Search

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surface irrigation is associated with low irrigation efficiencies and exerts a lot of pressure on water resources. Despite this, the irrigation method remains dominant in Malawi and other sub-Saharan Africa countries. A need exists to improve surface irrigation efficiencies in the wake of water scarcity. Applications of surface irrigation simulation, evaluation and design (SIRMOD) software in improving surface irrigation performance have been reported worldwide. However, no documentation exists on SIRMOD application in Malawi. A study was therefore conducted to investigate how furrow irrigation system performance could be improved at Kasinthula Cane Growers Scheme in Malawi using SIRMOD software. Field data collected from the scheme were used to calibrate the model before simulating water advance and recession times. Statistical comparisons of the simulated advance and recession times with corresponding observed field data showed that the model closely simulated field conditions; hence, it was deemed suitable for the scheme. Results from SIRMOD optimization procedure indicated that application efficiencies could be improved by 32–63% through reductions in furrow lengths, water inflow sizes and inflow cutoff times. The study established the need for Malawi and other developing countries to develop policies on optimization of irrigation performance using computer models such as SIRMOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Due to the lack of rainfall, Iran is one of the arid countries in the world where most irrigation systems are done as surface irrigation. Due to the high costs of pressurized irrigation systems, improvement and modification of surface irrigation methods such as land leveling, the correct choice of irrigation method, proper design and thus increase efficiency is significant. If surface irrigation is properly designed and implemented, it is one of the most suitable methods for farmers due to the lack of complex equipment and devices. Researchers use artificial neural networks to simulate and estimate parameters such as weekly evaporation rate, daily evaporation, water capacity, and permeability coefficient have been used. Materials and Methods Perceptrons are arranged in layers, with the first layer taking in inputs and the last layer producing outputs. The middle layers have no connection with the external world and hence are called hidden layers. Each perceptron in one layer is connected to every perceptron on the next layer. Hence information is constantly "fed forward" from one layer to the next. There is no connection among perceptrons in the same layer. Radial basis function (RBF) networks have three layers: an input layer, a hidden layer with a non-linear RBF activation function, and a linear output layer. The input can be modeled as a vector of real numbers. The output of the network is then a scalar function of the input vector, and is given by where is the number of neurons in the hidden layer, is the center vector for neuron, and is the weight of neuron functions in the linear output neuron. Functions that depend only on the distance from a center vector are radially symmetric about that vector. Results and DiscussionThe best results were calculated using the average savings in the treatment section compared to the observed section, 31.7%. It also shows water consumption in the treatment section and the control is calculated as 5793 and 6566.9 m3/ha, respectively, which indicates an 11.8% decrease in water consumption reduction (733.9 m3/ ha) of the treatment compared to the control. According to the obtained results and after comparing the results of RBF and GFF networks, RBF networks (function with radial base) with parameters of different irrigation levels as input were recognized as the best network. The R2 is equal to 0.92 and the square root of the RMS is equal to 0.035.Conclusion It can be stated that the method of two-sided furrow irrigation, in addition to reducing water consumption, increased crop yield. Also, there was the highest water loss in the first irrigation. The average efficiency of water application efficiency in the treatment and control sections was calculated to be 2.24 and 1.52 kg/m3, respectively, with the majority of losses being deep penetration. The RBF model had better results in predicting than the GFF neural network model. RBF neural networks with the parameter of different irrigation levels as input were recognized as the best network.

ABSTRACT Different water management strategies should be investigated to ensure adequate water supply to furrow-irrigated soybean plants in lowlands. This study examined the performance and efficiency of furrow irrigation techniques and related them to the soybean yield potential in lowland fields of Southern Brazil in the 2017/18 growing season. An experiment was conducted on raised seedbeds to evaluate furrow irrigation techniques: full irrigation with cutback, irrigation during the advance phase with low inflow, irrigation during the advance phase (cutoff), surge irrigation, and no irrigation. The design parameters, efficiency of the techniques, agronomic characteristics, and the grain yield of the soybean crop, were evaluated. The overall performance of the cutback technique in furrow irrigation was superior, followed by the surge irrigation, cutoff, and low inflow techniques. Furrow irrigation increased soybean yield in lowlands, and the cutback technique was the best to guarantee the soybean yield potential in lowlands, resulting in a 29% yield increase compared to non-irrigated.

