothelial dysfunction and an increase in the density of the vascular wall, associated with both the qualitative and quantitative composition of altered interstitial cells and microvessels. The 365th day of the experiment, like the previous period of the experiment, was characterized by changes in both parenchymal and interstitial components of the testes. In the interstitial tissue, fibrosis can be noted with a decrease in the quantitative composition of interstitial endocrinocytes. The interstitial spaces between the convoluted tubules are enlarged in comparison with the previous period of the experiment. The production of nitric oxide reduce

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Male sex hormones in general, and testosterone in particular, play an important role not only during puberty in young men; they are also needed to maintain intercellular interaction in the testes. The question regarding the influence of the central regulation of testosterone synthesis on changes in the testes during prolonged deprivation of the stimulus to testosterone production is still open. The aim of this research was to study changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical, morphological changes in the testes of rats under conditions of prolonged (270 and 365 days) central deprivation of testosterone synthesis. The experiments were carried out on 15 sexually mature white male rats of the Wistar line. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each. The first group (control) received subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% for 365 days. In the second and third groups, central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was performed for 270 and 365 days, respectively. Central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was modelled by the administration of dipherelin (triptorelin) in a dose of 0.3 mg / kg subcutaneously. On the 270th day of the experiment, changes were noted in the interstitial tissue, with manifestations of fibrosis. Disturbances in the microvascular bed were manifested by endothelial dysfunction and an increase in the density of the vascular wall, associated with both the qualitative and quantitative composition of altered interstitial cells and microvessels. The 365th day of the experiment, like the previous period of the experiment, was characterized by changes in both parenchymal and interstitial components of the testes. In the interstitial tissue, fibrosis can be noted with a decrease in the quantitative composition of interstitial endocrinocytes. The interstitial spaces between the convoluted tubules are enlarged in comparison with the previous period of the experiment. The production of nitric oxide reduce

Male sex hormones in general, and testosterone in particular, play an important role not only during puberty in young men; they are also needed to maintain intercellular interaction in the testes. The question regarding the influence of the central regulation of testosterone synthesis on changes in the testes during prolonged deprivation of the stimulus to testosterone production is still open. The aim of this research was to study changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical, morphological changes in the testes of rats under conditions of prolonged (270 and 365 days) central deprivation of testosterone synthesis. The experiments were carried out on 15 sexually mature white male rats of the Wistar line. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each. The first group (control) received subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% for 365 days. In the second and third groups, central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was performed for 270 and 365 days, respectively. Central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was modelled by the administration of dipherelin (triptorelin) in a dose of 0.3 mg / kg subcutaneously. On the 270th day of the experiment, changes were noted in the interstitial tissue, with manifestations of fibrosis. Disturbances in the microvascular bed were manifested by endothelial dysfunction and an increase in the density of the vascular wall, associated with both the qualitative and quantitative composition of altered interstitial cells and microvessels. The 365th day of the experiment, like the previous period of the experiment, was characterized by changes in both parenchymal and interstitial components of the testes. In the interstitial tissue, fibrosis can be noted with a decrease in the quantitative composition of interstitial endocrinocytes. The interstitial spaces between the convoluted tubules are enlarged in comparison with the previous period of the experiment. The production of nitric oxide reduce

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Distance education is based on the principles of traditional forms of learning and added new features, which are the using of Internet technologies for access to educational materials, interactive interaction between teacher and students. The creative nature of distance learning allows to realize the creative potential of students, the opportunity to independently choose learning goals, form and pace of learning.Realities prompted the transition to distance education.The purpose of our work was to highlight the experience of using distance learning at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology.Traditionally, when constructing a practical lesson, teachers followed a clearly defined scheme. At the same time,considerable attention was paid to oral questioning, testing, work with histological specimen to develop practical skills. In the transition to a distance form of education, we were faced with the task of transferring the basic principles of building a practical lesson in new realities and adapting them to interactive teaching conditions. The Google Classroom web service was chosen to submit new material and organize independent work of students.The exchange and transmission of information through the web service played the role of an auxiliary environment for educational organizations and preceded the verbal contact between teacher and students. Real-time meetings with students were organized via video conferencing using the Zoom platform. The experience of distance learning has shown its advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:flexibility of teaching students in choosing the place and time of study; individualization of training; use of new achievements of information technologies in the educational process; acquisition by students of such qualities as independence, mobility and responsibility. The disadvantages of distance learning are: the need for appropriate hardware and software; there are increased requirements for the psychological rea

Male sex hormones in general, and testosterone in particular, play an important role not only during puberty in young men; they are also needed to maintain intercellular interaction in the testes. The question regarding the influence of the central regulation of testosterone synthesis on changes in the testes during prolonged deprivation of the stimulus to testosterone production is still open. The aim of this research was to study changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical, morphological changes in the testes of rats under conditions of prolonged (270 and 365 days) central deprivation of testosterone synthesis. The experiments were carried out on 15 sexually mature white male rats of the Wistar line. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each. The first group (control) received subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride 0.9% for 365 days. In the second and third groups, central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was performed for 270 and 365 days, respectively. Central deprivation of testosterone synthesis was modelled by the administration of dipherelin (triptorelin) in a dose of 0.3 mg / kg subcutaneously. On the 270th day of the experiment, changes were noted in the interstitial tissue, with manifestations of fibrosis. Disturbances in the microvascular bed were manifested by endothelial dysfunction and an increase in the density of the vascular wall, associated with both the qualitative and quantitative composition of altered interstitial cells and microvessels. The 365th day of the experiment, like the previous period of the experiment, was characterized by changes in both parenchymal and interstitial components of the testes. In the interstitial tissue, fibrosis can be noted with a decrease in the quantitative composition of interstitial endocrinocytes. The interstitial spaces between the convoluted tubules are enlarged in comparison with the previous period of the experiment. The production of nitric oxide reduce