Judicious use of water plays a vital role in enhancing its productivity in agriculture. In India, surface irrigation covers about 88% of the irrigated area with application efficiency ranging from 30% to 40%. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve water application efficiency of canal commands and other areas under surface irrigation. Water application efficiency can be improved by minimizing conveyance losses and by judicious irrigation scheduling pertaining to different crops, which can be accomplished by accurate measurement of irrigation water. Measurement of irrigation water supplied to farmlands not only assists in the saving of water but also enhances water productivity in agriculture. The most popular device for measuring irrigation water in field channels is the Parshall flume, which has undergone a series of modifications to simplify its construction, improve the accuracy of measurements and reduce its cost leading to its wider acceptance by the stakeholders. Thus, it becomes imperative to develop an accurate, low-cost and portable flow-measuring device for enhancing agricultural water productivity. Moreover, a review of the literature reveals limited availability of portable and digital flow-measuring devices for real-time measurement of surface irrigation through field channels. Nonetheless, it is established that the use of flow-measuring devices in surface irrigation will not only save water but also expand the area under irrigation, ensure its sustainability and improve agricultural water productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the importance of generating proper water accounts for large gravity-based irrigation schemes in order to assess scheme performance. It shows how the use of simplistic criteria used to assess the performance of gravity-based irrigation schemes can lead to an underestimation of the role they play in enhancing food security and agricultural production in countries such as India, which has established a huge network of irrigation canals. The paper offers specific suggestions on improving irrigation statistics that, in turn, can help in better evaluation of the returns on investments of public surface irrigation schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has worsened the existing scenario by increasing temperature, severity of extreme droughts, elevating evapotranspiration and severe water shortage. Furthermore, excessive and unwisely application of fertilizers ultimate produce degraded agricultural land. All these consequences reduced the yield and quality of agricultural commodities to feed the increasing population of the world. Innovative products of trending technology in the field of agriculture, nanotechnology, contribute a significant boost for food production. The shortage of fresh water can be managed by adopting different efficient irrigation methods, also promote the quality and quantity of agricultural crops. By keeping in view, the above all, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nano nitrogen (nN) under different water regimes and assessed the growth attribute and other essential nutrient uptake by lettuce plant in different combination of bulk and nano nitrogen forms with surface and drip irrigation method. In this experiment, for the comparison of different irrigation methods, two control treatments were chosen, such as 100% bulk size nitrogen (bN) in surface irrigation and 100% bN application by drip irrigation. While nN was applied with bN in different combinations through drip irrigation and foliar application. Among all the combinations of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, application of 75% nN through drip irrigation and 25% of nN in foliar application significantly affect the growth and biochemical parameters such as plant biomass, leaf area, absolute growth rate, net assimilation rate, ß-carotene, crude protein and yield. Similarly, N uptake, N use efficiency and apparent N recovery were increased by this combination as compared to lower N rates. The results indicated that the combined application of nN as a soil and foliar treatment was more efficient than that of soil application of bN. Furthermore; it could minimize the required N fertilization rate to reduce environmental pollution without any yield loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation development necessitates suitable lands for higher yield production and the development of long-term irrigation systems. The purpose of this research was to identify appropriate irrigation lands for irrigation in the Minch Yekest watershed in West Amhara, Ethiopia. Geospatial and multi-criteria decision-making techniques were used in this study. For land suitability analysis for surface irrigation, slope, land use, altitude, distance from the water source, soil characteristics, and available water storage capacity parameters were used. To find the best location for surface irrigation, the values were weighted and combined using the weighted overlay tool. The irrigation land suitability of each physical land parameter was classified into four suitability classes (S1, S2, S3, and N) based on the Food and Agricultural Organization guideline. According to the findings, 63% of the watershed area is highly suitable, 6.25% is moderately suitable, 28.69% is marginally suitable, and 2.06% is not suitable for the aforementioned purposes. The methodological approach and study findings could help policymakers make better decisions when developing irrigation projects in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, randomly selected farmer irrigations in the Harran plain were monitored, field slopes, flow rates, field irrigation lengths, Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution homogeneity (DU), deep percolation rate (DPR), water application efficiency (Ea), irrigation efficiency (Ia), water requirement efficiency (Er), tail water ratio (TWR) were determined. It has been observed that large parts of the fields receive insufficient water during irrigation, the size of the flow rates and the irrigation times are estimated according to the experience of the irrigation. In border irrigations, strips consisting of three furrows have been formed. When the water reaches the end of the field in the furrow or border, the water is cut off and there is usually no tailwater in daytime irrigation. moisture deficit in the soil is not taken into account in irrigation. During irrigation, it has been determined that the land levelling is generally not sufficient for surface irrigation and there are even slope differences in the same field. It has been observed that one of the main and perhaps the most important causes of excessive water losses in the irrigation system in the Harran Plain is uncontrolled night irrigations. Even when the need for irrigation water is intense, the fact that the irrigation water flows directly into the drainage channels all night confirms this view. In some irrigations, it was determined that half of the land was over-irrigated and the other half received insufficient water. In the field surface irrigation applications, the deep infiltration values varied between 9 and 38%, while CU values were found in the range of 66-96% in all irrigations monitored. On the other hand, while DU values generally vary between 46 and 85%, irrigation efficiency (Ea) varies between 62-91%, it is understood that high Ea values are due to incomplete irrigation. At the end of furrows and borders are usually had been closed to limit or stop irrigation water from flowing into open drainage channels. Observations have shown that although field and soil characteristics are similar, different furrow/border lengths are used. In general, it was observed that the length of the field and the length of the furrow or border were equal, and the irrigation lengths vary between 108- 570 m. Since the price of irrigation water depends on the areal size and product type, not the water volume, a lot of water have been flowing into the drainage channels in an uncontrolled manner, especially in uncontrolled night irrigations. Therefore, high water losses occur, while huge amounts of water are discharged through drainage channels, some of it accumulates in the low-lying lands downstream of the Harran plain, causing groundwater to rise and drainage and salinization problems become widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was performed to present a quick and proper method for basin irrigation infiltration equation estimation by optimization of the Manning roughness coefficient. A two-level optimization of the Manning roughness coefficient method was presented by developing a zimod simulation model and initial intake families method, USDA-NRCS, (infiltration equation based on soil characteristics), and modified intake families (infiltration equation based on soil characteristics and inflow discharge). The investigation of the results of the model based on observed advance, recession, and surface storage showed the relative error of surface storage volume estimation was decreased by 38 to 50 % by adjusting the initial intake families method. The normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of the advance estimation was between 0.22 to 0.85 for initial intake families and this parameter was between 0.09 to 0.5 for modified intake families. NRMSE of the recession estimation was between 0.13 to 0.75 for initial intake families and this parameter was between 0.09 to 0.19 for modified intake families. The presented method based on modified intake families increases the accuracy of infiltration estimation as compared to the initial intake families method and can evaluate basin irrigation acceptably. In addition, this method needs less time for basin irrigation evaluation as compared to the complete methods of optimization of infiltration parameters and roughness coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-saving rice production systems are necessary to overcome water challenges in agriculture as we have severe water shortage in rice-growing regions. So, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two rice varieties (Giza 1 77 and Giza 178) and three cultivation methods [(Drill seeding (DS), broadcast seeding (BS), and bed method (B)] on the studied parameters of rice yield components and irrigation water characteristics under surface irrigation system. The results cleared that cultivation methods under the two rice cultivars had significant effects on yield characteristics and water behavior. There were high significant differences among the two rice cultivars in number oftillers/m2. Giza 178 has a marked superiority regards number of panicle/m2 at harvest time with highest values. Interaction effect between cultivation methods and rice cultivars on grain yield was significant, where Giza 178 recorded the highest value of harvest index under drill seeding method. Giza 178 recorded the highest value of water productivity (0.98) with drill seeding methods, while it recorded lower value of irrigation water productivity (0.64) when it is planted with bed planting method. Irrigation water input under Giza 177 with broadcast seeding was 4779.9 m3/fed, and for drill seeding and bed methods, the amount of irrigation water input was 3570.79 m3 /fed and 2892.85 m3/fed respectively. Net return was higher with Giza 178 rice cultivar and regarding the benefit cost ratio, broadcast seeding method archived the greatest value of benefit cost ratio under Giza 1 78 rice variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural, Environmental & Veterinary Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, a full hydrodynamic model based on the numerical solution of Saint–Venant equations is described to simulate the advance phase of surface irrigation. The full hydrodynamic model is the complete form of Saint–Venant equations. This model is the most complex and accurate among all models and can be applied for analyzing the flow hydraulics and managing surface irrigation. The Preissmann finite difference scheme was used for implicit discretizing terms of the equations. The model presented herein is able to give cumulative infiltration and hydraulic properties including discharge, velocity and depth of flow for any time and distance which can be introduced as an upper boundary condition in water transport models in soil. The model was used to evaluate different situations and soil textures, and the results were compared with results of SIRMOD software, which indicated that relative error was less than 4%. The accuracy of the model was also evaluated in comparison with observed data, and the result showed that the model is able to estimate advance time with normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) of less than 8%. Conventional relationships of surface and subsurface shape factor overestimate them by as much as 4.7 and 17.2%, respectively, based on the inflow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the effect of soil conservation tillage systems on the growth and productivity of wheat crops under surface and sprinkler irrigation. Field trials were conducted in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 using three tillage systems under a split-plot design by a systematic arrangement with three replicates. Experimental plots included two irrigation methods (surface and sprinkler), within which were sub-plots for conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and zero tillage (ZT). The results show that surface irrigation treatment produced the greatest wheat crop growth (plant height, length of spike and biomass) in both seasons compared to sprinkler irrigation. The CT treatments resulted in better growth than ZT and MT. However, ZT recorded a decrease in biomass and grain yield of less than 10% compared to CT during both seasons, although superior plant height resulted from CT during the second season. Even so, ZT reduced the water use to 17% and 16% for the first and second seasons, respectively. These results indicate that ZT or MT may slightly reduce wheat yield under sprinkler and surface irrigation, but will consume less irrigation water, providing a sustainable strategy in water-deficient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Formatio Circumiectus is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kollataja w Krakowie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The water advance time (Ta) is needed for designing and evaluating surface irrigation systems. This study employed artificial neural networks (ANNs) and gene expression programming (GEP) techniques for estimating the water advance time in the border irrigation system as a function of inflow rate per unit width (Qb), length of water advance in the border (L), longitudinal slope (So), final infiltration rate of the soil (fo) and Manning roughness coefficient (n). The techniques were tested on field measurements from agricultural farms in three different provinces of Iran. Results showed that the ANN model was superior to the GEP model for the estimation of water advance time. The performance indicators for the ANN model were R2 = 0.966, RMSE = 7.805 min and MAE = 5.090 min, MBE = 0.312 and SI = 0.181. Results of the intelligence-based models were also compared with the WinSRFR model. Both ANN and GEP models predicted the water advance time more accurately than did the WinSRFR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Water & Soil is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, image object detection has been highly concerned in various fields, especially in the industrial and academic fields. In addition, it also plays an important role in the field of computer. The solution of this problem is helpful to make a breakthrough in various visual tasks. In this paper, a saliency detection model based on ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the input image is transformed into an undirected graph with different nodes by multi-scale super-pixel segmentation; secondly, based on the optimal feature selection strategy, the low contrast image contains significant target feature information and discards redundant noise information; then, the spatial contrast strategy is introduced to explore the global significance clues with relatively high contrast in the image. At the same time, in view of the current reality and considerations of agricultural surface irrigation, this paper finally selects an urban surface irrigation technology exhibition as the research sample to try to find the key problems involved. For the current situation is to make some suggestions, so that the current technology can be further applied in the development of agricultural surface irrigation. When ΔKP rule base of traditional fuzzy pid control algorithm is used for online correction of KP parameters, there is the problem of insufficient accuracy. This paper puts forward the optimized fuzzy pid algorithm of ΔKP rule base and studies its control performance. Compared with pid and traditional fuzzy pid, the control performance of the improved fuzzy pid controller can be improved by 18.62% and 32.61% respectively. In this paper, the image target detection technology is used to study the general situation of surface irrigation and the content of fuzzy pid control, in order to promote its vigorous development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land suitability assessment for irrigation is critical to inform as well as manage current and future irrigated agriculture production systems. Land suitability analysis determines whether a given land area could potentially be used for specific crop production. The objective of this study was to identify the availability of suitable land for surface irrigation systems for the production of millet, sorghum, sugarcane, and wheat production in the Lower Omo Gibe plain, Southern Ethiopia. Land suitability analysis was performed by a parametric method using factors such as soil texture, effective soil depth, Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), soil electrical conductivity (ECe), drainage class, and slope. Five land suitability classes were identified that include highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), currently not suitable (N1), and permanently not suitable (N2). Results showed that 6.6, 7.5, 6.6, and 6.6% of the study area mostly located in the western part of the basin, were highly suitable (S1) for irrigated millets, sorghum, sugarcane, and wheat crops production, respectively. However, the mountainous areas in the central part of the basin were classified as N2 due to the steep slope and shallow soil depth. Overall, the results of the study revealed that the use of various suitability analysis techniques could assist in identifying suitable land for irrigated agriculture.

China's agricultural planting area is large, irrigation water consumption is large, and water resources are relatively small. Agricultural irrigation water management can have a huge positive impact on water saving and improvement of water use efficiency. The content of water in the soil is a key focus of irrigation water management. Before irrigating crops, it can not only monitor the current climate conditions but also assess the water demand of crops. After the crops are irrigated with water, the change index of the water content in the soil can help people evaluate the effect of irrigation. Therefore, timely and accurate acquisition of temporal and spatial soil water content information plays an important role in the scientific management of agricultural irrigation water. According to one of the three major irrigation areas in China, as an irrigation area in the experimental area, the 2020 thermal infrared method is used to measure the soil moisture content, and at the same time, the crop water demand estimation model is built, and the remote irrigation area sensor monitoring model and remote sensing irrigation are established. The model estimates crop water demand, area of irrigated area, and irrigation water volume. In addition, in recent years, English has gradually improved its status as the most important language tool in the international communication environment. In this case, more and more attention will be paid to the correctness of English translation. The correctness of English translation is affected by various cultural factors. Therefore, in order to further improve the accuracy of English translation, this article comprehensively analyzes the accuracy of English translation from the cultural background, cognition and thinking habits, and the influence of different cultural factors and proposes corresponding improvement plans for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to identify the patterns of raising and distributing shallow groundwater in the New Valley Governorate, As well as to identify the investment costs structure and the structure of operating costs and annual maintenance of a well to raise groundwater is shallow, Thus, the research aims to estimate the actual costs of raising a cubic meter of groundwater, In addition to studying the impact of the use of irrigation systems on the costs items of acre production and on the most important productive and economic indicators and the use of irrigation water for the study crops, Finally, the research aims to identify the indicators of the efficiency of the use of the water resource for the study crops according to the patterns of raising and distributing groundwater, This is based on field data for a sample of farmers of wheat and tomatoes winter in the New Valley Governorate. The results showed that the total actual costs in the case of using electricity and depth pumps exceed those in the case of using diesel and transmission belts about 22.5%, which is arranged in the light of the stability of the annual disposition of irrigation water for two patterns that became the cost of raising per cubic meter of irrigation water about 13.7 and 16.8 piasters for the two types of power source, and this means that the pattern of using diesel and transmission belts is more efficient than the same in the case of electricity and deep pumps. And by studying the impact of the use of irrigation systems on the cost items of acre production of wheat and tomatoes winter in the New Valley Governorate showing that the cost of irrigation in the case of using electricity and deep pumps for these crops is higher than in the case of using diesel and transmission belts by about 22.6%, this is due to the high cost of raising the cubic meter in the case of electricity compared to its counterpart in the case of diesel, It is also clear that the cost of irrigation in the case of drip irrigation is less than that in the case of surface irrigation for those two crops by about 32% and 19%, respectively. This is due to the different water rates per acre according to the irrigation system. By studying the indicators of the efficiency of irrigation water use for the study crops, the results showed that drip irrigation is more efficient than surface irrigation, as well as the use of diesel and transmission belts more efficient than in the case of the use of electricity and pumps depths, accordingly, the indicators of the efficiency of irrigation water use increased to reach their maximum in the case of drip irrigation and the use of diesel and transmission belts, It decreased to reach the lowest in the case of surface irrigation and the use of electricity and deep pumps. The research recommends expanding the cultivation of wheat and winter tomatoes under the surface-well (drip) irrigation system, as it gives the highest productivity per acre as well as the highest production efficiency per unit of water, Increasing indicative programs with the aim of optimal use of the process of raising groundwater from wells, which is called safe withdrawal of wells, in order to maintain the life span of wells, which is reflected in the rationalization of the use of this water and its abundance, as well as energy savings (diesel - electricity), and work to deploy service stations and maintenance of operating motors and lift pumps, which will have an impact on increasing operating efficiency and lowering costs, And the state’s support for surface well farmers by providing soft loans and subsidizing electricity to increase agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of land suitability for irrigation under changing climate holds paramount significance given the pronounced reliance on rainfed agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. To investigate land suitability for surface irrigation under changing climate in a tropical setting of Uganda, East Africa and explore implications for irrigation development as well as food security. The study used a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation using the Analytical Hierarchy Process that considered seven factors: soil texture, slope, land use/land cover, soil drainage, distance to river, distance to road network and rainfall deficit. Each factor was rasterized, reclassified and standardized to a similar measuring scale, resulting in a numeric range; higher values indicating areas that are more suitable and lower values indicating areas that are less suitable for irrigation. Weighted factors were added using the weighted overlay approach in the ArcGIS environment to create the final irrigation suitability map. Suitability was further assessed under two scenarios; an increase in average temperature of 1.5 °C and 10% increase in annual rainfall for the period from 2041 to 2060 (scenario I) and an increase in average temperature of 4.3 °C and 20% increase in annual rainfall for the period from 2061 to 2080 (scenario II). Findings reveal that of the entire area of Uganda, 43.7% is currently constrained, 32.4% is moderately suitable, 23.1% is marginally suitable, only 0.9% is highly suitable, and only 0.02% is not suitable for surface irrigation. Highly suitable land is mostly found in the Lake Victoria Crescent whereas land not suitable for surface irrigation is mostly found in the Karamoja zone. Suitability of land for surface irrigation generally decreased with changing climate. Land not suitable for surface irrigation increased to 0.11% and 0.34%, and marginally suitable land increased to 28.4% and 35.8% of the total area, under scenarios I and II respectively. Whereas moderately suitable land decreased to 27.5% and 20.1%, and highly suitable land decreased to 0.29% and 0.046% of the total area, under scenarios I and II respectively. In both scenarios, suitable land for surface irrigation is highest in the South East L. Kyoga Flood Plain and lowest in the Western Mid-Altitude Farmland. The investigation underscores the dynamic nature of irrigation suitability of land, subject to various influencing factors with climate dynamics being a major factor. The findings emphasize the importance of adopting adaptive strategies and incorporating climate change considerations into irrigation decision-making processes for increased food production. [Display omitted] • Agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa are majorly rainfed. • Under changing climate conditions, irrigation suitability needs to be explored. • Rainfall deficit increases with climate change, decreasing suitability for irrigation where water is not readily available. • Agro-ecological zones have varying suitability for surface irrigation. • Suitability of land for irrigation is dynamic, adaptive strategies are needed to ensure food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface irrigation, such as flood or furrow, is the predominant form of irrigation in California for agronomic crops. Compared to other irrigation methods, however, it is inefficient in terms of water use; large quantities of water, instead of being used for crop production, are lost to excess deep percolation and tail runoff. In surface-irrigated fields, irrigators commonly cut off the inflow of water when the water advance reaches a familiar or convenient location downfield, but this experience-based strategy has not been very successful in reducing the tail runoff water. Our study compared conventional cutoff practices to a retroactively applied model-based cutoff method in four commercially producing alfalfa fields in Northern California, and evaluated the model using a simple sensor system for practical application in typical alfalfa fields. These field tests illustrated that the model can be used to reduce tail runoff in typical surface-irrigated fields, and using it with a wireless sensor system saves time and labor as well as water.

In this study, a fuzzy logic system was used to optimise a parametric evaluation system in surface and sprinkler irrigation systems. This study was performed on a surface area of 5,175 ha in the Fath-Ali region located in the Ardabil province of Iran. It was indicated that for the sprinkler and surface irrigation system, an area of about 385.06 ha (7.4%) and 159.81 ha (3%) of land is "highly suitable" and an area of about 286.1 ha (5.5%) and 312.69 ha (6%) is "moderately suitable", respectively. About 2,810.08 ha (54.3%) and 2,744.17 ha (53.02%) were respectively "marginally suitable" for the sprinkler and surface irrigation systems. The "currently not suitable" suitability included about 1,322.88 ha (25.5%) and 1,746.05 ha (33.7%) and the "permanently not suitable" suitability included about 370.91 ha (7.1%) and 212.28 ha (4.1%) in the zone under study. According to the results, there is a major difference between the "highly suitable" land obtained through the two methods and the area of the "highly suitable" land using the sprinkler irrigation method is about two times the area of the "highly suitable" obtained through the surface irrigation method.

Infiltration is the most important characteristic in the design and management of any surface irrigation system. Since the hydraulic of flow in meandering furrows is different from the standard furrows, the accuracy of infiltration function parameter estimation methods should be examined for the optimal design and management of meandering furrow irrigation. The main objective of this study was to compare Elliot and Walker’s two-point and two-time methods for estimating the empirical infiltration function parameters of meandering furrow irrigation using four sets of field data. The estimated infiltration functions, as obtained by the two methods, were validated by performing the unsteady flow simulations and using the Slow-change/slow-flow (SC/SF) model. The results showed that Elliot and Walker prediction of the advance trajectories (with a mean RMSE of 0.68 minutes) was comparable to the two-time method (with an average RMSE of 0.66 min). The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for the simulated outflow hydrograph by the two-time and two-point methods was 0.89 and 0.50, respectively, indicating the excellent predictive power of the two-times method. In addition, the two-time method predicted the total volume of infiltration with the less relative error (-1.5%), in comparison to the two-point method (-47.2%). Therefore, the use of post-advance data (such as a two-time method) for infiltration function parameters estimation improves the flow simulation in the meandering furrows.

The priority direction of agricultural production in the arid zone of the south of Central Siberia is animal husbandry, which predetermines the need for intensive development of feed production and, in particular, the production of rough and succulent forage. One of the most important factors of the stabilized and guaranteed crop production is irrigated land cultivation.Research purpose To prove the efficiency of machine technology of surface irrigation in the arid conditions of the south of Central Siberia.Materials and methods The authors have determined technical parameters of the main elements of the temporary irrigation network (non-inclined hollow and a water-retaining roller) during the formation of surface irrigation areas by the results of time-length observations made in accordance with the requirements of the testing station. The technological process of forming irrigated plots with specified technical parameters was carried out according to the operational and technological evaluation of the machine technology testing. The evaluation was carried out using a computer-based portable information-measuring system IP238MR to determine the traction indicators of the machine, carried out by the STO AIST 1.3-2007.Results and discussion The authors have proposed a technology of surface irrigation over wide long strips with level furrows, recommended for irrigation of grain, forage crops, natural hay making areas and pastures. A set of technical means has been developed for the construction and operation of surface irrigation systems in wide long lanes with level furrows. The tools can be coupled with an МТZ tractor of 1.4 tons. Comprehensive use of machines in the construction and operation of irrigation systems for surface irrigation as compared with existing machines in land reclamation construction allows to improve the quality of work and labor productivity by 3-5 times. Surface irrigation technology and a set of machines have passed state tests at the Siberian State Zonal Machine Testing Station and are recommended to be included in the basic agricultural technology.Conclusions It has been found that the integrated use of new machines L-1.5, V-3.0 and VP-4.0 in the construction and operation of irrigation systems allows reducing the operating costs and construction time of irrigated plots by 1.8 times, increase the yield of green mass of oats by 17.2 percent while reducing the cost of cultivation by 10.1 percent. Grain production can be increased by 1.9 times.

Feasibility and evaluation of the most appropriate regions for executing different irrigation systems according to water quantity and quality is of great importance, and prevents energy, credits and resources losses. In this research, using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process method (FAHP), the possibility of execution of different irrigation systems (surface, sprinkler and drip systems) was evaluated based on the quantity and quality of groundwater in Miandoab plain. In this order, the effective qualitative and quantitative criteria which is needed to execute each of the three irrigation systems were determined and point values for each effective parameter in the decision were interpolated and zoned by geo statistical method. Then by turning of raster data layers into fuzzy mode using fuzzy membership functions and calculating relative importance weights of the criteria using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the above-mentioned layers were combined and the final layer of suitable areas for water harvesting at the three irrigation systems were identified. The zoning maps of Miandoab plain restrictions in different surface and pressurized irrigation systems execution showed that 32.32, 19.02 and 51.89 percent of the total areas of the plain has serious and very high restriction in surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems respectively.

The occurrence of low water availability periods and low irrigation efficiencies force irrigation districts (DR) to take actions such as reducing the crop area and the number of applied irrigations. This, in many cases, causes negative yield impacts when not applied in a scientific way. The objective of this research was to experimentally evaluate the water stress effects on yield components and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) based on phenology. The experiment was conducted in the DR-075 irrigation district, during the autumn-winter (OI) 2012-2013 season, and four treatments (T) of water deficit and a control (TES) were evaluated, designed under the FAO function that relates water deficit to yield. T1 received two auxiliary irrigations (RA) distributed in growth stages V12 and R2; T2 received three RA distributed in V9, R1 and R3; T3 received four in V7, V12, R1 and R3-R4. T4 received five RA in V5, V12, R1, R3 and R4. TES received four RA distributed in the same way as T3 but applied in a conventional manner. The evaluated variables were application efficiency (EA), fresh matter (MF), dry matter (MS), grain yield (Ya), harvest index (IC) and water productivity (PA). Irrigation and phenology monitoring was carried out with the IRRIMODEL computer platform complemented with field observations; soil moisture monitoring was performed with a portable TDR type sensor. Results provided scientific information to manage corn crop irrigation considering phenology, under normal and restricted water availability conditions. In the first scenario, the fifth auxiliary irrigation should be avoided, and in the second, the three auxiliary schedule (T2) should be used to obtain application efficiencies equal to or greater than 64%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A water budget confers the relationship between input, output and changes in the amount of water at an individual farm level to the watershed level depending upon point of interest. Basic components of water budgets are precipitation, evapotranspiration, change in soil moisture storage, deep percolation and runoff. However, non-availability of water balance parameter is the main problem for achieving the more crop per drop. Therefore, the current study was undertaken at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi farm (Mid-block, MB) during rabi 2016-17 to study the water budget of different major rabi crops (wheat, mustard, chickpea) under surface irrigation. Water budget components like soil moisture were measured by gravimetric method periodically, and daily crop-evapotranspiration (ETc) and stage-wise effective rainfall (Pe) for the test crops were estimated using FAO-CROPWAT- 8.0 model. Irrigation scheduling was done on the basis of soil moisture depletion method and total volume of water applied measured through star flow meter. The total volume of irrigation water applied during the entire crop period was 337.75, 211.54 mm and 182.90 mm, for wheat, mustard and chickpea, respectively. The results revealed that both in late- and timely - sown mustard (MB-3A-1 and 3A-2), chickpea (MB-9-A) and wheat crops (MB-3A-3, 6-A and 12-A), the highest ETc was recorded during mid-season stage (i.e. 82.90, 79.50, 94.07, 126.04, 114.02, 132.61 mm, respectively). The deep- percolation losses varied from 29.3-31.8 % for sandy loam soil to 40.2-42.2 % for clay loam soil under different crops due to larger amount of irrigation water applied in clay soil. These water budgeting parameters are location and crop specific and so to be estimated for crops, seasons and regions.

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The irrigation and drainage network of Zarrinehroud with an area of 65,000 hectares is the most important network of Lake Urmia basin, with the direct link to the lake. With the current crisis in the lake, an assessment of the existing networkchr('39')s performance is essential in the Urmia Lake Rescue Program. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the transmission, distribution, and utilization efficiency and irrigation efficiency at the surface of the network. Three products were selected from the cultivar with the highest crop area (10% beet, 22% and 22%, and 38% wheat). The dominant method of irrigation was surface irrigation. At the network level, soil moisture in the field before and after irrigation, soil physical and hydraulic properties and water use volume for irrigation were measured. The results showed that the average transmission efficiency in canals with the concrete coating of the network was about 79%, which was in the range of 33% (in the smaller channels) to 100% (in the larger channels). The water distribution efficiency in the network was, on average, 76%, varying from 50% to 100%. Water use efficiency in the fields based on soil moisture balance analysis varied from 41% in the sandy loam soils to 66% for the clay texture. Based on the analysis of the data on the amount of harvest, production costs and product sales price, the water use efficiency (in kilograms of product per cubic meter of water used) varied from 0.4 for the elderly hay to 5.1 for the sugar beet. The amount of water used in this network (in Rials per cubic meter of water consumption) was between 2740 for alfalfa aged over 10 years and 6900 for wheat. It can be concluded that in the case of water constraints, wheat, sugar beet and alfalfa could be the most economic cultivar, respectively.

Land leveling is used to correct soil surface irregularities to improve surface drainage and irrigation. It also makes the area more manageable for an array of agricultural activities such as planting and harvesting. The objective of this work was to evaluate two designs of land forming, one aimed at optimizing drainage and the other at optimizing surface irrigation, using fields with reliefs typical of the lowlands of southern Brazil. Seven commercial rice fields, ranging in size from 7 to 26 ha, were randomly selected and digital elevation designs generated for each. Land-leveling projects were developed using three designs: uniform slope (US) (control), land forming–drainage (LFD), and land forming–irrigation (LFI). Performance comparisons between the designs were evaluated through impacts on soil movement (SM), maximum cut in 99% of the area (MC), cumulative length of levees (LL), and total number of levees (NL). Results indicate that both LFD and LFI designs would reduce costs and require less soil disturbance compared to leveling to uniform slopes. LFD would require less soil movement and lower maximum cuts than LFI. However, LFI would reduce the lengths and numbers of rice levees that could have long-term economic and agronomic benefits not captured in these analyses. These results demonstrate that all land-leveling and land-forming alternatives should be thoroughly examined before undertaking field operations. Study outcomes will be useful to engineers and producers in evaluating options to improve the agricultural productivity of lowlands in southern Brazil, a region of national and international significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Distrito de riego de Cipolletti (38° 56' latitud Sur y 68° 00' longitud Oeste) es uno de los distritos del Alto Valle del Río Negro. El mismo es gestionado por un consorcio de regantes, cuya función es operar y mantener un sistema que data de principios del siglo veinte, con marcadas deficiencias en su infraestructura y bajas eficiencias de aplicación. El objetivo de este trabajo consintió en mejorar los valores de eficiencia de aplicación en la parcela, a través de un riego controlado, que no produzca estrés en el cultivo de peral. Esta forma de riego consiste en reducir la lámina aplicada en determinados períodos del cultivo asegurando, que para esas condiciones, el potencial hídrico en la zona de raíces se encuentre dentro de los rangos sugeridos para una extracción máxima de agua. La herramienta utilizada fue el modelo de simulación HYDRUS1D (Simunek et al., 2013). Dicho modelo permitió simular distintas alternativas de riego deficitario, en función del momento y la lámina aplicada. Los resultados indican que la alternativa más conveniente fue aquella que redujo la lámina de aplicación en la etapa I en un 60% (etapa inicial de crecimiento lento), del 20% en la etapa II (crecimiento rápido) y del 90% en el período de postcosecha. The Irrigation District of Cipolletti (38° 56 'South latitude and 68° 00' West longitude) is one of the districts of the Upper Valle del Río Negro, an extensive area of agriculture under irrigation. It is managed by a consortium of irrigators, whose function is to operate and maintain a system dating from the early twentieth century, with marked deficiencies in its infrastructure and low application efficiencies. The objective of this work was to improve the efficiency values of application in the plot, from a deficit irrigation that does not produce stress in the crop. This form of irrigation consists in reducing the irrigation sheet in certain periods of the crop, ensuring that for these conditions, the tensions in the root zone are within the ranges suggested for maximum water extraction. The tool used was the HYDRUS1D simulation model (Simunek et al., 2013). This model allowed to model different alternatives of deficit irrigation, depending on the moment and the sheet applied. The results indicate that the most convenient alternative was that which reduced the application sheet in stage I by 60% (initial stage of slow growth), 20% in stage II (rapid growth) and 90% in the period postharvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Irrigation is the largest water use in the western United States. The Upper Snake Rock Conservation Effects Assessment Project in southern Idaho began in 2005 to quantify the impacts of conservation practices in this irrigated watershed. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in the watershed water balances as farmers converted furrow irrigated fields to sprinkler irrigation from 2006 to 2016. More than 75% of annual watershed inflow was irrigation water diverted into the watershed from the Snake River and distributed through canals to 82,000 ha of cropland, while annual precipitation was only 10% to 23% of the annual inflow. Approximately 30% of the annual watershed inflow flowed back to the Snake River as irrigation return flow. Water balances showed that irrigation exceeded evapotranspiration (ET) in the spring and fall, indicating that irrigation diversions could be reduced early and late in the irrigation season. Annual irrigation project efficiency, defined as ET divided by the amount of diverted irrigation water, varied from 61% to 73%, but project efficiency did not increase as the amount of cropland that was sprinkler irrigated increased from 46% in 2006 to 59% in 2016. The only significant trends indicating that increasing sprinkler irrigation impacted the water balances were increasing irrigation project efficiency in July and increasing irrigation return flow during the irrigation season. Farmers may be applying less irrigation water with sprinkler irrigation compared to furrow irrigation, which could have caused return flow to increase since irrigation diversions did not change with the supply-based water allocation. Irrigation scheduling based on soil moisture measurement or daily ET would help irrigation application match crop water needs on individual fields. For the entire irrigation project, irrigation efficiency could improve if irrigation diversions into the watershed could be adjusted to more closely match ET in the spring and fall, which may require structural changes to the canal system and policy changes for the Snake River reservoir system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]